Abstract
This chapter synthesizes research on the experience of living a purposeful life. Empirical studies that address the cognitive, affective, and social experiences associated with leading lives with and without purpose are discussed. Additionally, research on the experience of stress among individuals with purpose is reviewed. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the prevalence and nature of purpose among individuals in the United States, from Non-Western countries, among individuals who experience social inequality, and among individuals from different types of communities. It also discusses research on purpose among incarcerated individuals and students. Throughout the chapter, references to significant gaps in the research are highlighted and calls for additional studies are made.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Alesina, A., & La Ferrara, E. (2002). Who trusts others? Journal of Public Economics, 85(2), 207–234.
Bargdill, R. (2000). The study of life boredom. Journal of Phenomenological Psychology, 31(2), 188–219.
Baumeister, R. (1991). Meanings of life. New York: Guilford Press.
Benson, P. L. (2008). Sparks: How parents can help ignite the hidden strengths of teenagers. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.
Bigler, M., Neimeyer, G. J., & Brown, E. (2001). The divided self revisited: Effects of self−concept clarity and self−concept differentiation on psychological adjustment. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 20(3), 396–415.
Black, W. A. M., & Gregson, R. A. M. (1973). Time perspectives, purpose in life, extroversion, and neuroticism in New Zealand prisoners. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 12(1), 50–60.
Bronk, K. C. (2005). Portraits of purpose: A grounded theory of the way purpose contributes to positive youth development. Dissertation Abstracts International, (UMI No. 3187267).
Bronk, K. C. (2011). Portraits of purpose: The role of purpose in identity formation. New directions for youth development, 132, 31–44.
Bronk, K. C. (2012). A grounded theory of youth purpose. Journal of Adolescent Research, 27(1), 78–109. (http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0743558411412958).
Bronk, K. C., & Finch, W. H. (2010). Adolescent characteristics by type of long−term aim in life. Applied Developmental Science, 14(1), 35–44.
Bronk, K. C., Hill, P. L., Lapsley, D. K., Talib, T., & Finch, W. H. (2009). Purpose, hope, and life satisfaction in three age groups. Journal of Positive Psychology, 4(6), 500–510.
Bronk, K. C., Finch, W. H., & Talib, T. (2010). The prevalence of a purpose in life among high ability adolescents. High Ability Studies, 21(2), 133–145.
Bronk, K. C., Finch, W. H., Kollman, J., & Youngs, A. (under review, 2012, December). Purpose in life among rural youth and the role of ecological and social support.
Bundick, M., Andrews, M., Jones, A., Mariano, J. M., Bronk, K. C., & Damon, W. (2006). Revised youth purpose survey. Unpublished instrument, Stanford Center on Adolescence, Stanford, CA.
Burrow, A. L. (2012). Derailed by diversity?: The role of purpose in negotiating ethnically diverse contexts. Paper symposium at the biennial meeting of the Society for Research on Adolescence, Vancouver, British Columbia.
Crumbaugh, J. C. (1977). The seeking of noetic goals test (SONG): A complimentary scale to the purpose in life test (PIL). Journal of Clinical Psychology, 33(3), 900–907.
Crumbaugh, J. C., & Maholick, L. T. (1964). An experimental study in existentialism: The psychometic approach to Frankl’s concept of noogenic neurosis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 20, 200–207.
Crumbaugh, J. C., & Maholick, L. T. (1969). Manual for instructions for the purpose in life test. Munster: Psychometric Affiliates.
Crumbaugh, J. C., Raphael, S. M., & Shrader, R. R. (1970). Frankl’s will to meaning in a religious order. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 26, 206–7.
Damon, W. (2008). The path to purpose: Helping our children find their calling in life. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.
Damon, W. (2011, November 18). Getting off the treadmill: Finding purpose, by Terry Lobdell. Palo Alto Daily News, 37–48.
Debats, D. L., Drost, J., & Hansen, P. (1995). Experiences of meaning in life: A combined qualitative and quantitative approach. British Journal of Psychology, 86, 359–375.
Drob, S., & Bernard, H. (1988). The bored patient: A developmental existential perspective. The Psychotherapy Patient, 3, 63–73.
Drolet, J. (1990). Transcending death during early adulthood: Symbolic immortality, death anxiety, and purpose in life. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 46(2), 148–160.
Emmons, R. A., & Diener, E. (1986). A goal−affect analysis of situational choice and avoidance. Journal of Research in Personality, 20, 309–326.
Erikson, E. H. (1959). Identity and the life cycle. New York: W.W. Norton & Company Inc.
Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. New York: W.W. Norton & Company Inc.
Fahlman, S. A., Merce, K. B., Gaskovski, P., Eastwood, A. E., & Eastwood, J. D. (2009). Does a lack of life meaning cause boredom? Results from psychometric, longitudinal and experimental analyses. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 28(3), 307–340.
Frankl, V. E. (1959). Man’s search for meaning: An introduction to logotherapy. Boston: Beacon.
Gillham, J., Adams−Deutsch, Z., Werner, J., Reivich, K., Coulter−Heindl, V., Linkins, M., Winder, B., Peterson, C., Park, N., Abenavoli, R., Contero, A., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2011). Character strengths predict subjective well−being during adolescence. Journal of Positive Psychology, 6(1), 31–44. doi: 10.1080/17439760.2010.536773..
Heine, S. J., Kitayama, S., & Lehman, D. R. (2001). Cultural differences in self−evaluation: Japanese readily accept negative self−relevant information. Journal of Cross−Cultural Psychology, 32, 434–443.
Heine, S. J., Lehman, D. R., Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1999). Is there a universal need for positive self-regard? Psychological Review, 106(4) 766–794.
Ho, M. Y., Cheung, F. M., & Cheug, S. F. (2010). The role of meaning in life and optimism in promoting well−being. Personality and individual differences, 48(5), 658–663.
Jonsen, E., Fagerstrom, L., Lundman, B., Nygren, B., Vahakangas, M., & Strandberg, G. (2010). Psychometric properties of the Swedish version of the purpose in life scale. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Science, 24, 41–48.
King, L. A., Hicks, J. A., Krull, J. L., & Del Graiso, A. K. (2006). Positive affect and the experience of meaning in life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(1), 179–196.
Little, B. R. (1983). Personal projects: A rationale and method for investigation. Environment and Behavior, 15, 273–309.
Little, B. R. (1989). Personal projects analysis: Trivial pursuits, magnificent obsessions, and the search for coherence. In D. M. Buss, & N. Cantor (Eds.), Personality psychology: Recent trends and emerging directions (pp. 15–31). New York: Springer.
Mariano, J. M., & Valliant, G. E. (2012). Youth purpose among the “Greatest Generation”. Journal of Positive Psychology. doi:10.1080/17439760.2012.686624
Marks, N. F., Lambert, J. D., & Choi, H. (2002). Transitions to caregiving, gender, and psychological well−being: A prospective U.S. national study. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64, 657–67.
Martinez, R. O., & Dukes, R. L. (1997). The effects of ethnic identity, ethnicity, and gender on adolescent well−being. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 26(5), 503–516.
Maton, K. I. (1990). Meaningful involvement in activity and well−being: Studies of older adolescents and at risk urban teen-agers. American Journal of Community Psychology, 18(2), 297–320.
McAdams, D. P., & Logan, R. L. (2004). What is generativity? In E. de St. Aubin. In D. P. McAdams, & T. C. Kim (Eds.), The generative society (pp. 15–31). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Meade, R. D. (1970). Leadership studies of Chinese and Chinese–Americans. Journal of Cross−Cultural Psychology, 1, 325–332.
Meade, R. D., & Barnard, W. A. (1973). Conformity and anti−conformity among Americans and Chinese. Journal of Social Psychology, 89, 15–24.
Meier, A., & Edwards, J. (1974). Purpose in life test: Age and sex differences. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 30, 384–386.
Morojele, N. K., & Brooks, J. S. (2004). Sociodemographic, sociocultural, and individual predictors of reporting feelings of meaninglessness among South African adolescents. Psychological Reports, 95, 1271–1278.
Oishi, S., & Diener, E. (2003). Culture and well−being: The cycle of action, evaluation, and decision. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 939–949.
Padelford, B. L. (1974). Relationship between drug involvement and purpose in life. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 30, 303–305.
Paloutzian, R. F. (1981). Purpose in life and value changes following conversion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41(6), 1153–1160.
Paloutzian, R. F., & Ellison, C. W. (1982). Loneliness, spiritual well−being, and quality of life. In L. A. Peplau, & D. Perlman (Eds.), Loneliness: A Sourcebook of Current Theory, Research, and Therapy. New York: Wiley.
Pan, J. Y., Wong, D. F. K., Joubert, L., & Chan, C. L. W. (2008). The protective function of meaning of life on life satisfaction among Chinese students in Australia and Hong Kong: A cross−cultural comparative study. Journal of American College Health, 57(2), 221–231.
Pearson, P. R., & Sheffield, B. F. (1974). Purpose in life and the Eysenck personality inventory. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 30, 562–564.
