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Chromium and Nickel

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Heavy Metals in Soils

Part of the book series: Environmental Pollution ((EPOL,volume 22))

Abstract

Nickel (Ni) and chromium (Cr) are elements naturally present in all rock types and present in the pedosphere in a range from trace amounts to relatively high concentrations, as compared to other trace elements. Particularly high Ni and Cr concentrations are found in serpentine rocks and soils, originating from this rock type and colonized by a specialized flora that may present some curious species capable of hyperaccumulating extraordinary high concentrations of Ni in their above-ground parts. In recent decades, the large release of Cr and Ni by industrial activities, mainly the manufacture of stainless steel, as well as the use of sewage sludge as soil amendment in agricultural soils, have caused an impressive increase in the levels of these two metals in the pedosphere and other environmental matrices. This has led to increasing environmental concern as, while relatively low concentrations of Ni and Cr are essential for plants and other living organisms including humans, both the elements are toxic for all living organisms if present in excessive concentrations. This chapter reviews the distribution and the geochemical behaviour of Ni and Cr, their main dynamics in the soil environment, with regards to the natural and anthropogenic sources. The relationships of Ni and Cr with the plants, in particular with some Ni hyperaccumulator species are also discussed.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Florence, via P.A. Micheli 1, 50121, Florence, Italy

    Cristina Gonnelli

  2. Department of Plant, Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Florence, P.le delle Cascine 28, 50144, Florence, Italy

    Giancarlo Renella

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  1. Cristina Gonnelli
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  2. Giancarlo Renella
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Correspondence to Cristina Gonnelli .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Soil Science, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6DW, United Kingdom

    Brian J. Alloway

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Gonnelli, C., Renella, G. (2013). Chromium and Nickel. In: Alloway, B. (eds) Heavy Metals in Soils. Environmental Pollution, vol 22. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4470-7_11

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