Skip to main content

The Future of Temperate Agroforestry in the United States

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Agroforestry - The Future of Global Land Use

Part of the book series: Advances in Agroforestry ((ADAG,volume 9))

Abstract

Agroforestry has been practiced in the United States since the 1930s in the form of windbreaks; however, science-based agroforestry research and practice gained attention only in the1970s. Even then, the progress of agroforestry and its acceptance by practitioners, farmers, and policy makers were hindered by the paucity of hard evidence to support the practice. The scientific foundation that has been laid, over the past decade in particular, has elevated agroforestry’s role as an integral component of a multifunctional working landscape in the United States. Recent trends in the agriculture sector necessitate farm diversification as an essential strategy for economic competitiveness in a global market. The realization that agroforestry systems are well suited for diversifying farm income while providing environmental services and ecosystem benefits has increased receptivity on the part of some landowners. Agroforestry systems offer great promise for the production of biomass for biofuel, specialty and organic crops, pasture-based dairy, and beef, among others. Agroforestry also offers proven strategies for carbon sequestration, soil enrichment, biodiversity conservation, and air and water quality improvement not only for the landowners or farmers but for society at large. The USDA Agroforestry Strategic Framework released in 2011 identifies agroforestry as an important component of a much-needed national strategy to “enhance America’s agricultural landscapes, watersheds, and rural communities.” Minor shifts in national agricultural policy can serve to catalyze the growth of agroforestry further. In an era of environmental sustainability and green business, the realization that agroforestry is an environmentally sound, ecologically sustainable, and economically viable alternative to traditional farming will propel its adoption to newer heights in the coming decades.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Adegbidi HG, Volk TA, White EH, Abrahamson LP, Briggs RD, Bickelhaupt DH (2001) Biomass and nutrient removal by willow clones in experimental bioenergy plantations in New York State. Biomass Bioenergy 20:399–411

    Google Scholar 

  • Aguilar FX, Cernusca MM, Gold MA (2009) Conjoint analysis of consumer preferences for chestnut attributes. HortTech 19:216–223

    Google Scholar 

  • Aguilar FX, Cernusca MM, Gold MA (2010) Frequency of consumption, familiarity and preferences for chestnuts in Missouri. Agrofor Syst 79:19–29

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alavalapati JRR, Mercer DE (2004) Valuing agroforestry systems: methods and applications. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 314 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen SC, Nair VD, Graetz D, Jose S, Nair PKR (2006) Phosphorus loss from organic versus inorganic fertilizers used in alleycropping on a Florida Ultisol. Agric Ecosyst Environ 117:290–298

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ambus P (1993) Control of denitrification enzyme activity in a streamside soil. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 102:225–234

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Association for Temperate Agroforestry (1995) Opportunities for agroforestry in the 1995 farm bill. The Center for Agroforestry, University of Missouri. East Lansing, Michigan, USA, 10 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Berges SA, Schulte Moore LA, Isenhart TM, Schultz RC (2010) Bird species diversity in riparian buffers, row crop fields, and grazed pastures within agriculturally dominated watersheds. Agrofor Syst 79:97–110

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blanco-Canqui H, Gantzer CJ, Anderson SH, Alberts EE, Ghidey F (2002) Saturated hydraulic conductivity and its impact on simulated runoff for claypan soils. Soil Sci Soc Am J 66:1596–1602

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boggs K, Weaver T (1994) Changes in vegetation and nutrient pools during riparian succession. Wetlands 14:98–109

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brandle JR, Hodges L, Zhou X (2004) Windbreaks in sustainable agriculture. Agrofor Syst 61:65–78

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brandle JR, Hodges L, Tyndall J, Sudmeyer RA (2009) Windbreak practices, Chapter 5. In: Garrett HE (ed) North American agroforestry: an integrated science and practice, 2nd edn. Agronomy Society of America, Madison

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown C (2003) Consumers’ preferences for locally produced food: a study in southeast Missouri. Am J Alt Agr 18:213–224

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bugg RL, Sarrantonio M, Dutcher JD, Phatak SC (1991) Understory cover crops in pecan orchards: possible management systems. Am J Alt Agr 6:50–62

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burken JG, Schnoor JL (1997) Uptake and metabolism of atrazine by poplar trees. Environ Sci Technol 31:1399–1406

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chamberlain JL, Hammett AL (1999) Marketing agroforestry: an alternative approach for the 21st century. In: Buck LE, Lassoie JP (eds) Exploring the opportunities for agroforestry in changing rural landscapes. In: Proceedings of the 5th Biennial conference on agroforestry in North America, 3–6 Aug 1997. Cornell University. Ithaca, pp 208–214

