Abstract
Bioenergy is derived from various biological sources, called biomass, and is considered a renewable energy source, since biomass can be replenished on a regular basis. Biomass offers opportunity in every part of the world to develop sustainable resources including fuel, power, and chemicals. Biomass can be used to generate heat, electricity, and transportation fuel (called biofuel). In this chapter, the energy content of various types of biomass and their conversion to useful energy sources are discussed. Both the cellulosic and lignocellulosic based biomass can be used for energy generation or for biofuel synthesis. Various methods developed to process biomass are also discussed in this chapter.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Wall JD, Harwood CS, Demain AL (2008) Bioenergy. ASM Press, Washington, DC
Schuck S (2006) Biomass as an energy source. Int J Environ Stud 63(6):823–35
Anon (2006) Bioenergy: fuel of the future. Environ Sci Technol 40(15):4537
Chum HL, Overend RP (2003) Biomass and bioenergy in the United States. Adv Sol Energ 15:83–148
Clarke N, Lunnan A (eds) (2007) Special Issue: sustainable use of forest biomass for energy. In: Biomass and Bioenergy 31(10):666–746
McCormick K, Kaberger T (2007) Key barriers for bioenergy in Europe: economic conditions, know-how and institutional capacity, and supply chain co-ordination. Biomass Bioenergy 31(7):443–452
Mitchell CP, Overend RP (2000) Biomass and bioenergy. Biomass Bioenergy 19(1):1–15
Rosillo-Calle F, de Groot P, Hemstock SL, Woods J (2008) The biomass assessment handbook: bioenergy for a sustainable environment. Earthscan Publications, London
Nicholls DL, Monserud RA, Dykstra DP (2008) Biomass utilization for bioenergy in the Western United States. Forest Prod J 58(1/2):6–16
McGowan TF, Brown ML, Bulpitt WS, Walsh JL (2009) Biomass and alternate fuel systems: an engineering and economic guide, 1st edn. Wiley-AIChE, Hoboken
Orts WJ, Holtman KM, Seiber JN (2008) Agricultural chemistry and bioenergy. J Agr Food Chem 56(11):3892–3899
Singh BP, Panigrahi MR, Ray HS (2000) Review of biomass as a source of energy for India. Energ Source 22(7):649–658
Solantausta Y, Beckman D, Podesser E, Overend RP, Ostman A (1999) IEA bioenergy feasibility studies. In: Biomass: a growth opportunity in green energy and value-added products. Proceedings of the 4th biomass conference of the Americas, Oakland, 29 Aug–2 Sept 1999, vol 1, pp 463–469
Rosillo-Calle F (2008) Overview of bioenergy. In: The biomass assessment handbook – bioenergy for a sustainable environment. Rosillo-Calle F, de Groot P, Hemstock SL, Woods J (eds) Earthscan Publications, London
Cook J, Beyea J (2000) Bioenergy in the United States: progress and possibilities. Biomass Bioenergy 18(6):441–455
Dalgaard T, Joergensen U, Olesen JE, Jensen ES, Kristensen ES (2006) Looking a biofuels and bioenergy. Science (Washington, DC, USA) 312(5781):1743
Perlack RD, Wright LL, Turhollow AF, Graham RL, Stokes BJ, Erbach DC (2005) Biomass as feedstock for a bioenergy and bioproducts industry: the technical feasibility of a billion-ton annual supply, ADA436753
Smeets EMW, Faaij APC, Lewandowski IM, Turkenburg WC (2007) A bottom-up assessment and review of global bio-energy potentials to 2050. Prog Energy Combust Sci 33(1):56–106
Berndes G, Hoogwijk M, van den Broek R (2003) The contribution of biomass in the future global energy supply: a review of 17 studies. Biomass Bioenergy 25(1):1–28
The bioenergy cycle. Courtesy of Oakridge National Laboratory. http://bioenergy.ornl.gov/papers/misc/bioenergy_cycle.html
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (2010) Carbon cycle. http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect16/carbon_cycle_diagram.jpg Accessed 20 Nov 2010
International Energy Agency (2008) Key world energy statistics. www.iea.org. Accessed 20 Nov 2010
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations (2008) Forests and energy key issues. FAO Forestry Paper 154
National Energy Education Development Project (2008) Biomass secondary energy infobook. National Energy Education Development Project, Manassas
Energy Information Administration (2008) Renewable energy trends in consumption and electricity 2006. US Department of Energy, Washington, DC
