Abstract
INED was established by ordinance no. 45-2499 on October 24, 1945. The main purpose of the institute is to study demographic questions from all research perspectives. In the somewhat dated language of the late 1940s, the ordinance states that INED collects relevant demographic research and information, conducts surveys and experiments, is cognizant with international experiments, examines the moral and material resources that are likely to contribute to the quantitative increase and qualitative improvement of the population and promotes the dissemination of demographic knowledge. From the outset, INED demographers have been required to study national birth rate trends and the question of immigration. In the 1945 ordinance, immigration was defined not only as a temporary settlement of labour, as in Germany (Gastarbeiter policy), but also as a factor contributing to the demographic growth of France. The French immigration policy was designed more specifically to ensure the replacement of the population following the collapse of fertility in the interwar period and to meet the significant needs of the labour market in a period of national reconstruction followed by a return to growth. During this period, the distinction between population dynamics and economic dynamics was difficult to make given the importance of the economy variable in explanations of demographic trends based on the theory of demographic transition. However, INED set up a department specifically dedicated to the links between demography and economics for only a few years. This can be explained by the roles assigned to INED and INSEE and by the more specific role played by Alfred Sauvy, who made the field a personal preserve.
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Notes
- 1.
Official website of the European Union; accessed on 27/01/2011.
(http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/education_training_youth/lifelong_learning/c11088_fr.html)
The Bologna Declaration is designed to implement the Bologna process, which aims to introduce a comparable and easily recognisable academic grading system, to promote the mobility of students, teachers and researchers, to monitor the quality of teaching and to incorporate the European dimension in higher education. The Bologna Declaration of June 19, 1999 was signed by 30 European countries.
- 2.
The sixth section of the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (EPHE), founded in 1868, became the Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS) in 1975.
(EHESS website; accessed on 30/01/2011: http://www.ehess.fr/archives/document.php?id=4722)
- 3.
INED website; accessed on 07/07/2011: http://www.ined.fr/fichier/t_telechargement/10284/telechargement_fichier_fr_histoire.institut1.pdf
- 4.
The department later gained complete autonomy as the Centre d’études de l’emploi in 1971 – a predictable move.
- 5.
It is important to note that Alfred Sauvy was a former student of the Ecole Polytechnique, and the INSEE was largely controlled by Ecole Polytechnique alumni. A combination of factors thus prevented the INED from entering the economic field. More recently, the INED has developed stronger links with the Paris School of Economics under the impulse of François Héran.
- 6.
Alfred Sauvy created the Paris Demography Institute (IDUP) based on the model of the Ecole nationale de la statistique et de l’administration publique (ENSAE) to ensure the provision of specialist training to demographic experts with a view to ensuring the recruitment needs of INED.
- 7.
Written in 2006, the document is presented as having been ‘coordinated and written by senior management; this document is the product of consultation with internal research units and services, supplemented by the comments of the supervisory authorities. It incorporates the comments made by the Conseil scientifique on May 10 2006 and the final comments of the Conseil d’administration, which gave its unanimous approval on June 15 2006. The INED thus presents its carefully planned multi-year program to all those who, internally or externally, rely on the institute to conduct population studies and to put them to good use’.
- 8.
The Campus Condorcet Foundation was created by a ministerial decree on December 4, 2009, to promote scientific cooperation. The foundation incorporates the EHESS, the EPHE, the University of Paris I Panthéon- Sorbonne, Paris 13 University, the Ecole nationale des chartes, the INED and the CNRS.
- 9.
Before 1986, the INED recruited doctors, geographers, sociologists and economists, though almost all of them had specialised in demographic analysis or had studied demography at the IDUP.
- 10.
INED employs approximately 200 staff, including 60 permanent researchers, 110 technical and office staff, roughly 20 doctoral students and a number of research associates. Since January 2000, INED is divided into 11 research units and a range of service divisions (surveys, library and resource centre, publishing, IT). A statistical methods service was created in January 2007. INED has a much higher researcher/TOS (technical and office staff) ratio than any other French social science research body.