    Google Scholar 

  • Chamberlain JL, Mitchell D, Brigham T, Hobby T, Zabek L, Davis J (2009) Forest farming practices, Chapter 9. In: Garrett HE (ed) North American agroforestry: an integrated science and practice, 2nd edn. Agronomy Society of America, Madison

    Google Scholar 

  • Chandler RF Jr (1940) The influence of grazing upon certain soil and climatic conditions in farm woodlands. J Am Soc Agron 32:216–230

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chirko T, Gold MA, Nguyen PV, Jiang JP (1996) Influence of direction and distance from trees on wheat yield and photosynthetic photon flux density (Q p ) in a Paulownia-wheat intercropping system. For Ecol Manage 83:171–180

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clason TR, Sharrow SH (2000) Silvopastoral practices. In: Garrett HE, Rietveld WJ, Fisher RF (eds) North American agroforestry: an integrated science and practice. Agronomy Society of America, Madison, pp 119–147

    Google Scholar 

  • Cowan T (2010) Conservation reserve program: status and current issues. Congressional research service report 7–5700. RS21613. 11 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Delate K, Holzmueller E, Mize C, Frederick D, Brummer C (2005) Tree establishment and growth using forage ground covers in an alley-cropped system. Agrofor Syst 65:43–52

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DenUyl D, Day RK (1934) Woodland carrying capacities and grazing injury studies. Purdue Univ Agr Expt Sta Bull #391. Purdue University, Lafayette

    Google Scholar 

  • Droze WH (1977) Trees, prairies, and people: a history of tree planting in the plains states. USDA Forest Service and Texas Woman’s University Press, Denton

    Google Scholar 

  • Eades D, Brown C (2006) Identifying spatial clusters with U.S. organic agriculture. West Virginia University Regional Research Institute research paper 2006–10; Regional Research Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, 51 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards L, Burney J, Brimacombe M, Macrae A (2000) The role of erosion and sediment transport in nutrient and contaminant transfer In: Proceedings of a symposium held at Waterloo, IAHS Publ. no., p 263

    Google Scholar 

  • FCEA (2008) The Food, Conservation and Energy Act of 2008 aka the Farm Bill. United States Congress, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Garrett HE (ed) (2009) North American agroforestry: an integrated science and practice, 2nd edn. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, 379 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Garrett HE, Buck LE (1997) Agroforestry practice and policy in the United States of America. For Ecol Manag 91:5–15

    Google Scholar 

  • Garrett HE, Jones JE (1976) Walnut multicropping management: a cooperative effort in Missouri. In: Proceedings 67th NNGA meeting, pp 77–80

    Google Scholar 

  • Garrett HE, McGraw RL, Walter WD (2009) Alley cropping practices. Chapter 7. In: Garrett HE (ed) North American agroforestry: an integrated science and practice, 2nd edn. American Society of Agronomy, Madison

    Google Scholar 

  • Garrett HE, Buck LE, Gold MA, Hardesty LH, Kurtz WB, Lassoie JP, Pearson HA, Slusher JP (1994) Agroforestry: an integrated land-use management system for production and farmland conservation. Soil Conservation Service, Washington, DC, 57 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Geyer WA (1989) Biomass yield potential of short-rotation hardwoods in the Great Plains. Biomass 20:167–175

    Google Scholar 

  • Geyer WA (2006) Biomass production in the Central Great Plains USA under various coppice regimes. Biomass Bioenerg 30:778–783

    Google Scholar 

  • Gillespie AR, Miller BK, Johnson KD (1995) Effects of ground cover on tree survival and growth in filter strips of the Cornbelt region of the midwestern US. Agric Ecosyst Environ 53:263–270

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gillespie AR, Jose S, Mengel DB, Hoover WL, Pope PE, Seifert JR, Biehle DJ, Stall T, Benjamin TJ (2000) Defining competition vectors in a temperate alley cropping system in the midwestern USA: 1. Production physiology. Agrofor Syst 48:25–40

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Godsey LD, Mercer DE, Grala RK, Grado SC, Alavalapati JRR (2009) Agroforestry economics and policy, Chapter 12. In: Garrett HE (ed) North American agroforestry: an integrated science and practice, 2nd edn. Agronomy Society of America, Madison

    Google Scholar 

  • Goerndt ME, Mize CW (2008) Short-rotation woody biomass as a crop on marginal lands in Iowa. North J Appl For 25:82–86