World Energy Assessment (2000) World energy assessment of the United Nations, UNDP, UNDESA/WEC. UNDP, New York
Bioenergy Research Center (2005). DOE genomics: GTL systems biology for energy and environment. Report No. DOE/SC-0104
Garrett RH, Grisham CM (eds) (1995) Biochemistry. Saunders College Publishing, New York
Sierra R, Smith A, Granda C, Holtzapple MT (2009) Producing fuels and chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass. SBE special section Biofuels. Chemical Engineering Progress S10–S18
Duke JA (1983) Handbook of energy crops. http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/dukeindex.html
International Energy Agency (IEA) (2007) Potential contribution of bioenergy of the world’s future energy demand. IEA bioenergy. Report No. ExCo: 02
Hoogwijk M, Faaij A, Eickhout B, de Vries B, Turkenburg W (2005) Potential of biomass energy out to 2100, for four IPCC SRES land-use scenarios. Biomass Bioenergy 29(4):225–257
Gronowska M, Joshi S, MacLean HL (2009) A review of U.S. and Canadian biomass supply studies. Bioresources 4(1):341–369
Grassi IG (1998) Modern bioenergy in the European Union. Renew Energy 16(1–4):985–990
IEA Bioenergy Task 38 (2010) Greenhouse gas balances of biomass and bioenergy systems. http://www.ieabioenergy-task38.org/countryreports/. Accessed 20 Nov 2010
IEA Bioenergy Task 40 (2010) Sustainable international bioenergy trade: securing supply and demand. http://www.ieabioenergy-task38.org/countryreports/. Accessed 20 Nov 2010
Miah MD, Shin MY (2006) Biomass energy promotion in clean development mechanism (CDM) perspective in Bangladesh. Biomass and Bioenergy 29:67–89
David S, Abatzoglou N (2009) A review of the bioenergy potential of residual materials in Quebec. WIT Trans Ecol Environ 121:211–223, Energy and Sustainability II
Zhang Y, Habibi S, MacLean HL (2007) Environmental and economic evaluation of bioenergy in Ontario, Canada. J Air Waste Manage Assoc 57(8):919–933
Bente PF (1987) Bio-energy progress in China. Energy from Biomass and Wastes, 10th, April 7–11, 1986 Washington DC, USA: 1505–1521
Dai L, Wang G, Su M, Qu F, Liu X (1999) Bioenergy technologies in China: their development and commercialization. In: Biomass: a growth opportunity in green energy and value-added products. Proceedings of the 4th biomass conference of the Americas, Oakland, Calif, 29 Aug–2 Sept 1999, vol 1, pp 193–201
Zhang Y, Zuo Y, Bai Y (2008) Potential use and development strategy of bioenergy in southeast China – the case of Jiangsu province. Fresenius Environ Bull 17(8a):1088–1095
Bush SR (2008) The social science of sustainable bioenergy production in Southeast Asia. Biofuel Bioprod Bior 2(2):126–32
Takeshita T (2009) A strategy for introducing modern bioenergy into developing Asia to avoid dangerous climate change. Appl Energy 86(suppl 1):S222–S32
Mahapatra AK, Mitchell CP (1999) Biofuel consumption, deforestation, and farm level tree growing in rural India. Biomass Bioenergy 17(4):291–303
Ericsson K (2007) Co-firing – a strategy for bioenergy in Poland? Energy (Oxford, UK) 32(10):1838–1847
Asplund DA, Helynen SA (1996) Results on bioenergy use and conversion in the finnish bioenergy research program. In: Biomass for energy and the environment. Proceedings of the 9th European bioenergy conference, Copenhagen, 24–27 June 1996, vol 2, pp 1074–1079
Helynen SA (1997) Bioenergy production and consumption in the years 1992–2010 in Finland. In: Making a business from biomass in energy, environment, chemicals, fibers and materials. Proceedings of the 3rd biomass conference of the Americas, Montreal, 2 Aug 1997, vol 2, pp 1273–1280
Pingoud K, Lehtila A, Savolainen I (1999) Bioenergy and the forest industry in Finland after the adoption of the Kyoto Protocol. Environ Sci Policy 2(2):153–163
Nousiainen I, Aho V-J (1999) Development of production methods, costs, and use of wood fuels in Finland. In: Biomass: a growth opportunity in green energy and value-added products. Proceedings of the 4th biomass conference of the Americas, Oakland, Calif, 29 Aug–2 Sept 1999, vol 1, pp 311–318
Aylott MJ, Casella E, Tubby I, Street NR, Smith P, Taylor G (2008) Yield and spatial supply of bioenergy poplar and willow short-rotation coppice in the UK. New Phytol 178(2):358–370
