Abstract
The population of North-East India is formed of several racial stocks, principally, the Mongoloids, the Indo-Aryans, the Australoids or Austric and the Dravidians, the last being a very minor group represented by some immigrant population. While the original settlers were the Mongoloids, the Indo-Aryan and other groups arrived later. There is undoubtedly a dominance of Mongoloid element in the population of North-East India. Besides the racial differences, there is a tribal–nontribal duality recognised by the Constitution of India to secure certain benefits to the tribal community, to enable them to catch up with the rest of the society, in educational attainment and the level of living. Most of the tribes or tribal communities are concentrated in the hilly states of Arunachal Pradesh; Nagaland; Manipur; Mizoram, on Myanmar border; and Meghalaya, sandwiched between Assam and Bangladesh. While the tribes of Arunachal migrated to this region at a very early date, the arrival of the Nagas, Kukis and Mizos in their present habitat is relatively recent. Most of the indigenous people of North-East India have embraced Christianity, transforming the social ethos and cultural practices of the Nagas, the Mizos, the Khasi and the Garos. The Bodos, the largest tribal group of the region and largely confined to Assam, have adopted Hinduism and are known by different names like Bodos, Kacharis and Mechs. Some who came under the influence of the Royal Koch dynasty call themselves ‘Rajbanshis’, meaning people having royal lineage. The Kukis of Manipur and Tripurs of Tripura are other important tribal groups.
The nontribal component of the population, which constitutes over 70 % of the population of North-East India, is confined to Assam, Manipur and Tripura. In all these states nontribal population is more than percent; and in Assam, the most densely peopled state of North-East India, 88 % of the population falls in nontribal category. The Assamese society consists of people following different faiths, though a large majority follows Hinduisms. They speak Assamese, an Indo-Aryan language, which has its own script and a rich literature. The Assamese culture has syncretised a culture that has derived multiple elements from neighbouring societies or pre-existing cultures. The caste system is not universal as in other Hindu societies and, to that extent, Assamese are far more progressive.
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Notes
- 1.
A full discussion of the very early period of Assam and its people can be seen in Choudhury’s book, a Ph.D. thesis of the School of Oriental and African Studies, London (1987).
- 2.
For a full discussion of the ancientness of the Mongoloid tribes, see P. C. Choudhury (1987) op.cit.
- 3.
These groups included (1) MM type (Mesocephalic–Mesorrhine), (2) DM (Dolichocephalic–Mesorrhine), (3) BM (Brachycephalic–Mesorrhine), (4) ML (Mesocephalic–Leptorrhine), (5) MP (Mesocephalic–Platyrrhine), (6) BL (Brachycephalic–Leptorrhine) and (7) BP (Brachycephalic–Platyrrhine).
- 4.
For a comprehensive list of Das’s work, refer to the bibliography appended to his book The People of Assam (1987).
- 5.
Baruah (1960), Government of India Publications Division, New Delhi.
- 6.
The description of the Ao village is based on Wanghshimenla (2002).
- 7.
For an account of Angami tribe, the reader is referred to J. B. S. C. Butler (1875).
- 8.
R. K. Saha (2004) mentions seven Meitei clans, which are a little at variance with those of Dunn. The clans mentioned by Saha are (1) Ningthouja, (2) Angom, (3) Luwang, (4) Kuman, (5) Moirang, (6) Khaba-Nganba and (7) Chenglei.
- 9.
Ethnic group here includes both castes and tribes.
- 10.
The 14 Scheduled Tribes are (listed alphabetically) (1) Chakma, (2) Dimasa (Kachari), (3) Garo. (4) Hajong, (5) Hmar, (6) Khasi, (7) Kuki (with 37 subtribes), (8) Lakher, (9) Man (Tai speaking), (10) Mizo (Lushai), (11) Mikir, (12) Naga, (13) Pawi and (14) Synteng.
- 11.
The Lushai Hills district subsequently became a state under the name ‘Mizoram’. The areas were identical.
- 12.