Pizzolato, J. E., Brown, E. L., & Kanny, M. A. (2011). Purpose plus: Supporting youth purpose, control, and academic achievement. New Directions for Youth Development, 132, 75–88.
Putnam, R. (2007). E Pluribus Unum: Diversity & community in the twenty−first century. The Johan Skytte prize lecture. Scandinavian political studies, 30, 137–174.
Reker, G. T. (1977). The purpose in life test in an inmate population: An empirical investigation. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 33(3), 688–693.
Ross, C. E., & Mirowsky, J. (2009). Neighborhood disorder, subjective alienation, and distress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 50, 49–64.
Ryff, C. D. (1995). Psychological well−being in adulthood. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 4(4), 99–104.
Ryff, C. D., Keyes, C. L. M., & Hughes, D. L. (2003). Status inequalities, perceived discrimination, and eudaimonic well−being: Do the challenges of minority life hone purpose and growth? Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 44, 275–291.
Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. (2008). Know thyself and become what you are: A eudaimonic approach to psychological well−being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9, 13–39.
Salmela-Aro, K., & Nurmi, J-E (1997). Goal contents, well−being and life context during the transition to university: A longitudinal study. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 20, 471–491.
Scannell, E. D., Allen, F. C. L., & Burton, J. (2002). Meaning in life and positive and negative well−being. North American Journal of Psychology, 4(1), 93–111.
Schlesinger, S., Susman, M., & Koenigsberg, J. (1990). Self−esteem and purpose in life: A comparative study of women alcoholics. Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education, 36, 127–141.
Schwartz, C. E., Keyl, P. M., Marcum, J. P., & Bode, R. (2009). Helping others shows differential benefits on health and well−being for male and female teens. Journal of Happiness Studies, 10, 431–448.
Seligman, M. E. P. (2002). Authentic happiness: Using the new positive psychology to realize your potential for lasting fulfillment. New York: Free.
Shek, D. T. L., Hong, E. W., & Cheung, M. Y. P. (1987). The Purpose in Life Questionnaire in a Chinese context. The Journal of Psychology, 121(1), 77–83.
Simmons, D. D. (1980). Purpose in life and the three aspects of valuing. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 36(4), 921–922.
Soderstrom, D., & Wright, E. W. (1977). Religious orientation and meaning in life. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 33(1), 65–68.
Steger, M. F., Frazier, P., Oishi, S., & Kaler, M. (2006). The meaning in life questionnaire: Assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53(1), 80–91.
Steger, M. F., Kashdan, T. B., Oishi, S. (2007). Being good by doing good: Daily eudaimonic activity and well−being. Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 22–42.
Steger, M. F., Kashdan, T. B., Sullivan, B. A., & Lorentz, D. (2008a). Understanding the search for meaning in life: Personality, cognitive style, and the dynamic between seeking and experiencing meaning. Journal of Personality, 76, 199–228.
Steger, M. F., Kawabata, Y., Shimai, S., & Otake, K. (2008b). The meaningful life in Japan and the United States: Levels and correlates of meaning in life. Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 660–678.
Stillman, T. F., Baumeister, R. F., Lambert, N., Crescioni, A. W., DeWall, C. N., & Fincham, F. D. (2009). Alone and without purpose: Life loses meaning following social exclusion. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 686–94.
Umberson, D., & Gove, W. (1989). Parenthood and psychological well−being: Theory, measurement, and stage in the life course. Journal of Family Issues, 10, 440–462.
Yang, K. S. (1981). The formation and change of Chinese personality: A cultural ecological perspective. ACTA Psychologica Taiwanica, 23, 39–55.
Yarnell, T. D. (1971). Purpose in life test: Further correlates. Journal of Individual Psychology, 27, 76–79.
Yeagar, D., & Bundick, M. (2009). The role of purposeful work goals in promoting meaning in life and in schoolwork during adolescence. Journal of Adolescent Research, 24(4), 423–452.
Zeitchik, G. (2000). The construct validity of the purpose in life test: Quantifying Victor Frankl’s “will to meaning” (unpublished doctoral dissertation, Garden City, NY, Adelphi University). Dissertation Abstracts International, 61, 09B 5049.
Zika, S., & Chamberlain, K. (1987). Relation of hassles and personality to subjective well−being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 155–162.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bronk, K.C. (2014). The Experience of Purpose Among Diverse Groups. In: Purpose in Life. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7491-9_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7491-9_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-007-7490-2
Online ISBN: 978-94-007-7491-9
eBook Packages: Behavioral ScienceBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)