    Google Scholar 

  • Gold MA, Garrett HE (2009) Agroforestry nomenclature, concepts, and practices, Chapter 3. In: Garrett HE (ed) North American agroforestry: an integrated science and practice, 2nd edn. Agronomy Society of America, Madison

    Google Scholar 

  • Gold MA, Godsey LD, Josiah SJ (2004) Markets and marketing strategies for agroforestry specialty products in north America. Agrofor Syst 61:371–382

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gold MA, Cernusca MM, Godsey LD (2009) Agroforestry product markets and marketing, Chapter 11. In: Garrett HE (ed) North American agroforestry: an integrated science and practice, 2nd edn. Agronomy Society of America, Madison

    Google Scholar 

  • Green C, Dimitri C (2009) Organic agriculture: organic market overview. http://www.ers.usda.gov/briefing/organic/demand.htm. Accessed 15 July 2011

    Google Scholar 

  • Groninger JW (2005) Increasing the impact of bottomland hardwood afforestation. J Forest 103:184–188

    Google Scholar 

  • Harner MJ, Stanfoord JA (2003) Differences in cottonwood growth between a losing and a gaining reach of an alluvial floodplain. Ecology 84:1453–1458

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hallam A, Anderson IC, Buxton DR (2001) Comparative economic analysis of perennial, annual, and intercrops for biomass production. Biomass Bioenergy 21:407–424

    Google Scholar 

  • Hart RH, Hughes RH, Lewis CE, Monson WG (1970) Effect of nitrogen and shading on yield and quality of grasses grown under young slash pines. Agron J J62:285–287

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harvey CA, Gonzales JG, Somarriba E (2006) Dung beetle and terrestrial mammal diversity in forest, indigenous agroforestry systems and plantain monocultures in Talamanca, Costa Rica. Biodivers Conserv 15:555–585

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hazlett PW, Gordon AM, Sibley PK, Buttle JM (2005) Stand carbon stocks and soil carbon and nitrogen storage for riparian and upland forests of boreal lakes in northeastern Ontario. For Ecol Manage 219:56–68

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Henderson DR (1991) Mid-south conference on agroforestry practices and policies. 28–29 Nov 1990, West Memphis, Arkansas. Winrock International Inst. For Agricultural Development. Morrilton, 112 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Henderson DE, Jose S (2010) Biomass production potential of three short rotation woody crop species under varying nitrogen and water availability. Agrofor Syst 80:259–273

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman DW, Gerik TJ, Richardson CW (1995) Use of contour strip cropping as a best management practice to reduce atrazine contamination of surface water. In: Proceedings of the second international conference IAWQ specialized conference on diffuse pollution, pp 595–596

    Google Scholar 

  • Holzmueller E, Jose S (2012) Biomass production for biofuels using agroforestry: potential for the North Central Region of the United States. Agrofor Syst 85:305–314

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson RJ, Beck MM (1988) Influences of shelterbelts on wildlife management and biology. Agric Ecosyst Environ 22/23:301–335

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones RH, Lockaby BG, Somers GL (1996) Effects of micro-topography and disturbance on fine root dynamics in wetland forests of low-order stream floodplains. Am Midl Nat 136:57–71

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jose S (2009) Agroforestry for ecosystem services and environmental benefits: an overview. Agrofor Syst 76:1–10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jose S, Gillespie AR, Pallardy SG (2004) Interspecific interactions in temperate agroforestry. Agrofor Syst 61:237–255

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Josiah SJ, St. Pierre R, Brott H, Brandle J (2004) Productive conservation: diversifying farm enterprises by producing specialty woody products in agroforestry systems. J Sustain Agric 23:93–108

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kays JS (1999) Improving the success of natural-resource based enterprises. In: Josiah S (ed) Proceedings of the North American conference on enterprise development through agroforestry: farming the forest for specialty products, Minneapolis. 4–7 Oct 1998, pp 171–174, 243 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirby KR, Potvin C (2007) Variation in carbon storage among tree species: implications for the management of a small-scale carbon sink project. For Ecol Manage 246:208–221

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kirby LD, Jackson C, Perrett A (2007) Growing local: expanding the western north Carolina food and farming economy. Appalachian Sustainable Agriculture Project. 729 Haywood Rd., Suite 3, Asheville NC 28806, 88 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Kort J, Turnock R (1999) Carbon reservoir and biomass in Canadian prairie shelterbelts. Agrofor Syst 44:175–186

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laing FM (1985) Species trials for biomass production on abandoned farmland. North J Appl For 2:43–47

