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Core Social Variables and Their Implementation in Measurement Instruments

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Harmonising Demographic and Socio-Economic Variables for Cross-National Comparative Survey Research

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Abstract

The present book focuses on six core social variables: education, labour status, occupation/job, household income, private household, and ethnicity. Chapter 5 describes the instruments available for the measurement of each variable, the conditions under which these instruments are applied, and the results that can to be expected. Taking sociological approach as their starting point, the authors then present their own proposal for the development of an instrument for the measurement of each variable. They start with the national or cultural concept and the national structures derived there from. They then proceed one step at a time to an instrument suitable for use in cross-national comparative survey research. In the case of the household income variable, the description of the development of the proposed measurement instrument is followed by a presentation of a number of instruments developed by statisticians that are designed either to standardise income or to define inequality indicators.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The Hauptschule is a type of school at lower secondary level. A Hauptschule leaving certificate is normally obtained after 9 years schooling.

  2. 2.

    The Realschule is a type of school at lower secondary level. A Realschule leaving certificate is normally obtained after 10 years of schooling.

  3. 3.

    The question numbers correspond to those in Chapter 6.

  4. 4.

    In Sweden, child allowance, house allowances, student grants and social assistance were not included (ESS, 2008d, p. 62).

  5. 5.

    Income deciles: The ten income categories that comprise 10 % of the survey population respectively are a variant of the percentiles that divide the population into segments of 1 %. Quintiles, which divide the range into five equal parts, are also commonly used, as are quartiles, which divide the distribution into four equal parts. 25 % of a distribution lie below the first quartile, etc. The difference between the lower threshold of the highest quartile and the upper threshold of the lowest quartile comprises 50 % of all observed units in the distribution. This quartile distance can be viewed as a measure of the dispersion of the distribution (cf. Kühnel & Krebs, 2007, p. 85 and p. 105).

  6. 6.

    Programmes for the estimation of indicators on social exclusion and poverty, as well as Pareto tail modeling for empirical income distributions (Alfons, Holzer, & Templ, 2011) are available at http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/laeken/index.html (23 July 2012). The Stata modules developed by van Kerm et al. are availabe at http://medim.ceps.lu/?id=software (24 July 2012).

  7. 7.

    Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik and Warner (2009a) provide a detailed overview of the national household concepts used in the census by the EU member states, Norway and Switzerland.

  8. 8.

    The authors wish to thank the infas Institute for Applied Social Sciences in Bonn for their assistance with this part of the project and, especially for the opportunity to interview the interviewers.

  9. 9.

    This wave of the ECHP was grossed up using the average weight so that the distributions correspond to the nationally representative frequencies of household sizes in the year 2001.

  10. 10.

    24.9 % of the respondents in the 2001 census in Italy lived in one-person households. The average household size was 2.6 persons.

  11. 11.

    Not included is the type of regional group identity that can be observed, for example, among people living on one side of a river who look down on the people who live on the other side. Such is the relationship between the inhabitants of the German cities of Mainz and Wiesbaden or Mannheim and Ludwigshafen.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Political Science, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany

    Jürgen H. P. Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik

  2. CEPS/INSTEAD Centre d’Etudes de Populations de Pauvreté et de Politiques Socio-Economiques/International Network for Studies in Technology Environment, Alternatives, Development, Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg

    Uwe Warner

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Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, J.H.P., Warner, U. (2014). Core Social Variables and Their Implementation in Measurement Instruments. In: Harmonising Demographic and Socio-Economic Variables for Cross-National Comparative Survey Research. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7238-0_5

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