Coldwell S (2001) Biofuel 1 power from the land: British Biogen’s. TCE Chem Eng 725:29–31
Blume SB, Hauggaard-Nielsen H, Jensen ES (2008) Estimate of Denmark’s biomass resources for production of biofuels til 2020. Afdelingen for Informationsservice Risoe Nationallaboratoriet for Baeredygtig Energi, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet, Roskilde, Den
Holm-Nielsen JB (1997) Sustainable energy systems: Danish experience with biomass-based energy systems and other renewable energy resources. In: Making a business from biomass in energy, environment, chemicals, fibers and materials. Proceedings of the 3rd biomass conference of the Americas, Montreal, 2 Aug 1997, vol 2, pp 1311–1320
Bourque CPA, Buchanan W, Hassan QK (2009) An analysis of habitat suitability and charcoal-yielding characteristics of five exotic tree species intended for bioenergy production in Jamaica. J Biobased Mater Bioenergy 3(1):46–56
Hillring B (1998) National strategies for stimulating the use of bioenergy: policy instruments in Sweden. Biomass Bioenergy 14(5/6):425–437
Islas J, Manzini F, Masera O (2007) A prospective study of bioenergy use in Mexico. Energy (Oxford, UK) 32(12):2306–2320
Pessoa A Jr, Roberto IC, Menossi M, dos Revert SR, Ortega FS, Penna TCV (2005) Perspectives on bioenergy and biotechnology in Brazil. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 121–124:59–70
Revert dos Santos R, Pessoa A Jr, Roberto IC, Menossi M, Ortega FS, Penna TCV (2004) Bioenergy in Brazil: production, application and new developments. Rev Bras Cien Farm 40(Supl. 1):131–133
Yu Y, Bartle J, Li C-Z, Wu H (2009) Mallee biomass as a key bioenergy source in Western Australia: importance of biomass supply chain. Energy Fuels 23(6):3290–3299
van Dam J, Faaij APC, Hilbert J, Petruzzi H, Turkenburg WC (2009) Large-scale bioenergy production from soybeans and switchgrass in Argentina. Renew Sust Energy Rev 13(8): 1710–1733
Tasdemiroglu E (1986) Biomass energy potential in Turkey. Biomass 11(2):81–89
Sims REH (1999) Bioenergy and carbon cycling-the New Zealand way. In: Biomass: a growth opportunity in green energy and value-added products. Proceedings of the 4th biomass conference of the Americas, Oakland, 29 Aug–2 Sept 1999, vol 1, pp 401–405
Junginger M, Faaij A (2005) IEA bioenergy task 40: sustainable international bioenergy trade. Country report for the Netherlands. Report NWS-E-2005-48. ISBN 90-73958-96-2
Hektor B, Ling E (2010) Country report, Sweden. http://bioenergytrade.org/plaintext/downloads/swedishcountryreport2006.pdf, Accessed 10 Apr 2010
Sticklen M (2006) Plant genetic engineering to improve biomass characteristics for biofuels. Curr Opin Biotechnol 17(3):315–319
Paoletti MG, Pimentel D (1996) Genetic engineering in agriculture and the environment. Bioscience 46(9):665–673
Grohmann K, Villet R (1984) Fuels and chemicals from biomass: a role for gene-splicing technology. In: Wise DL (ed) Bioconversion system. CRC, Boca Raton, pp 1–16
Anon (1995) Benefit of genetically engineered woody biomass crops explored. Environ Prog 14(1):F4
Altieri MA (2004) Genetic engineering in agriculture: the myths, environmental risks, and alternatives. Institute for Food and Development Policy, Oakland
Lewandowski I, Scurlock JMO, Lindvall E, Christou M (2003) The development and current status of perennial rhizomatous grasses as energy crops in the US and Europe. Biomass Bioenergy 25:335–361
US Department of Energy (2008) Bioenergy research centers: an overview of science. Report No. DOE/SC-0104, Feb 2008
Mediavilla V, Lehmann J, Meister E, StYunzl H (1997) Biomasseproduktion mit Chinaschilf und einheimischen GrYasern. Agrarforschung 4(7):295–298
Christou M (2001) Giant reed in Europe. In: Kyritsis S, Beenackers AACM, Helm P, Grassi A, Chiaramonti D (eds) Biomass for energy and industry. Proceeding of the First World Conference, Sevilla, Spain, 5–9 June 2000, James & James (Science Publishers), London, pp 2092–2094
Potter L, Bingham MJ, Baker MG, Long SP (1995) The potential of two perennial C4 grasses and a perennial C4 sedge as lignocellulosic fuel crop in N.W. Europe. Crop establishment and yields in E. England. Ann Bot 76:513–520