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee K-H, Isenhart TM, Schultz RC (2003) Sediment and nutrient removal in an established multi-species riparian buffer. J Soil Water Conserv 58:1–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin CH, McGraw RL, George MF, Garrett HE (1999) Shade effects on forage crops with potential in temperate agroforestry practices. Agrofor Syst 44:109–119

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lin CH, Lerch RN, Kremer RJ, Garrett HE, Udawatta RP, George MF (2005) Soil microbiological activities in vegetative buffer strips and their association with herbicide degradation. In: Brooks KN, Folliott PF (eds) Moving agroforestry into the mainstream: proceedings of the ninth conference on agroforestry in north America, Rochester, 12–15 June 2005, pp 1–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin XJ, Barrington S, Nicell J, Choiniere D, Vezina A (2006) Influences of windbreaks on livestock odor dispersion plumes in the field. Agric Ecosyst Environ 116:263–272

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lin CH, Lerch RN, Garrett HE, Gantzer CJ, Anderson SH (2007a) Utilizing vegetative buffer strips to remove dissolved and sediment-bound atrazine, metolachlor and glyphosate from surface water runoff. In: Proceedings of the 10th North American agroforestry conference, Quebec, pp 113–121

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin CH, Lerch RN, Kremer RJ, Garrett HE, George MF (2007b) Simulated rhizodegradation of atrazine by selected plant species. In: Proceedings of the 10th North American agroforestry conference, 9–14 June, Quebec, pp 95–105

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin CH, Walter DD, Garrett HE, Lerch RN (2009) Controlling swine odor with natural windbreak. In: Proceeding for 11th North American agroforestry conference, June 2009, Columbia, Missouri, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • Loureiro ML, Hine S (2002) Discovering niche markets: a comparison of consumer willingness to pay for a local (Colorado-Grown), organic, and GMO-free product. J Agric Appl Econ 34:477–487

    Google Scholar 

  • Malone GW, VanWicklen G, Collier S, Hansen D (2006) Efficacy of vegetative environmental buffers to capture emissions from tunnel ventilated poultry houses. In: Aneja VP (ed) Workshop on agricultural air quality: state of the science. Potomac, Maryland

    Google Scholar 

  • Mandelbaum RT, Wackett LP, Allan DL (1993) Rapid hydrolysis of atrazine to hydroxyatrazine by soil bacteria. Environ Sci Technol 27:1943–1944

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mandelbaum RT, Allan DL, Wackett LP (1995) Isolation and characterization of a Pseudomonas sp. that mineralizes the s-triazine herbicide atrazine. Appl Environ Microbiol 61:1451–1457

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McLaughlin RA, Hansen EA, Pope PE (1987) Biomass and nitrogen dynamics in an irrigated hybrid poplar plantation. For Ecol Manag 18:169–188

    Google Scholar 

  • McNeely JA (2004) Nature vs. nurture: managing relationships between forests, agroforestry and wild biodiversity. Agrofor Syst 61:155–165

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McNeely JA, Schroth G (2006) Agroforestry and biodiversity conservation –traditional practices, present dynamics, and lessons for the future. Biodivers Conserv 15:549–554

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller AW, Pallardy SG (2001) Resource competition across the crop-tree interface in a maize-silver maple temperate alley cropping stand in Missouri. Agrofor Syst 53:247–259

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Millspaugh JJ, Schulz JH, Mong TW, Burhans D, Walter WD, Bredesen R, Pritchert RD Jr, Dey DC (2009) Agroforestry wildlife benefits. In: Garrett HE (ed) North American agroforestry: an integrated science and practice, 2nd edn. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, p 379p

    Google Scholar 

  • Mississippi River/Gulf of Mexico Watershed Nutrient Task Force (2008) Gulf hypoxia action plan 2008 for reducing, mitigating, and controlling hypoxia in the northern Gulf of Mexico and improving water quality in the Mississippi River Basin. Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Naiman RJ, Decamps H, McClain ME (2005) Structural patterns. In: Naiman RJ et al (eds) Riparia: ecology, conservation, and management of streamside communities. Elsevier, New York, pp 79–123

    Google Scholar 

  • Nair VD, Portier KM, Graetz DA, Walker ML (2004) An environmental threshold for degree of phosphorus saturation in sandy soils. J Environ Qual 33:107–113

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nair PKR, Gordon AM, Mosquera-Losada MR (2008) Agroforestry. In: Jorgenson SE, Faith BD (eds) Encyclopedia of ecology. Elsevier, Oxford, pp 101–110