The tribes of Tripura, as listed in the Constitution of India, are (in alphabetic order) (1) Bhil; (2) Bhutia; (3) Chaimal; (4) Chakma; (5) Garo; (6) Halam; (7) Jamatia; (8) Khasia; (9) Kuki (with 17 subdivisions); (10) Lepcha; (11) Lushai; (12) Mogh (Mag); (13) Munda; (14) Noatia; (15) Orang; (16) Reang; (17) Santal; (18) Tripura, Tripuri and Tipperah; and (19) Uchai.
- 13.
These names are mentioned in the description of old Agartala in Gazetteer of Tripura (Menon 1975:388)
- 14.
Census of India (1911).
- 15.
The five groups referred by Grierson include (1) languages of Middle Mekong; (2) Mon and Talaung spoken by Pegu; (3) dialects of Khmer spoken in Cambodia; (4) Palung–Wa group spoken in northeast of Mandalay and other languages spoken around the upper and middle courses of Chindwin, like Khamuk, Khmu, Lemet and Riang; and (5) various dialects of Khasi.
- 16.
A Syiemship, a Lyndohship or a Sirdarship was an important aspect in the territorial organisation and democratic governance of Meghalaya plateau during the precolonial days. The plateau then, particularly the eastern two-thirds, presently occupied by the Khasis, was administered by a number of syiems, who controlled a specific territory and presided over the interests of a clan. A specific syiemship was also a congregation of clans, or a group of clans, collectively known by a specific name. During the medieval period there were 18 such syiemships, and even during the British period, some of these syiemships existed and were known as Khasi Estates, albeit under the overall suzerainty of the British crown.
- 17.
The scheduled tribes in autonomous districts (Karbi-Anglong and North Cachar Hills) are (1) Chakma, (2) Dimasa-Kachari, (3) Garo, (4) Hajong, (5) Hmar, (6) Khasi/Jaintia/Synteng/Pnar/War/Bhoi/Lyngngam, (7) Any Kuki tribe, (8) Lakher, (9) Man (Tai speaking), (10) Any Mizo type, (11) Mikir (Karbi), (12) any Naga tribe, (13) Pawi and (14) Synteng. The tribes in other districts, excluding the autonomous districts, are (15) Barman in Cachar, (16) Bodo/Bodo–Kachari, (17) Deori, (18) Hojai, (19) Kachari-Sonowal, (20) Lalung, (21) Mech, (22) Miri and (23) Rabha (Assam – The Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes (Amendment) Act 1976, Government of India).
- 18.
Footnoote 1, Bryan H. Hodgson (1847).
- 19.
Report on the Census of Assam (1881:63).
- 20.
Census of Assam (1881).
- 21.
The terms ‘Boro etc.’ and ‘Kachari etc.’ are introduced by the census giving district-wise population of individual tribe.
- 22.
The 1931 Census of Assam also offers an explanatory note titled ‘On Some Castes and Caste Origin in Sylhet’ authored by Prof. K. M. Gupta of Murari Chand College, Sylhet, attached as appendix C, to part I-A.
- 23.
Gazetteer of India, Assam State, vol. I, 1999, Govt. of Assam, Guwahati, p. 284.
- 24.
The scheduled castes of Assam as mentioned in the S. C. and S. T. notification order 1956 are (1) Bhasphar, (2) Bhuimali or Mali, (3) Brittial Bania, (4) Dhupi or Dhobi, (5) Dugla or Dholi, (6) Hira, (7) Jalkot, (8) Jhalo Malo, (9) Kaibarta, (10) Lalbagi, (11) Mahar, (12) Mehtar of Bhangi, (13) Muchi or Rishi, (14) Namsudra, (15) Patni and (16) Sutradhar.
- 25.
The details given are based on E. Gait (1906:222–235).
- 26.
Census of India 1931, pt. I-A, Report, p. 222.
- 27.
To make the 2001 population figure comparable to 1951, only seven districts – Assam plain division (Cachar, Kamrup, Darrang, Nowgong, Sibsagar, Lakhimpur) and United North Cachar and Mikir Hills district of Assam hill division – are taken into account. These add up to the area of Assam as it was in 2001.
- 28.
This division of Muslims is based on the Gazetteer of India, vol. I, Assam State, pp. 278–79.
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Dikshit, K.R., Dikshit, J.K. (2014). People of North-East India. In: North-East India: Land, People and Economy. Advances in Asian Human-Environmental Research. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7055-3_11
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