- 11.
The position of INED on population issues in developing countries is reflected in its institutional history: in the 1970s by the reception of Comité international de coopération sur les recherches nationales en démographie (CICRED) within its premises and by an internal research unit focused on population and development. After its dissolution in 2009, POPDEV was replaced by a more informal cross-disciplinary body, Pôle Suds. In 1988, INED also became involved in the Centre Population et Développement (CEPED), organised initially as a Groupement d’Intérêt Scientifique (GIS) before subsequently becoming in 2008 a UMR (Unité Mixte de Recherche), associating Paris Descartes University, IRD and INED.
- 12.
- 13.
The document presenting the Orientations Stratégiques de l’INED re-examines the fundamentals of the discipline and clearly emphasises the centrality of demography at INED: ‘Life trajectories: a return to the basics of demography’. Further on: ‘In methodological terms, demography is not a “familialist” but an individualist, in the sense that its first unit of observation is the individual lifeline, represented on the Lexis diagram’ (INED 2006: 1). The triangles and rhombuses in INED logo are designed as a direct reference to the Lexis diagram.
- 14.
INSEE website; accessed on 07/07/2009: http://www.insee.fr/fr/insee-statistique-publique/default.asp?page=connaitre/histoire.html
- 15.
This methodological nationalism has been highlighted by the German sociologist Ulrich Beck in Power in the Global Age (2005) and the American sociologist Saskia Sassen in Globalization and its Discontents (1998). Analyses of globalisation and international migrations have served to deconstruct this framework of thought and analysis, deeply rooted in the paucity of methodological and conceptual reflection exhibited by researchers in the social sciences.
- 16.
Source: www.ird.fr/fr/institut/presentation/carte_identite.html; accessed on 20/07/2009.
- 17.
Consider the case of the research programme ‘Dynamique des circulations migratoires et mobilités transfrontalières entre Guyana, Surinam, Brésil, Guyane et Haïti’ (Dynamics of migration, circulations and cross-border mobility between Guyana, Surinam, Brazil, French Guiana and Haiti), an ANR-IRD project under the direction of Luc Cambrézy, a former CEPED researcher.
- 18.
The field covers developing or southern countries but is not explicitly defined based (for example) on a specific list of countries. By contrast, some countries or regions are sometimes the object of priority research programmes.
- 19.
Source: http://www.ird.fr/fr/institut/champs/; accessed on 21/07/2009.
- 20.
Source: http://www.cnrs.fr/fr/organisme/presentation.html; accessed on 23/07/2009.
- 21.
Source: http://www.cnrs.fr/inshs/presentation/sections.html; accessed on 23/07/2009.
- 22.
Source: http://www.cnrs.fr/inshs/presentation/sections.html; accessed on 23/07/2009.
- 23.
Source: http://www.cnrs.fr/comitenational/sections/section39.html; accessed on 23/07/2009.
- 24.
Source: http://www.cnrs.fr/comitenational/sections/section31.html; accessed on 23/07/2009.
- 25.
This is true of all the disciplines covered by CNRS: ‘Each discipline distinguishes itself by virtue of a specific method and scientificity. However, they also share a common object: human beings in their many dimensions (…). The human and social sciences share the common aim of contextualizing human beings to improve our understanding of them: to re-establish human beings in their interrelations with others, to reposition human beings within a context that shapes and changes them, to resituate human beings in the context of the large-scale technical and cultural changes experienced by humanity since its origins’. Source: http://www.cnrs.fr/inshs/presentation/declaration-politique.html; accessed on 23/07/2009.
- 26.
The Conseil National des Universités (CNU, National University Council) is a national commission of 36 full professors and senior lecturers (maîtres de conférences). Two thirds of its members are elected, and the remaining third are appointed by the Ministry of Research and Higher Education. The CNU determines the admissibility of applications of doctors wishing to apply for maître de conférences positions and is responsible for promoting maître de conférences and professors. Once their applications have been examined and validated by the CNU, candidates may apply for positions and attend interviews for positions in universities.
