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Development of Ultra High-Energy Cosmic Ray Research

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From Ultra Rays to Astroparticles

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Abstract

The discovery of extensive air showers by Rossi, Schmeiser, Bothe, Kolhörster and Auger at the end of the 1930s, facilitated by the coincidence technique of Bothe and Rossi, led to fundamental contributions in the field of cosmic ray physics and laid the foundation for high-energy particle physics. Soon after World War II a cosmic ray group at MIT in the USA pioneered detailed investigations of air shower phenomena and their experimental skill laid the foundation for many of the methods and much of the instrumentation used today. Soon interests focused to the highest energies requiring much larger detectors to be operated. The first detection of air fluorescence light by Japanese and US groups in the early 1970s marked an important experimental breakthrough towards this end as it allowed huge volumes of atmosphere to be monitored by optical telescopes. Radio observations of air showers, pioneered in the 1960s, are presently experiencing a renaissance and may revolutionise the field again. In the last 7 decades the research has seen many ups but also a few downs. However, the example of the Cygnus X-3 story demonstrated that even non-confirmable observations can have a huge impact by boosting new instrumentation to make discoveries and shape an entire scientific community.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The critical energy is the energy at which energy losses by ionisation and bremsstrahlung are equal. The critical energy of electrons in air is appr. 79 MeV.

  2. 2.

    Electronic preprint archive: http://arxiv.org/.

  3. 3.

    The radiation length is an appropriate scale length for describing high-energy electromagnetic cascades. It is both the mean distance over which a high-energy electron loses all but 1/e of its energy by bremsstrahlung, and 7/9 of the mean free path for pair production by a high-energy photon.

  4. 4.

    In 1927 Hoffmann had discovered a phenomenon which became known as “Hoffmann bursts” (Hoffmannsche Stöße) (Hoffmann and Pforte, 1930). In measurements of ionisation currents in an ionisation chamber he found occasional discontinuities of strong currents which were interpreted as nuclear explosions.

  5. 5.

    The “shower size spectrum” or just “size spectrum” is a common notion used for the distribution of the shower size, i.e. of the total number of particles that reached ground. The shower size, N, is obtained by fitting the lateral distribution ρ(r) of shower particles at ground and evaluating the integral \(N=2\pi\int_{0}^{\infty}r\rho(r)\,\mathrm{d}r\).

  6. 6.

    Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

  7. 7.

    The Molière radius is the root mean square distance that an electron at the critical energy is scattered as it traverses one radiation length.

  8. 8.

    http://www-ik.fzk.de/corsika/.

  9. 9.

    S Colgate, private communication to AAW.

  10. 10.

    Tanahashi and Nagano, private communication.

  11. 11.

    Letter from Greisen to Tanahashi, 29 Sept. 1969.

  12. 12.

    This was primarily for reasons of environmental protection arguments that applied to the Campo Imperatore area that was designated a National Park.

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Acknowledgements

We gratefully acknowledge stimulating discussions and generous support given by Luisa Bonolis, Antonella Castellina, Bruce Dawson, Piera Ghia, Antoine Letessier-Selvon, Maria Concetta Maccarone, Marco Segala, Mike Walter, and many other colleagues for helping us to access to some of the original key papers distributed in various archives around the world. KHK also acknowledges financial support by the German Ministry for Research and Education (BMBF) and by the Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics and AAW acknowledges the UK Science and Technology Council and the Leverhalme Foundation.

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  1. Department of Physics, University Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany

    Karl-Heinz Kampert

  2. School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

    Alan A. Watson

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  2. Technische Universitaet Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 4, Dortmund, 44227, Germany

    Wolfgang Rhode

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Kampert, KH., Watson, A.A. (2012). Development of Ultra High-Energy Cosmic Ray Research. In: Falkenburg, B., Rhode, W. (eds) From Ultra Rays to Astroparticles. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5422-5_5

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