Abstract
Generalizations regarding the epidemiology of aging and mental health are contingent on how one defines mental health. This chapter considers the relationship between age and both mental disorder and positive elements of mental health, positing that many older adults live with a low-grade concern or anxiety about the future coupled with fairly high levels of happiness. Using a life course perspective, mental health inequalities are summarized along several axes of stratification. Stress process, crisis, and cumulative inequality theories are profiled for advancing research on aging and mental health. The chapter concludes by identifying some of the frontiers for breakthrough discoveries regarding aging and mental health.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Abbreviations
- AD:
-
Alzheimer’s disease
- CES-D:
-
Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale
- DSM:
-
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
- DSM-IV:
-
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition
- NCS-R:
-
National Comorbidity Survey Replication
- SES:
-
Socioeconomic status
- GSS:
-
General Social Survey
References
Ajrouch, K. J., Reisine, S., Lim, S., Sohn, W., & Ismail, A. (2010). Perceived everyday discrimination and psychological distress: Does social support matter? Ethnicity & Health, 15, 417–434.
American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. (4th ed., text rev.) Washington, DC: Author.
Amore, M., Scarlatti, F., Quarta, A. L., & Tagariello, P. (2009). Partial androgen deficiency, depression and testosterone treatment in aging men. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 21, 1–8.
Anda, R. F., Whitfield, C. L., Felitti, V. J., Chapman, D., Edwards, V. J., Dube, S. R., et al. (2002). Adverse childhood experiences, alcoholic parents, and later risk of alcoholism and depression. Psychiatric Services, 53, 1001–1009.
Aneshensel, C. S. (2005). Research in mental health: Social etiology versus social consequences. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 46, 221–228.
Aneshensel, C. S. (2009). Toward explaining mental health disparities. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 50, 377–394.
Avison, W. R. (2010). Incorporating children’s lives into a life course perspective on stress and mental health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 51, 361–375.
Avison, W. R., & Turner, R. J. (1988). Stressful life events and depressive symptoms: Disaggregating the effects of acute stressors and chronic strains. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 29, 253–264.
Baird, B. M., Lucas, R. E., & Donnellan, M. B. (2010). Life satisfaction across the lifespan: Findings from two nationally representative panel studies. Social Indicators Research, 99, 183–203.
Blazer, D. G. (2003). Depression in late life: Review and commentary. Journal of Gerontology: Medical Sciences, 58A, 249–265.
Blazer, D. G., & Hybels, C. F. (2005). Origins of depression in later life. Psychological Medicine, 35, 1241–1252.
Boyce, W. T., & Ellis, B. J. (2005). Biological sensitivity to context: I. An evolutionary-developmental theory of the origins and functions of stress reactivity. Development and Psychopathology, 17, 271–301.
Breslau, J., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Kendler, K. S., Su, M., Williams, D., & Kessler, R. C. (2006). Specifying race-ethnic differences in risk for psychiatric disorder in a USA national sample. Psychological Medicine, 36, 57–68.
Brown, A. S. (2011). The environment and susceptibility to schizophrenia. Progress in Neurobiology, 93, 23–58.
Charles, S. T., Reynolds, C. A., & Gatz, M. (2001). Age-related differences and change in positive and negative affect over 23 years. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 136–151.
Choi, H., & Marks, N. F. (2008). Marital conflict, depressive symptoms, and functional impairment. Journal of Marriage and Family, 70, 377–390.
Diener, E., Sandvik, E., & Larsen, R. J. (1985). Age and sex differences for emotional intensity. Developmental Psychology, 21, 542–546.
Diener, E., & Suh, M. E. (1998). Subjective well-being and age: An international analysis. In K. W. Schaie & M. P. Lawton (Eds.), Annual review of gerontology and geriatrics: Focus on emotion and adult development (pp. 304–324). New York: Springer.
Dohrenwend, B. P., Levav, I., Shrout, P. E., Schwartz, S., Naveh, G., Link, B. G., et al. (1992). Socioeconomic status and psychiatric disorders: The causation-selection issue. Science, 255, 946–952.
Dube, S. R., Anda, R. F., Felitti, V. J., Chapman, D. P., Williamson, D. F., & Giles, W. H. (2001). Childhood abuse, household dysfunction, and the risk of attempted suicide throughout the life span: Findings from the Adverse Childhood Experiences Study. Journal of the American Medical Association, 286, 3089–3096.
Elder, G. H., Jr. (1998). The life course as developmental theory. Child Development, 69, 1–12.