Scholz V, Pagel R, Ellerbrock R (1998) Comparative studies of the ecological production of annual and perennial energy crops. In: Kopetz H, Weber T, Palz W, Chartier P, Ferrero GL (eds) Biomass for energy and industry. Proceedings of the 10th European conference, WYurzburg, Germany, 8–11 June 1998, C.A.R.M.E.N, Rimpar
Wellie-Stephan O (1998) Development of grasses adapted for production of bioenergy. In: Kopetz H, Weber T, Palz W, Chartier P, Ferrero GL (eds) Biomass for energy and industry. Proceedings of the 10th European conference, WYurzburg, Germany, 8–11 June 1998, C.A.R.M.E.N, Rimpar, pp 1050–1051
Lewandowski I, Clifton-Brown JC, Scurlock JMO, Huisman W (2000) Miscanthus European experience with a novel energy crop. Biomass Bioenergy 19:209–227
Elbersen HW, Christian DG, Bacher W, Alexopoulou E, Pignatelli V, van den Berg D (2000) The European switchgrass project. In: Kyritsis S, Beenackers AACM, Helm P, Grassi A, Chiaramonti D (eds) Biomass for energy and industry. Proceedings of the first world conference, Sevilla, Spain, 5–9 June 2000, James & James (Science Publishers), London, pp 202–205
Merlo L, Morgana B, Sardo V, La Loggia F (1998) Experiences with giant reeds and perennial C4 grasses in Sicily. In: Kopetz H, Weber T, Palz W, Chartier P, Ferrero GL (eds) Biomass for energy and industry. Proceedings of the 10th European conference,WYurzburg, Germany, 8–11 June 1998, C.A.R.M.E.N, Rimpar, pp 1006–1008
Sankari HS, Mela JN (1998) Characteristics of reed canary grass (Phalaris aruninacea L.) breeding lines compared at three experimental sites in Finland. In: Kopetz H, Weber T, Palz W, Chartier P, Ferrero GL (eds) Biomass for energy and industry. Proceedings of the 10th European conference,WYurzburg, Germany, 8–11 June 1998, C.A.R.M.E.N, Rimpar, pp 894–896
Allirand JM, Gosse G (1995) An above-ground biomass production model for a common reed (Phragmatis communis Trin.) Stand. Biomass Bioenergy 9(6):441–448
McLaughlin SB, Samson R, Bransby D, Weislogel A (1996) Evaluating physical, chemical, and energetic properties of perennial grasses as biofuels. Proceedings of the bioenergy 96 conference, Nashville, TN, Sept 1996, pp 1–8
Luger E, Wieselburg BLT (2010) Energy crop species in Europe. http://www.blt.bmlf.gv.at/vero/veroeff/0732_Energy_crops_species_e.pdf. Accessed 5 April 2010
South Dakota State University (2007) Composition of herbaceous biomass feedstocks. Report No. SIGNC1-07
Pettersen RC (1984) The chemical composition of wood. Adv Chem Ser 207:57–126
Krull LH, Inglett GE (1980) Analysis of neutral carbohydrates in agricultural residues by gas-liquid chromatography. J Agr Food Chem 28:917–919
Anon (1991) Modern methods of analysis of wood, annual plants and lignins. Proceedings, International Energy Agency Pre-Symposium, New Orleans
Bob Dawson (2010) The Iowa State University biomass project. http://www2.biotech.wisc.edu/jeffries/ref/woodcomp.html. Accessed 20 Nov 2010
Wiselogel AE, Agblevor FA, Johnson DK, Deutch S, Fennell JA, Sanderson MA (1996) Compositional changes during storage of large round switchgrass bales. Bioresour Technol 56:103–109
DOE (U.S. Department of Energy) (2006) Biomass feedstock composition and property database. Department of Energy, Biomass Program. http://www.eere.energy.gov/biomass/progs/search1.cgi
Kim TH, Lee YY (2005) Pretreatment and fractionation of corn stover by ammonia recycle percolation process. Bioresour Technol 96:2007–2013
Esteghlalian A, Hashimoto AG, Fenske JJ, Penner MH (1997) Modeling and optimization of the dilute-sulfuric-acid pretreatment of corn stover, poplar and switchgrass. Bioresour Technol 59:129–136
Ohgren K, Rudolf A, Galbe M, Zacchi G (2006) Fuel ethanol production from steam-pretreated corn stover using SSF at higher dry matter content. Biomass Bioenergy 30:863–869
Mani S, Tabil LG, Sokhansanj S (2006) Effects of compressive force, particle size and moisture content on mechanical properties of biomass pellets from grasses. Biomass Bioenergy 30:648–654
Pordesimo LO, Hames BR, Sokhhansanj S, Edens WC (2005) Variation in corn stover composition and energy content with crop maturity. Biomass Bioenergy 28:366–374
