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Oxidative Stress in Infectious Diseases

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Oxidative Stress and Redox Regulation

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Abstract

The “big three” infectious diseases HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria were collectively responsible for nearly 260 million infected people in 2010. HIV, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Plasmodium falciparum, the causative agents of AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria, are continuously exposed to reactive oxygen and nitrogen species endogenously produced or derived from the host immune system in response to infection. Oxidative stress has a key function in the pathogenesis of many infectious diseases, and represents moreover a promising strategy for chemotherapeutic development. Understanding the redox interactions and redox signaling mechanisms of pathogens and their hosts is crucial for developing (1) drugs that support the host antioxidant defense in order to protect cells from oxidative damage, (2) drugs that enhance specific reactive oxygen or nitrogen species to improve the host defense against pathogens, and (3) drugs that interfere with the redox system of the pathogen in order to block its growth and survival.

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Abbreviations

AhpC:

alkyl hydroperoxide reductase

AIDS:

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

AOP:

antioxidant protein

ASK:

apoptosis signal-regulating kinase

G6PD:

glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase

GR:

glutathione reductase

GST:

glutathione S-transferase

gp120:

glycoprotein 120

Grx:

glutaredoxin

GSH:

reduced glutathione

GSSG:

oxidized glutathione

HAART:

highly active anti-retroviral therapy

HIV:

human immunodeficiency virus

KatG:

catalase-peroxidase

iNOS:

nitric oxide synthase

LTR:

long terminal repeat

Mca:

mycothiol S-conjugate amidase

MscR:

mycothiol-S-nitrosoreductase/-formaldehyde reductase

MSH:

mycothiol

MSNO:

S-nitrosomycothiol

MSSM:

mycothiol disulfide

Msr:

methionine sulfoxide reductases

Mtr:

mycothiol reductase

NAC:

N-acetylcysteine

NFκB:

nuclear factor κB

NO:

nitric oxide

NOX:

NADPH oxidase

nPrx:

nuclear peroxiredoxin

Plrx:

plasmoredoxin

Prx:

peroxiredoxin

RNS:

reactive nitrogen species

ROS:

reactive oxygen species

SOD:

superoxide dismutase

Tat:

transactivator protein

TNF:

tumor necrosis factor

TPx:

thioredoxin peroxidase

Trx:

thioredoxin

TrxR:

thioredoxin reductase

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  1. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany

    Esther Jortzik & Katja Becker

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  1. Mol.,Cel. and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

    Ursula Jakob

  2. The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Science, Department of Biological Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel

    Dana Reichmann

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Jortzik, E., Becker, K. (2013). Oxidative Stress in Infectious Diseases. In: Jakob, U., Reichmann, D. (eds) Oxidative Stress and Redox Regulation. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5787-5_13

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