Elder, G. H., Jr., & Giele, J. Z. (Eds.). (2009). The craft of life course research. New York: Guilford Press.
Elder, G. H., Jr., Johnson, M. K., & Crosnoe, R. (2003). The emergence and development of life course theory. In J. T. Mortimer & M. J. Shanahan (Eds.), Handbook of the life course (pp. 3–19). New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum.
Elder, G. H., Jr., & Liker, J. K. (1982). Hard times in women’s lives: Historical influences across forty years. The American Journal of Sociology, 88, 241–269.
Ennis, N. E., Hobfoll, S. E., & Schröder, K. E. E. (2000). Money doesn’t talk, it swears: How economic stress and resistance resources impact inner-city women’s depressive mood. American Journal of Community Psychology, 28, 149–173.
Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., et al. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of deaths in adults: the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14, 245–258.
Ferraro, K. F., & Farmer, M. M. (1996). Double jeopardy to health hypothesis for African Americans: Analysis and critique. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 37, 27–43.
Ferraro, K. F., & Nuriddin, T. A. (2006). Psychological distress and mortality: Are women more vulnerable? Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 47, 227–241.
Ferraro, K. F., & Shippee, T. P. (2009). Aging and cumulative inequality: How does inequality get under the skin? The Gerontologist, 49, 333–343.
Ferraro, K. F., Shippee, T. P., & Schafer, M. H. (2009). Cumulative inequality theory for research on aging and the life course. In V. L. Bengtson, D. Gans, N. M. Putney, & M. Silverstein (Eds.), Handbook of theories of aging (2nd ed., pp. 413–433). New York: Springer.
Freeman, E. W. (2010). Associations of depression with the transition to menopause. Menopause, 17, 823–827.
George, L. K. (2010). Still happy after all these years: Research frontiers on subjective well-being in later life. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 65B, 331–339.
Gerstorf, D., Ram, N., Röcke, C., Lindenberger, U., & Smith, J. (2008). Decline in life satisfaction in old age: Longitudinal evidence for links to distance-to-death. Psychology and Aging, 23, 154–168.
Glei, D. A., Goldman, N., Chuang, Y.-L., & Weinstein, M. (2007). Do chronic stressors lead to physiological dysregulation? Testing the theory of allostatic load. Psychosomatic Medicine, 69, 769–776.
Green, M. J., & Benzeval, M. (2011). Ageing, social class and common mental disorders: Longitudinal evidence from three cohorts in the west of Scotland. Psychological Medicine, 41, 565–574.
Grigsby-Toussaint, D. S., Lipton, R., Chavez, N., Handler, A., Johnson, T. P., & Kubo, J. (2010). Neighborhood socioeconomic change and diabetes risk: Findings from the Chicago childhood diabetes registry. Diabetes Care, 33, 1065–1068.
Hill, T. D., Kaplan, L. M., French, M. T., & Johnson, R. J. (2010). Victimization in early life and mental health in adulthood: An examination of the mediating and moderating influences of psychosocial resources. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 51, 48–63.
Hillis, S. D., Anda, R. F., Felitti, V. J., & Marchbanks, P. A. (2001). Adverse childhood experiences and sexual risk behaviors in women: A retrospective cohort study. Family Planning Perspectives, 33, 206–211.
Horwitz, A. V. (2002). Outcomes in the sociology of mental health and illness: Where have we been and where are we going? Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 43, 143–151.
Ibrahim, F., Cohen, C. I., & Ramirez, P. M. (2010). Successful aging in older adults with schizophrenia: Prevalence and associated factors. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 18, 879–886.
Irving, S. M., & Ferraro, K. F. (2006). Reports of abusive experiences during childhood and adult health ratings: Personal control as a pathway? Journal of Aging and Health, 18, 458–485.
Jackson, P. B., Williams, D. R., Stein, D. J., Herman, A., Williams, S. L., & Redmond, D. L. (2010). Race and psychological distress: The South African stress and health study. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 51, 458–477.
Kelley-Moore, J. A., & Ferraro, K. F. (2005). A 3-D model of health decline: Disease, disability, and depression among black and white older adults. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 46, 376–391.
Kessler, R. C., Birnbaum, H., Bromet, E., Hwang, I., Sampson, N., & Shahly, V. (2010). Age differences in major depression: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). Psychological Medicine, 40, 225–237.