- 27.
The Institut d’études démographiques de l’université de Bordeaux (IEDUB or Bordeaux Institute for Demographic Studies) was founded in 1951 at the initiative of Jean Stoetzel. The Institut de démographie de l’Université de Nancy (Nancy Demography Institute), the Institut de Démographie de l’Université de Caen (IDUC or Caen Demography Institute) and the Institut d’études de la population et des relations internationales de l’Université de Lyon (Lyon Institute for Research on Population Issues and International Relations) were founded in 1954. The Institut de démographie de Paris (IDUP) and the Centre régional d’études démographiques de Toulouse (CREDT or Toulouse Regional Center for Demographic Studies) were founded in 1959, while the Institut de Démographie de l’Université de Strasbourg (IDUS or Strasbourg Demography Institute) was founded in 1960. The Centre universitaire des hautes études européennes in Strasbourg (University Center for European Research) directed by Félix Ponteil (IEP) introduced a research programme on population issues in 1955.
- 28.
It is worth noting that this occurred at the same time as the foundation of the IDUP (as a matter of pure university logic), thus confirming my analysis of the implicit rivalry between the INED and universities.
- 29.
Note however that in recent years, universities have been able to attract major researchers, since a number of INED researchers opted to leave the institute to become professors of demography in universities, including Chantal Blayo, Yves Charbit and Francisco Munoz-Perez.
- 30.
Girard knew what he was talking about. In the 1960s and 1970s, Girard, who was an influential professor at the Sorbonne who had trained and appointed a large number of the following generation of professors of sociology and demography, was also the head of a very important unit at INED, the department of psychosociology.
- 31.
Girard knew what he was talking about. In the 1960s and 1970s, Girard, who was an influential professor at the Sorbonne who had trained and appointed a large number of the following generation of professors of sociology and demography, was also the head of a very important unit at INED, the department of psychosociology.
- 32.
See decree no. 84-431 of June 6, 1984, concerning the status of university academics in the French higher education system (Journal Officiel of June 8, 1984).
- 33.
LMD reform the law establishing the autonomy of universities (so-called LRU); the creation of large consortia of universities (so-called Pôles de recherche et d’enseignement supérieur, PRES); structural changes affecting INED, IRD, CNRS and several other research bodies (so-called EPST); the creation of a national agency for research (ANR); and of a national agency for the evaluation of research and higher education (AERES).
- 34.
It was created in 1958 in association with the INED. This initially informal group eventually became a real institution under the direction of Professors Stoetzel and later Mérigot. Roger Peltier, the secretary of INED, founded the Bulletin de Liaison, published by INED to disseminate information about the activities and research of the various institutes.
- 35.
Source: http://www.univ-paris1.fr/index.php?id=110645; accessed on 21/07/2009.
- 36.
LPED: Laboratoire population et environnement (centre for population and the environment). The LPED is a UMR involving collaboration between IRD and University of Provence.
- 37.
Source: http://www.ceped.org/Historique-du-CEPED.html; accessed on 25/10/2009.
- 38.
Population et Interdisciplinarité (POPINTER) had been very active in Cambodia, Cameroun, Guinea, Mali, Madagascar, Mauritania, Mauritius, Senegal and Vietnam.
- 39.
The project of the CEPED UMR was assessed in September 2007 by an international committee of experts that included Gérard Salem (Paris West University Nanterre La Défense), Koffi Nguessan (ENSEA Abidjan), Alphonse MacDonald (UNFPA), Myriam Khlat (INED) and Nathalie Bajos (INSERM) and chaired by Richard Marcoux (Université de Montréal). The project was subsequently ratified by the competent authorities at Paris Descartes University, IRD and INED in late 2007.
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Petit, V. (2013). Appendix: The Contemporary Actors of French Demography. In: Counting Populations, Understanding Societies. Demographic Transformation and Socio-Economic Development, vol 1. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5046-3_8
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