Kim S, Holtzapple MT (2005) Lime pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of corn stover. Bioresour Technol 96:1994–2006
Varga E, Klinke HB, Reczey K, Thomsen AB (2004) High solid simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of wet oxidized corn stover to ethanol. Biotechnol Bioeng 88:567–574
Zhu Y, Lee YY, Elander RT (2005) Optimization of dilute-acid pretreatment of corn stover using a high-solids percolation reactor. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 121–124:1045–1054
Ohgren K, Galbe M, Zacchi G (2005) Optimization of steam pretreatment of SO2-impregnated corn stover for fuel ethanol production. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 121–124:1055–1068
Chang VS, Kaar WE, Burr B, Holtzapple MT (2001) Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of lime-treated biomass. Biotechnol Lett 23:1327–1333
Kaar WE, Holtzapple MT (2000) Using lime pretreatment to facilitate the enzyme hydrolysis of corn stover. Biomass Bioenergy 18:189–199
Um BH, Karim N, Henk LL (2003) Effect of sulfuric and phosphoric acid pretreatments on enzymatic hydrolysis of corn stover. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 105–108:115–125
Johnson DK, Adam P, Ashley P, Chum H, Deutch S, Fennell J, Wiselogel A (1993) Study of compositional change in biomass feedstocks upon storage (results). International energy agency/Bioenergy agreement Task IX activity 5. Storage and drying of woody biomass workshop, pp 28–52
Jurgens MH (1997) Animal feeding and nutrition, 8th edn. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, Dubuque
Gupta BS, Johnson DE, Hinds FC, Minor HC (1970) Forage potential of soybean straw. Agron J 65:538–541
Hongzhang C, Liying L (2007) Unpolluted fractionation of wheat straw by steam explosion and ethanol extraction. Bioresour Technol 98:666–676
Thygesen A, Thomsen AB, Schmidt AS, Jorgensen H, Ahring BK, Olsson L (2003) Production of cellulose and hemicellulose-degrading enzymes by filamentous fungi cultivated on wet-oxidised wheat straw. Enzyme Microb Technol 32:606–615
Sun XF, Sun RC, Fowler P, Baird MS (2005) Extraction and characterization of original lignin and hemicelluloses from wheat straw. J Agr Food Chem 53:860–870
Bjerre AB, Olesen AB, Fernqvist T, Ploger A, Schmidt AS (1995) Pretreatment of wheat straw using combined wet oxidation and alkaline hydrolysis resulting in convertible cellulose and hemicellulose. Biotechnol Bioeng 49:568–577
Pan X, Sano Y (2005) Fractionation of wheat straw by atmospheric acetic acid process. Bioresour Technol 96:1256–1263
Dale BE, Leong CK, Pham KT, Esquivel VM, Rios I, Latimer VM (1996) Hydrolysis of lignocellulosics at low enzyme levels: application of the AFEX process. Bioresour Technol 56:111–116
Sun Y, Cheng JJ (2005) Dilute acid pretreatment of rye straw and bermudagrass for ethanol production. Bioresour Technol 96:1599–1606
Christian DG, Riche AB, Yates NE (2002) The yield and composition of switchgrass and coastal panic grass grown as a biofuel in Southern England. Bioresour Technol 83:115–124
Alizadeh H, Teymouri F, Gilbert TI, Dale BE (2005) Pretreatment of switchgrass by ammonia fiber explosion (AFEX). Appl Biochem Biotechnol 121–124:1133–1142
Lemus R, Brummer EC, Moore KJ, Molstad NE, Burras CL, Barker MF (2002) Biomass yield and quality of 20 switchgrass populations in southern Iowa, USA. Bioresour Technol 23:433–720
Lee DK, Owens VN (2005) Biomass production potential of native warm-season grass monocultures and mixtures. 2005 Agronomy abstracts. ASA, Madison
Owens VN, Lee DK, Boe A (2006) Manure and harvest timing effects on biomass and seed yield of three perennial grasses in South Dakota. The world congress on industrial biotechnology and bioprocessing. Biotechnology Industry Organization, Chicago
Mulkey VR, Owens VN, Lee DK (2006) Management of switchgrass-dominated conservation reserve program lands for biomass production in South Dakota. Crop Sci 46:712–720
Sun Y, Cheng J (2002) Hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials for ethanol production: a review. Bioresour Technol 83:1–11
Iyer PV, Lee YY (1999) Simultaneous saccharification and extractive fermentation of lignocellulosic materials into lactic acid in a two-zone fermentor-extractor system. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 77–79:409–419
