Abstract
Plants and arthropods are organisms that continuously interact in natural ecosystems. These relations provide them with reciprocal benefits. Several arthropods species protect plants and take active part in plant pollination. Likewise, plants provide shelter, oviposition sites and food to arthropods. However, arthropods might also act as plant pests and be extremely harmful to plants. During evolution, plants have developed sophisticated defence mechanisms to avoid pest damage and arthropod pests have varied their mechanism of attack to overcome plant defences. Then, arthropod-plant interaction is a highly dynamic system, subjected to endless variation. A diagram of plant-herbivorous interactions is shown in Fig. 1.1. When arthropods attack a plant (1), the response of the plant is a consequence of the perception of herbivory associated molecular patterns (HAMPs) (Felton and Tumlinson 2008; Mithofer and Boland 2008; Wu and Baldwin 2009). HAMPs can be classified into two categories: (i) chemical elicitors derived from herbivore oral secretions and oviposition fluids; and (ii) those that are originated from the specific patterns of wounding. Although chemical and mechanical stimuli lead to tissue damage, plants respond differentially to both stresses. Attacked plants have several different defence levels (2). Defences include physical barriers such as cuticles, trichomes and thorns, a battery of compounds with toxic, repellent or anti-digestive effects on arthropod pests, and the emission of volatile compounds to attract the predators of arthropod pests (Heil 2008; Unsicker et al. 2009).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
AGI, Arabidopsis Genome Initiative (2000) Analysis of the genome sequence of the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Nature 408:796–815
Argout X, Salse J, Aury JM, Guiltinan MJ, Droc G, Gouzy J, Allegre M, Chaparro C, Legavre T, Maximova SN et al (2011) The genome of Theobroma cacao. Nat Genet 43:101–108
Carrillo L, Martinez M, Ramessar K, Cambra I, Castanera P, Ortego F, Diaz I (2011) Expression of a barley cystatin gene in maize enhances resistance against phytophagous mites by altering their cysteine-proteases. Plant Cell Rep 30:101–112
Chain PS, Grafham DV, Fulton RS, Fitzgerald MG, Hostetler J, Muzny D, Ali J, Birren B, Bruce DC, Buhay C et al (2009) Genomics. Genome project standards in a new era of sequencing. Science 326:236–237
Chan AP, Crabtree J, Zhao Q, Lorenzi H, Orvis J, Puiu D, Melake-Berhan A, Jones KM, Redman J, Chen G et al (2010) Draft genome sequence of the oilseed species Ricinus communis. Nat Biotechnol 28:951–956
Ehlting J, Chowrira SG, Mattheus N, Aeschliman DS, Arimura G, Bohlmann J (2008) Comparative transcriptome analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana infested by diamond back moth (Plutella xylostella) larvae reveals signatures of stress response, secondary metabolism, and signalling. BMC Genomics 9:154
Ehrlich PR, Raven PH (1964) Butterflies and plants: a study in coevolution. Evolution 18:586–608
Felton GW, Tumlinson JH (2008) Plant-insect dialogs: complex interactions at the plant-insect interface. Curr Opin Plant Biol 11:457–463
Feuillet C, Leach JE, Rogers J, Schnable PS, Eversole K (2011) Crop genome sequencing: lessons and rationales. Trends Plant Sci 16:77–88
Futuyma DJ, Agrawal AA (2009) Macroevolution and the biological diversity of plants and herbivores. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106:18054–18061
Goff SA, Ricke D, Lan TH, Presting G, Wang R, Dunn M, Glazebrook J, Sessions A, Oeller P, Varma H et al (2002) A draft sequence of the rice genome (Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica). Science 296:92–100
Heil M (2008) Indirect defence via tritrophic interactions. New Phytol 178:41–61
HGSC, Honeybee Genome Sequencing Consortium (2006) Insights into social insects from the genome of the honeybee Apis mellifera. Nature 443:931–949
Howe GA, Jander G (2008) Plant immunity to insect herbivores. Annu Rev Plant Biol 59:41–66
Huang S, Li R, Zhang Z, Li L, Gu X, Fan W, Lucas WJ, Wang X, Xie B, Ni P et al (2009) The genome of the cucumber, Cucumis sativus L. Nat Genet 41:1275–1281
Hunter S, Apweiler R, Attwood TK, Bairoch A, Bateman A, Binns D, Bork P, Das U, Daugherty L, Duquenne L et al (2009) InterPro: the integrative protein signature database. Nucleic Acids Res 37:D211–D215
Jaillon O, Aury JM, Noel B, Policriti A, Clepet C, Casagrande A, Choisne N, Aubourg S, Vitulo N, Jubin C et al (2007) The grapevine genome sequence suggests ancestral hexaploidization in major angiosperm phyla. Nature 449:463–467
Li X, Schuler MA, Berenbaum MR (2002) Jasmonate and salicylate induce expression of herbivore cytochrome P450 genes. Nature 419:712–715
Marchler-Bauer A, Lu S, Anderson JB, Chitsaz F, Derbyshire MK, DeWeese-Scott C, Fong JH, Geer LY, Geer RC, Gonzales NR et al (2011) CDD: a Conserved Domain Database for the functional annotation of proteins. Nucleic Acids Res 39:D225–D229
Ming R, Hou S, Feng Y, Yu Q, Dionne-Laporte A, Saw JH, Senin P, Wang W, Ly BV, Lewis KL et al (2008) The draft genome of the transgenic tropical fruit tree papaya (Carica papaya Linnaeus). Nature 452:991–996
Mithofer A, Boland W (2008) Recognition of herbivory-associated molecular patterns. Plant Physiol 146:825–831
Opitz SE, Jensen SR, Muller C (2010) Sequestration of glucosinolates and iridoid glucosides in sawfly species of the genus Athalia and their role in defense against ants. J Chem Ecol 36:148–157
Paterson AH, Bowers JE, Bruggmann R, Dubchak I, Grimwood J, Gundlach H, Haberer G, Hellsten U, Mitros T, Poliakov A et al (2009) The Sorghum bicolor genome and the diversification of grasses. Nature 457:551–556
Paterson AH, Freeling M, Tang H, Wang X (2010) Insights from the comparison of plant genome sequences. Annu Rev Plant Biol 61:349–372
Proost S, Van Bel M, Sterck L, Billiau K, Van Parys T, Van de Peer Y, Vandepoele K (2009) PLAZA: a comparative genomics resource to study gene and genome evolution in plants. Plant Cell 21:3718–3731
Rasmann S, Agrawal AA (2009) Plant defense against herbivory: progress in identifying synergism, redundancy, and antagonism between resistance traits. Curr Opin Plant Biol 12:473–478
Richards S, Gibbs RA, Weinstock GM, Brown SJ, Denell R, Beeman RW, Gibbs R, Bucher G, Friedrich M, Grimmelikhuijzen CJ et al (2008) The genome of the model beetle and pest Tribolium castaneum. Nature 452:949–955
Rouard M, Guignon V, Aluome C, Laporte MA, Droc G, Walde C, Zmasek CM, Perin C, Conte MG (2011) GreenPhylDB v2.0: comparative and functional genomics in plants. Nucleic Acids Res 39:D1095–D1102
Schmutz J, Cannon SB, Schlueter J, Ma J, Mitros T, Nelson W, Hyten DL, Song Q, Thelen JJ, Cheng J et al (2010) Genome sequence of the palaeopolyploid soybean. Nature 463:178–183
Schnable PS, Ware D, Fulton RS, Stein JC, Wei F, Pasternak S, Liang C, Zhang J, Fulton L, Graves TA et al (2009) The B73 maize genome: complexity, diversity, and dynamics. Science 326:1112–1115
Shulaev V, Sargent DJ, Crowhurst RN, Mockler TC, Folkerts O, Delcher AL, Jaiswal P, Mockaitis K, Liston A, Mane SP et al (2011) The genome of woodland strawberry (Fragaria vesca). Nat Genet 43:109–116
The International Brachypodium Initiative (2010) Genome sequencing and analysis of the model grass Brachypodium distachyon. Nature 463:763–768
TIAGC, The International Aphid Genomics Consortium (2010) Genome sequence of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum. PLoS Biol 8
Tian D, Traw MB, Chen JQ, Kreitman M, Bergelson J (2003) Fitness costs of R-gene-mediated resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana. Nature 423:74–77
Tuskan GA, Difazio S, Jansson S, Bohlmann J, Grigoriev I, Hellsten U, Putnam N, Ralph S, Rombauts S, Salamov A et al (2006) The genome of black cottonwood, Populus trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray). Science 313:1596–1604
Unsicker SB, Kunert G, Gershenzon J (2009) Protective perfumes: the role of vegetative volatiles in plant defense against herbivores. Curr Opin Plant Biol 12:479–485
Van de Peer Y, Fawcett JA, Proost S, Sterck L, Vandepoele K (2009) The flowering world: a tale of duplications. Trends Plant Sci 14:680–688
Velasco R, Zharkikh A, Affourtit J, Dhingra A, Cestaro A, Kalyanaraman A, Fontana P, Bhatnagar SK, Troggio M, Pruss D et al (2010) The genome of the domesticated apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.). Nat Genet 42:833–839
Whiteman NK, Jander G (2010) Genome-enabled research on the ecology of plant-insect interactions. Plant Physiol 154:475–478
Wu J, Baldwin IT (2009) Herbivory-induced signalling in plants: perception and action. Plant Cell Environ 32:1161–1174
Xia Q, Zhou Z, Lu C, Cheng D, Dai F, Li B, Zhao P, Zha X, Cheng T, Chai C et al (2004) A draft sequence for the genome of the domesticated silkworm (Bombyx mori). Science 306:1937–1940
Yu J, Hu S, Wang J, Wong GK, Li S, Liu B, Deng Y, Dai L, Zhou Y, Zhang X et al (2002) A draft sequence of the rice genome (Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica). Science 296:79–92
Zeng RS, Wen Z, Niu G, Schuler MA, Berenbaum MR (2009) Enhanced toxicity and induction of cytochrome P450s suggest a cost of “eavesdropping” in a multitrophic interaction. J Chem Ecol 35:526–532
Acknowledgements
I thank Dr. Santamaría for critical reading of the manuscript. The financial support from the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (project BFU2008-01,166) and from the Universidad Politecnica de Madrid/Comunidad de Madrid (project CCG10-UPM/AGR-5,242) is gratefully acknowledged.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Martinez, M. (2012). Co-evolution of Genes for Specification in Arthropod-Plant Interactions: A Bioinformatic Analysis in Plant and Arthropod Genomes. In: Smagghe, G., Diaz, I. (eds) Arthropod-Plant Interactions. Progress in Biological Control, vol 14. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-3873-7_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-3873-7_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-007-3872-0
Online ISBN: 978-94-007-3873-7
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)