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • National Research Council (1993) Soil and water quality: an agenda for agriculture. National Academy Press, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Nichols DJ, Daniel TC, Edwards DR, Moore PA Jr, Pote DH (1998) Use of grass filter strips to reduce 17β-estradiol in runoff from fescue-applied poultry litter. J Soil Water Conserv 53:74–77

    Google Scholar 

  • Pestemer W, Radulescu V, Walker A, Ghinea L (1984) Residual effects of chlorotrazine herbicides in soil at 3 Romanian sites. Weed Res 24:359–370

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pimental D (2006) Soil erosion: a food and environment threat. Environ Dev Sustain 8:119–137

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pirog R, Larson A (2007) Consumer perceptions of the safety, health, and environmental impact of various scales and geographic origin of food supply chains. Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA, 45 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Pyter R, Voigt TB, Heaton EA, Dohleman FG, Long SP (2007) Giant miscanthus: biomass crop for Illinois. In: Janick J, Whipkey A (eds) Issues in new crops and new uses. ASHS Press, Alexandria, 39–42

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds PE, Simpson JA, Thevathasan NV, Gordon AM (2007) Effects of tree competition on corn and soybean photosynthesis, growth, and yield in a temperate tree-based agroforestry intercropping system in southern Ontario, Canada. Ecol Eng 29:362–371

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ribaudo M, Kaplan J, Christensen L, Gollehon N, Johansson R, Breneman V, Ailerry M, Agapoff J, Peters M (2003) Manure management for water quality costs to animal feeding operations of applying manure nutrients to land. USDA ERS Agricultural Econ Report Number 824, 88 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Riemenschneider DE, Berguson WE, Dickmann DI, Hall RB, Isebrands JG, Mohn CA, Stanosz GR, Tuskan GA (2001) Poplar breeding and testing strategies in the north-central U.S.: demonstration of potential yield and consideration of future research needs. For Chron 77:245–253

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts C, Kallenbach R (1999) Eastern gamagrass. Agricultural Publication G4671. Department of Agronomy, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • SAN (2003) Marketing strategies for farmers and ranchers. USDA SARE sustainable agriculture network publication, 20 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider ML, Francis CA (2005) Marketing locally produced foods: consumer and farmer opinions in Washington County, Nebraska. Renew Agric Food Syst 20:252–269

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schoeneberger MM (2009) Agroforestry: working trees for sequestering carbon on agricultural lands. Agrofor Syst 75:27–37

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schroeder P (1994) Carbon storage benefits of agroforestry systems. Agrofor Syst 27:89–97

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schroth G, da Fonseca GAB, Harvey CA, Gascon C, Vasconcelos H, Izac AN (2004) Agroforestry and biodiversity conservation in tropical landscapes. Island Press, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Schultz RC, Isenhart TM, Colletti JP, Simpkins WW, Udawatta RP, Schultz PL (2009) Riparian and upland buffer practices, Chapter 8. In: Garrett HE (ed) North American agroforestry: an integrated science and practice, 2nd edn. Agronomy Society of America, Madison

    Google Scholar 

  • Seobi T, Anderson SH, Udawatta RP, Gantzer CJ (2005) Influences of grass and agroforestry buffer strips on soil hydraulic properties. Soil Sci Soc Am J 69:893–901

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sharrow SH, Ismail S (2004) Carbon and nitrogen storage in agroforests, tree plantations, and pastures in western Oregon, USA. Agrofor Syst 60:123–130

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharrow SH, Brauer D, Clason TR (2009) Silvopastural practices. In: Garrett HE (ed) North American agroforestry: an integrated science and practice, 2nd edn. Agronomy Society of America, Madison, pp 105–131

    Google Scholar 

  • Siddique MT, Robinson SJ (2003) Phosphorus sorption and availability in soils amended with animal manures and sewage sludge. J Environ Qual 32:1114–1121

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith JR (1950) Tree crops: a permanent agriculture. The Devin-Adair Company, New York, 407 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith MW, Arnold DC, Eikenbary RD, Rice NR, Shiferaw A, Cheary BS, Carroll BL (1996) Influence of ground cover on beneficial arthropods in pecan. Biol Cont 6:164–176

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stamps WT, Linit MJ (1997) Plant diversity and arthropod communities: implications for temperate agroforestry. Agrofor Syst 39:73–89

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stevens G, Holou R (2010) Sweet sorghum for biofuel. In Halford NG, Karp A (eds) Energy crops. Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK, pp 56–76