Kessler, R. C., Foster, C., Webster, P. S., & House, J. S. (1992). The relationship between age and depressive symptoms in two national surveys. Psychology and Aging, 7, 119–126.
Kessler, R. C., & Zhao, S. (1999). Overview of descriptive epidemiology of mental disorders. In C. S. Aneshensel & J. C. Phelan (Eds.), Handbook of the sociology of mental health (pp. 127–150). New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum.
Keyes, C. L. M. (2002). The mental health continuum: From languishing to flourishing in life. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 43, 207–222.
Kim, J., & Durden, E. (2007). Socioeconomic status and age trajectories of health. Social Science & Medicine, 65, 2489–2502.
Krause, N., Shaw, B. A., & Cairney, J. (2004). A descriptive epidemiology of lifetime trauma and the physical health status of older adults. Psychology and Aging, 19, 637–648.
Kubzansky, L. D., Subramanian, S. V., Kawachi, I., Fay, M. E., Soobader, M.-J., & Berkman, L. F. (2005). Neighborhood contextual influences on depressive symptoms in the elderly. American Journal of Epidemiology, 162, 253–260.
Kuh, D., Ben-Shlomo, Y., Lynch, J., Hallqvist, J., & Power, C. (2003). Life course epidemiology. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 57, 778–783.
Li, Y., & Ferraro, K. F. (2005). Volunteering and depression in later life: Social benefit or selection processes? Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 46, 68–84.
Luo, Y., & Waite, L. J. (2005). The impact of childhood and adult SES on physical, mental, and cognitive well-being in later life. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 60, S93–S101.
Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D., & Becker, B. (2000). The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Development, 71, 543–562.
Lynch, J., & Smith, G. D. (2005). A life course approach to chronic disease epidemiology. Annual Review of Public Health, 26, 1–35.
Marijnissen, R. M., Bus, B. A. A., Holewijn, S., Franke, B., Purandare, N., de Graaf, J., et al. (2011). Depressive symptom clusters are differentially associated with general and visceral obesity. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 59, 67–72.
McGue, M. (2010). The end of behavioral genetics? Behavior Genetics, 40, 284–296.
McLaughlin, K. A., Green, J. G., Gruber, M. J., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Kessler, R. C. (2010). Childhood adversities and adult psychiatric disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication II: Associations with persistence of DSM-IV disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67, 124–132.
McLeod, J. D., & Fettes, D. L. (2007). Trajectories of failure: The educational careers of children with mental health problems. The American Journal of Sociology, 113, 653–701.
Merton, R. K. (1968). Social theory and social structure. New York: Free Press.
Miech, R. A., & Shanahan, M. J. (2000). Socioeconomic status and depression over the life course. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 41, 162–176.
Mirowsky, J., & Ross, C. E. (1990). Control or defense? Depression and the sense of control over good and bad outcomes. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 31, 71–86.
Mirowsky, J., & Ross, C. E. (1992). Age and depression. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 33, 187–205.
Mirowsky, J., & Ross, C. E. (1999). Well-being across the life course. In A. V. Horwitz & T. L. Scheid (Eds.), A handbook for the study of mental health: Social contexts, theories, and systems (pp. 328–347). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Möller, J., Björkenstam, E., Ljung, R., & Yngwe, M. A. (2011). Widowhood and the risk of psychiatric care, psychotropic medication and all-cause mortality: A cohort study of 658,022 elderly people in Sweden. Aging & Mental Health, 15, 259–266.
Mroczek, D. K., & Kolarz, C. M. (1998). The effect of age on positive and negative affect: A developmental perspective on happiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 1333–1349.
Mroczek, D. K., & Spiro, A., III. (2005). Change in life satisfaction during adulthood: Findings from the Veterans Affairs Normative Aging Study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 189–202.
National Center for Health Statistics. (2011). Health, United States, 2010. Hyattsville, MD: Government Printing Office.
National Comorbidity Survey Replication. (n.d.). NCS-R lifetime prevalence estimates. Retrieved from http://www.hcp.med.harvard.edu/ncs/index.php
O’Rand, A. M. (2003). Cumulative advantage theory in life course research. In S. Crystal & D. Shea (Eds.), Annual review of gerontology and geriatrics: Focus on economic outcomes in later life (Vol. 22, pp. 14–30). New York: Springer.
Orme, J. G., Reis, J., & Herz, E. J. (1986). Factorial and discriminant validity of the center for epidemiological studies depression (CES-D) scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 42, 28–33.
Payton, A. R. (2009). Mental health, mental illness, and psychological distress: Same continuum or distinct phenomenon? Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 50, 213–227.
Pearlin, L. I. (1989). The sociological study of stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 30, 241–256.
Pearlin, L. I. (2010). The life course and the stress process: Some conceptual comparisons. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 65B, 207–215.
Pearlin, L. I., Aneshensel, C. S., & LeBlanc, A. J. (1997). The forms and mechanisms of stress proliferation: The case of AIDS caregivers. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 38, 223–236.
Pearlin, L. I., Nguyen, K., Schieman, S., & Milkie, M. (2007). The life course origins of mastery among older people. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 48, 164–179.
Pearlin, L. I., Schieman, S., Fazio, E. M., & Meersman, S. C. (2005). Stress, health, and the life course: Some conceptual perspectives. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 46, 205–219.
Pearlin, L. I., & Skaff, M. M. (1996). Stress and the life course: A paradigmatic alliance. The Gerontologist, 36, 239–247.
Pinquart, M., & Sörensen, S. (2000). Influences of socioeconomic status, social network, and competence on subjective well-being in later life: A meta-analysis. Psychology and Aging, 15, 187–224.
Plassman, B. L., Langa, K. M., Fisher, G. G., Heeringa, S. G., Weir, D. R., Ofstedal, M. B., et al. (2007). Prevalence of dementia in the United States: The Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study. Neuroepidemiology, 29, 125–132.
Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385–401.
Reynolds, J. R., & Turner, R. J. (2008). Major life events: Their personal meaning, resolution, and mental health significance. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 49, 223–237.
Richardson, V. E. (2010). Length of caregiving and well-being among older widowers: Implications for the dual process model of bereavement. Omega, 61, 333–356.
Ross, C. E. (1994). Overweight and depression. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 35, 63–79.
Ross, C. E., & Mirowsky, J. (2008). Age and the balance of emotions. Social Science & Medicine, 66, 2391–2400.
Rossi, A. S. (2004). The menopausal transition and aging processes. In O. G. Brim, C. D. Ryff, & R. C. Kessler (Eds.), How healthy are we? A national study of well-being at midlife (pp. 153–201). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Rotter, J. B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs, 80, 1–28.
Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 1069–1081.
Schafer, M. H., & Ferraro, K. F. (2011). The stigma of obesity: Does perceived weight discrimination affect identity and physical health? Social Psychology Quarterly, 74, 76–97.
Schafer, M. H., Ferraro, K. F., & Mustillo, S. A. (2011). Children of misfortune: Early adversity and cumulative inequality in perceived life trajectories. The American Journal of Sociology, 116, 1053–1091.
Schafer, M. H., Shippee, T. P., & Ferraro, K. F. (2009). When does disadvantage not accumulate? Towards a sociological conceptualization of resilience. Swiss Journal of Sociology, 35, 231–251.
Schiefelbein, V. L., & Susman, E. J. (2006). Cortisol levels and longitudinal cortisol change as predictors of anxiety in adolescents. Journal of Early Adolescence, 26, 397–413.
Schieman, S. (1999). Age and anger. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 40, 273–289.
Schieman, S. (2010). The sociological study of anger: Basic social patterns and contexts. In M. Potegal, G. Stemmler, & C. Spielberger (Eds.), International handbook of anger: Constituent and concomitant biological, psychological, and social processes (pp. 329–347). New York: Springer.
Schieman, S., McMullen, T., & Swan, M. (2007). Relative body weight and psychological distress in late life: Observations of gender and race comparisons. Journal of Aging and Health, 19, 286–312.
Schieman, S., & Plickert, G. (2007). Functional limitations and changes in levels of depression among older adults: A multiple-hierarchy stratification perspective. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 62, S36–42.
Schieman, S., Van Gundy, K., & Taylor, J. (2001). Status, role, and resource explanations for age patterns in psychological distress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 42, 80–96.
Schieman, S., Van Gundy, K., & Taylor, J. (2002). The relationship between age and depressive symptoms: A test of competing explanatory and suppression influences. Journal of Aging and Health, 14, 260–285.
Seplaki, C. L., Goldman, N., Weinstein, M., & Lin, Y.-H. (2004). How are biomarkers related to physical and mental well-being? Journal of Gerontology: Biological Sciences, 59A, 201–217.
Shanahan, M. J., & Hofer, S. M. (2005). Social context in gene-environment interactions: Retrospect and prospect. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 60B, S65–S76.
Shanahan, M. J., & Hofer, S. M. (2011). Molecular genetics, aging, and well-being: Sensitive period, accumulation, and pathway models. In R. H. Binstock & L. K. George (Eds.), Handbook of aging and the social sciences (pp. 135–147). New York: Elsevier.
Shanahan, M. J., Vaisey, S., Erickson, L. D., & Smolen, A. (2008). Environmental contingencies and genetic propensities: Social capital, educational continuation, and a dopamine receptor gene DRD2. The American Journal of Sociology, 114, S260–S286.
Silver, E., Mulvey, E. P., & Swanson, J. W. (2002). Neighborhood structural characteristics and mental disorder: Faris and Dunham revisited. Social Science & Medicine, 55, 1457–1470.
Simon, R. W., & Lively, K. (2010). Sex, anger, and depression. Social Forces, 88, 1543–1568.
Skaff, M. M., & Pearlin, L. I. (1992). Caregiving: Role engulfment and the loss of self. The Gerontologist, 32, 656–664.
Sorkin, D. H., Pham, E., & Ngo-Metzger, Q. (2009). Racial and ethnic differences in the mental health needs and access to care of older adults in California. Journal of the American Geriatric Society, 57, 2311–2317.
Stroebe, M., & Schut, H. (2010). The dual process model of coping with bereavement: A decade on. Omega, 61, 273–289.
Stroebe, M., Schut, H., & Stroebe, W. (2007). Health outcomes of bereavement. The Lancet, 370, 1960–1973.
Takeuchi, D. T., Zane, N., Hong, S., Chae, D. H., Gong, F., Gee, G. C., et al. (2007). Immigration-related factors and mental disorders among Asian Americans. American Journal of Public Health, 97, 84–90.
Taylor, S. E. (2010). Mechanisms linking early life stress to adult health outcomes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107, 8507–8512.
Thoits, P. A. (1991). On merging identity theory and stress research. Social Psychology Quarterly, 54, 101–112.
Thoits, P. A. (2006). Personal agency in the stress process. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 47, 309–323.
Thoits, P. A. (2010). Stress and health: Major findings and policy implications. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 51, S41–S53.
Turner, R. J., & Avison, W. R. (1992). Innovations in the measurement of life stress: Crisis theory and the significance of event resolution. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 33, 36–50.
Turner, R. J., & Lloyd, D. A. (1995). Lifetime traumas and mental health: The significance of cumulative adversity. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 36, 360–376.
Turner, R. J., Wheaton, B., & Lloyd, D. A. (1995). The epidemiology of social stress. American Sociological Review, 60, 104–125.
Wheaton, B., & Clarke, P. (2003). Space meets time: Integrating temporal and contextual influences on mental health in early adulthood. American Sociological Review, 68, 680–706.
Wilson, R. S. (2008). Neurological factors in cognitive aging. In S. M. Hofer & D. F. Alwin (Eds.), Handbook of cognitive aging: Interdisciplinary perspectives (pp. 298–307). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Winterich, J. A., & Umberson, D. (1999). How women experience menopause: The importance of social context. Journal of Women & Aging, 11, 57–73.
Witt, D. D., Lowe, G. D., Peek, C. W., & Curry, E. W. (1980). The changing association between age and happiness: Emerging trend or methodological artifact? Social Forces, 58, 1302–1307.
Woodward, C., & Joseph, S. (2003). Positive change processes and post-traumatic growth in people who have experienced childhood abuse: Understanding vehicles of change. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 76, 267–283.
Yang, Y. (2007). Is old age depressing? Growth trajectories and cohort variations in late-life depression. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 48, 16–32.
Yang, Y. (2008). Social inequalities in happiness in the United States, 1972 to 2004: An age-period-cohort analysis. American Sociological Review, 73, 204–236.
Yang, Y., & Lee, L. C. (2009). Sex and race disparities in health: Cohort variations in life course patterns. Social Forces, 87, 2093–2124.
Acknowledgments
Work on this chapter was supported in part by grants from the National Institute on Aging (R01 AG033541 and T32AG025671) and the Purdue University Center on Aging and the Life Course.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ferraro, K.F., Wilkinson, L.R. (2013). Age, Aging, and Mental Health. In: Aneshensel, C.S., Phelan, J.C., Bierman, A. (eds) Handbook of the Sociology of Mental Health. Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4276-5_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4276-5_10
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-007-4275-8
Online ISBN: 978-94-007-4276-5
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and LawSocial Sciences (R0)