Jefferson PG, McCaughey WP, May K, Woosaree J, McFarlane L (2004) Potential utilization of native prairie grasses from western Canada as ethanol feedstock. Can J Plant Sci 84:1067–1075
Boe A, Lee DK (2007) Genetic variation for biomass production in prairie cordgrass and switchgrass. Crop Sci 47(3):923–934
Velasquez JA, Ferrando F, Farriol X, Salvado J (2003) Binderless fiberboard from steam exploded Miscanthus sinensis. Wood Sci Technol 37:269–278
Lewandowski I, Clifton-Brown JC, Andersson B, Basch G, Christian DG, Jorgensen U, Jones MB, Riche AB, Schwarz KU, Tayebi K, Teixeira F (2003) Environment and harvest time affects the combustion qualities of Miscanthus genotypes. Agron J 95:1274–1280
Kurakake M, Kisaka W, Ouchi K, Komaki T (2001) Pretreatment with ammonia water for enzymatic hydrolysis of corn husk, bagasse, and switchgrass. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 90:251–259
Jung HG, Mertens DR, Payne AJ (1997) Correlation of acid detergent lignin and klason lignin with digestibility of forage dry matter and neutral detergent fiber. J Dairy Sci 80:1622–1628
Alvo P, Savoice P, Tremblay D, Emond JP, Turcotte G (1996) A system approach for evaluation of ethanol production based on forages. Bioresour Technol 56:61–68
Claessens A, Michaul R, Belanger G, Mather DE (2004) Characteristics of timothy genotypes divergently selected for fiber traits. Crop Sci 44:81–88
Gaur S, Reed T (1998) Thermal data for natural and synthetic fuels. Marcel Dekker, http://www.woodgas.com/proximat.htm
Campbell JE, Lobell DB, Genova RC, Field CB (2008) The global potential of bioenergy on abandoned agriculture lands. Environ Sci Technol 42(15):5791–5794
Schroeder P, Herzig R, Bojinov B, Ruttens A, Nehnevajova E, Stamatiadis S, Memon A, Vassilev A, Caviezel M, Vangronsveld J (2008) Bioenergy to save the world producing novel energy plants for growth on abandoned land. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 15(3):196–204
Gurgel A, Reilly JM, Paltsev S (2007) Potential land use implications of a global biofuel industry. J Agr Food Ind Organ 5(2): article 9
Varvel GE, Vogel KP, Mitchell RB, Follett RF, Kimble JM (2008) Comparison of corn and switchgrass on marginal soils for bioenergy. Biomass Bioenergy 32(1):18–21
Prochnow A, Heiermann M, Plochl M, Linke B, Idler C, Amon T, Hobbs PJ (2009) Bioenergy from permanent grassland–a review: 1. Biogas. Bioresour Technol 100(21):4931–4944
Harper RJ, Sochacki SJ, Smettem KRJ, Robinson N (2009) Bioenergy feedstock potential from short-rotation woody crops in a dryland environment. Energy Fuels 24(1):225–231
Converse AO (2007) Renewable energy in the United States: is there enough land? Appl Biochem Biotechnol 137–140:611–624
Oak Ridge National Laboratory (2006) Major uses of land in the USA. Biomass energy data book, 1st edn. Report No. ORNL/TM-2006/571
Sanderson MA, Hussey MA, Ocumpaugh WR, Tischler CR, Read JC, Reed RL (1995) Evaluation of switchgrass as a sustainable bioenergy crop in Texas. Proceedings – 2nd biomass conference of the Americas: energy, environment, agriculture and industry, Portland, 21–24 Aug 1995, pp 253–260
Sanderson MA, Reed RL, McLaughlin SB, Wullschleger SD, Conger BV, Parrish DJ, Wolf DD, Taliaferro C, Hopkins AA, Ocumpaugh WR, Hussey MA, Read JC, Tischler CR (1996) Switchgrass as a sustainable bioenergy crop. Bioresour Technol 56(1):83–93
Keshwani DR, Cheng JJ (2008) Switchgrass for bioethanol and other value-added applications: a review. Bioresour Technol 100(4):1515–1523
Walsh ME, Graham RL, Ugarte D, Slinsky S, Ray D, Shapouri H (1998) Economic analysis of energy crop production in the U.S. –location, quantities, price, and impacts on traditional agricultural crops. BioEnergy ’98: expanding bioenergy partnerships, Madison, Wisconsin, 4–8 October 1998
Nielsen JBH, Oleskowicz-Popiel P, Seade T (2007) Energy crop potentials for bioenergy in EU 27. 15th European biomass conference and exhibition from research to market deployment, Berlin, Germany, 7–11 May 2007
Solantausta Y, Huotari J (2000) Power production from wood – comparison of the Rankine cycle to concepts using gasification and fast pyrolysis: part3/1–Part3/46. VTT Energy, Espoo