    Google Scholar 

  • Stout WL, Pachepsky YA, Shelton DR, Sadeghi AM, Saporito LS, Sharpley AN (2005) Runoff transport of faecal coliforms and phosphorus released from manure in grass buffer conditions. Lett Appl Microbiol 41:230–234

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Struthers JK, Jayachandran K, Moorman TB (1998) Biodegradation of atrazine by Agrobacterium radiobacter J14a and use of this strain in bioremediation of contaminated soil. Appl Environ Microbiol 64:3368–3375

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thelemann R, Johnson G, Sheaffer C, Banerjee S, Cai HW, Wyse D (2010) The effect of landscape position on biomass crop yield. Agron J 102:513–522

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tollenaar M, Lee EA (2002) Yield potential, yield stability and stress tolerance in maize. Field Crop Res 75:161–169

    Google Scholar 

  • Tufekcioglu A, Raich JW, Isenhart TM, Schultz RC (2003) Biomass, carbon, and nitrogen dynamics of multi-species riparian buffers within an agricultural watershed in Iowa, USA. Agrofor Syst 57:187–198

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tyndall J, Colletti J (2007) Mitigating swine odor with strategically designed shelterbelt systems: a review. Agrofor Syst 69:45–65

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Udawatta RP, Jose S (2011) Carbon sequestration potential of agroforestry practices in temperate north America. In: Kumar BM, Nair PKR (eds) Carbon sequestration potential of agroforestry systems. Springer Science, Dordrecht

    Google Scholar 

  • Udawatta RP, Krstansky JJ, Henderson GS, Garrett HE (2002) Agroforestry practices, runoff, and nutrient loss: a paired watershed comparison. J Environ Qual 31:1214–1225

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Udawatta RP, Nygren PO, Garrett HE (2005) Growth of three oak species during establishment in an agroforestry practice for watershed protection. Can J For Res 35:602–609

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Udawatta RP, Motavalli PP, Garrett HE, Krstansky JJ (2006) Nitrogen and nitrate losses in runoff from three adjacent corn-soybean watersheds. Agric Ecosyst Environ 117:39–48

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Udawatta RP, Kremer RJ, Garrett HE, Anderson SH (2009) Soil enzyme activities and physical properties in a watershed managed under agroforestry and row-crop system. Agric Ecosyst Environ 131:98–104

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Udawatta RP, Garrett HE, Kallenbach RL (2011) Agroforestry buffers for non point source pollution reductions from agricultural watersheds. J Environ Qual 40:800–806

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • USDA (2011) USDA agroforestry strategic framework, fiscal year 2011–2016. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, 35 p

    Google Scholar 

  • USDA NASS (2008) Crop production historical records. USDA NASS, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • USDA NRCS (2007) U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2009. Summary report: 2007 national resources inventory, natural resources conservation service, Washington, DC, and Center for Survey Statistics and Methodology, Iowa State University, Ames, 123 p

    Google Scholar 

  • USDA (U.S. Department of Agriculture) (2010) National agricultural statistics service. http://www.nass.usda.gov/

  • Vander WG (2001) 44 states regulate odors on hog farms. National Hog Farmer, 15 Mar 2001. http://nationalhogfarmer.com/mag/farming_states_regulate_odors. Accessed 27 June 2012

  • Vest L, Merka B, Segars W (2004) Poultry waste: Georgia’s 50 million dollar forgotten crop. The University of Georgia – College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences Cooperative Extension Service, Athens

    Google Scholar 

  • Volk TA, Verwijst T, Tharakan PJ, Abrahamson LP, White EH (2004) Growing fuel: a sustainability assessment of willow biomass crops. Front Ecol Environ 2:411–418

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vogel KP, Brejda JJ, Walters DT, Buxton DR (2002) Switchgrass biomass production in the Midwest USA: harvest and nitrogen management. Agron J 94:413–420

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright L, Turhollow A (2010) Switchgrass selection as a ‘model’ bioenergy crop: a history of the process. Biomass Bioenergy 34:851–868

    Google Scholar 

  • Yue C, Tong C (2009) Organic or local? Investigating consumer preference for fresh produce using a choice experiment with real economic incentives. HortSci 44:366–371

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Shibu Jose .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Jose, S., Gold, M.A., Garrett, H.E. (2012). The Future of Temperate Agroforestry in the United States. In: Nair, P., Garrity, D. (eds) Agroforestry - The Future of Global Land Use. Advances in Agroforestry, vol 9. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4676-3_14

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics