Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a gram-negative bacterium that chronically infects the stomach of more than 50% of the human population and represents a major cause of gastric cancer, gastric lymphoma, gastric autoimmunity and peptic ulcer diseases. The International Agency for Research on Cancer classifies H. pylori as a human carcinogen for gastric cancer. Eradicating the bacterium in high-risk populations reduces the incidence of gastric cancer. Likewise, antibiotic treatment leads to regression of gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. Gastric inflammation induced by H. pylori is the main singular risk factor for gastric malignancies. This chapter outlines the bacterial and host factors involved in the genesis of gastric cancer and gastric lymphoma. Treatment options for patients with an advanced gastric malignancy are still limited, but the introduction of an effective vaccine will be the best tool for preventing both H. pylori infection, gastric cancer and gastric lymphoma.
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Abbreviations
- AIG:
-
Autoimmune gastritis
- BER:
-
Base excision repair
- BMDC:
-
Normal bone marrow stem cells
- EGFR:
-
Epithelial Growth Factor Receptor
- GC:
-
Gastric Cancer
- HbEGF:
-
Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor
- HP:
-
Helicobacter pylori
- IFNGR :
-
Interferon gamma receptor
- IL-1β:
-
Interleukin-1 beta
- KO:
-
Knockout
- LPS:
-
Lipopolysaccharide
- MALT:
-
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
- MALToma:
-
MALT lymphoma
- MBL2 :
-
Mannose binding lectin-2 gene
- mmP1:
-
matrix metalloproteinase 1
- MMR:
-
Mismatch repair pathway
- mtDNA:
-
mitochondrial DNA
- NFAT:
-
Nuclear factor of activated T cells
- NoD1:
-
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 1
- omP:
-
outer membrane proteins
- Pi3K:
-
Phosphotidyl inositol 3 kinase
- PTPRZ1:
-
Protein receptor-type tyrosine protein phosphatase-ζ
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- SHP-2:
-
Src homology 2 domain–containing tyrosine phosphatase 2
- T4SS:
-
Type 4 Secretion system
- TLR:
-
Toll-like receptor
- TNF:
-
Tumour Necrosis Factor
- TPM:
-
Tyrosine phosphorylation motifs
- TRAIL:
-
TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand
- VNTR:
-
Variable number of tandem repeats
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Acknowledgment
The authors thank Ente Cassa di Risparmio di Firenze and the Italian Ministry of University and Research, for support of their studies, and Dr. Chiara Della Bella for the artwork.
Financial & Competing Interests Disclosure
Mario M. D’Elios and Amedeo Amedei are applicants of the EU Patent 05425666.4 for HP-NAP as a potential therapeutic agent in cancer, asthma, allergic and infectious diseases. The authors have no other relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter.
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Amedei, A., D’Elios, M.M. (2012). Gastric Cancer and Helicobacter pylori . In: Khan, A. (eds) Bacteria and Cancer. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2585-0_2
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