van den Broek R, Teeuwisse S, Healion K, Kent T, van Wijk A, Faaij A, Turkenburg W (2001) Potentials for electricity production from wood in Ireland. Energy (Oxford, UK) 26(11):991–1013
Hakkila P (2001) Wood energy technology program. VTT Symposium, 216 (Puuenergian Teknologiaohjelman Vuosikirja 2001): 11–43
Trossero MA (2010) Wood energy: the way ahead. Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations. http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/y4450e/y4450e02.htm. Accessed 16 Nov 2010
de Montalembert MR, Clement J (1983) Fuelwood supplies in the developing countries. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome
Food and Agriculture Organization (1996) Wood energy news. Bangkok, Thailand, Food and Agriculture Organization Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, 11(2)
Food and Agriculture Organization (1997) The role of wood energy in Europe and OECD. Wood energy today for tomorrow –regional studies. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome
Lefevre T, Todoc JL, Timilsina GR (1997) The role of wood energy in Asia, wood energy today for tomorrow – regional studies. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome
Trossero MA, Horta Nogueira LA, Etherington TJ (1998) Wood energy situation and trends, by contribution to the World Energy Council. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome
Balat M, Acici N, Ersoy G (2005) Turkey’s wood reserves, potential trends and future perspectives of wood use. Energy Explor Exploit 23(1):71–80
de Miranda RC, Sepp S, Ceccon E, Mann S, Singh B (2010) Sustainable production of commercial woodfuel: lessons and guidance from two strategies. The International Bank for Reconstruction and development/The World Bank, Washington DC
World Energy Council (2009) Survey of energy resources 2007 bioenergy. http://www.worldenergy.org/publications/survey_of_energy_resources_2007/bioenergy/default.asp. Accessed 10 Oct 2009
Matthews E (2000) Undying flame: the continuing demand for wood as fuel. http://earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/feature/forene_fea_woodfuel_complete.pdf
Killmann W (2007) The global wood energy sector an overview. International conference on wood-based bioenergy, Hannover, Germany 17–19 May 2007
Heinimo J, Pakarinen V, Ojanen V, Kassi T (2007) International bioenergy trade-scenario study on international biomass market in 2020. Lappeenranta University of Technology, Lappeenranta
Junginger M, Bolkesojo T, Bradley D, Dolzan P, Faaij A, Heinimo J, Hektor B, Leistad O, Ling E, Perry M (2008) Developments in international bioenergy trade. Biomass Bioenergy 32(8):717–729
Faaij A (2008) Development of international bio-energy markets and trade. Biomass Bioenergy 32(8):657–659
Tromborg E, Bolkesjo TF, Solberg B (2008) Biomass market and trade in Norway: status and future prospects. Biomass Bioenergy 32(8):660–671
Junginger M, de Wit M, Sikkema R, Faaij A (2008) International bioenergy trade in the Netherlands. Biomass Bioenergy 32(8):672–687
Heinimo J (2008) Methodological aspects on international biofuels trade: international streams and trade of solid and liquid biofuels in Finland. Biomass Bioenergy 32(8):702–716
Slusher JP (2009) Wood fuel for heating. University of Missouri Extension, Columbia
Hirayama Y (2010) What is biomass? Types of biomass and it’s availability why biomass for energy? www.apo-tokyo.org/biomassboiler/.../1_What_is_Biomass.ppt
Energy Information Administration (2008) Biodiesel and ethanol. Monthly Energy Review December 2008, DOE/EIA-0035
Alanne K, Saari A (2004) Sustainable small-scale CHP technologies for buildings: the basis for multi-perspective decision-making. Renew Sust Energy Rev 8:4001–4031
Hawkes AD, Leach MA (2007) Cost-effective operating strategy for residential micro-combined heat and power. Energy 32:711–723
Paepe MD, Herdt PD, Mertens D (2006) Micro-CHP systems for residential applications. Energy Convers Manage 47:3435–3446
Dong L, Liu H, Riffat S (2009) Development of small scale and micro scale biomass fueled CHP systems-a literature review. Appl Therm Eng 29(1–2):2119–2126
Bernotat K, Sandberg T (2004) Biomass fired small-scale CHP in Sweden and the Baltic States: a case study on the potential of clustered dwellings. Biomass Bioenergy 27(6):521–530
Marbe G, Harvey S, Berntsson T (2004) Biofuel gasification combined heat and power—new implementation opportunities resulting from combined supply of process steam and district heating. Energy 29(8):1117–1137
Arbon IM (2002) Worldwide use of biomass in power generation and combined heat and power schemes. Proc Inst Mech Eng A J Pow Energy 216(A1):41–57
Barrio M, Fossum M, Hustad JE (2001) A small-scale stratified downdraft gasifier coupled to a gas engine for combined heat and power production. Progress in thermochemical biomass conversion. 5th Conference, Tyrol, Austria, 17–22 Sept 2001, vol 1, pp 426–440
Bushnell D, Reistad G, Bauer T, Brynjolfsson S, Fox S (1988) System and parameter evaluation of combined-cycle biomass-fueled power plants. Int J Energy Syst 8(1):6–12
Demirbas A, Urkmez A (2006) Biomass-based combined heat and power systems. Energy Sources B 1(3):242–253
Sadhukhan J, Ng KS, Shah N, Simons HJ (2009) Heat integration strategy for economic production of combined heat and power from biomass waste. Energy Fuels 23(10):5106–5120
Lamp P, Reichel A, Funk R (1997) Efficiency of heat and power production from combustion and gasification. Developments in thermochemical biomass conversion vol 2, Blackie, London, UK: 1590–1598
Kramreiter R, Url M, Kotik J, Hofbauer H (2008) Experimental investigation of a 125 kW twin-fire fixed bed gasification pilot plant and comparison to the results of a 2 MW combined heat and power plant (CHP). Fuel Process Technol 89(1):90–102
Gao L, Wu H, Jin H, Yang M (2008) System study of combined cooling, heating and power system for eco-industrial parks. Int J Energy Res 32(12):1107–1118
Kumar A, Demirel Y, Jones DD, Hanna MA (2010) Optimization and economic evaluation of industrial gas production and combined heat and power generation from gasification of corn stover and distillers grains. Bioresour Technol 101(10):3696–3701
Franco A, Giannini N (2004) Perspectives for the use of biomass as fuel in combined cycle power plants. Int J Therm Sci 44(2):163–177
Fryda LE, Panopoulos KD, Kakaras E (2008) Integrated combined heat and power with biomass gasification and SOFC-micro gas turbine. VGB PowerTech 88(4):66–74
Kristensen O (1996) Combined heat and power production based on gasification of straw and woodchips. Biomass for energy and the environment. Proceedings of the 9th European bioenergy conference, Copenhagen, 24–27 June 1996, vol 1, pp 272–277
Savola T, Fogelholm C-J (2006) Increased power to heat ratio of small scale CHP plants using biomass fuels and natural gas. Energy Convers Manage 47(18–19):3105–3118
Liguras DK, Verykios XE (2003) A novel, highly efficient and environmentally friendly process for combined heat and power production from biomass. Proceedings of the 8th international conference on environmental science and technology, Myrina, Lemnos Island, Greece, 8–10 Sept 2003, pp B934–B941
Wang L, Hanna MA, Weller CL, Jones DD (2009) Technical and economical analyses of combined heat and power generation from distillers grains and corn stover in ethanol plants. Energy Convers Manage 50(7):1704–1713
Knoef HAM, Stassen HEM (1996) Development of an integrated small scale combined heat/power fixed bed gasification system fuelled by standard gasifier fuel. Biomass for energy and the environment. Proceedings of the 9th European bioenergy conference, Copenhagen, 24–27 June 1996, vol 1, pp 266–271
Fryda L, Panopoulos KD, Kakaras E (2007) Integrated CHP with auto-thermal biomass gasification and SOFC-MGT. Energy Convers Manage 49(2):281–290
Brammer JG, Bridgwater AV (2001) Study of biomass gasifier-engine systems with integrated drying for combined heat and power. Progress in thermochemical biomass conversion, 5th Conference, Tyrol, Austria, 17–22 Sept 2000, vol 1, pp 307–321
De Kam MJ, Morey RV, Tiffany DG (2009) Biomass integrated gasification combined cycle for heat and power at ethanol plants. Energy Convers Manage 50(7):1682–1690
World Energy Council (2009) Survey of energy resources 2007 bioenergy. http://www.worldenergy.org/publications/survey_of_energy_resources_2007/bioenergy/default.asp
Datta A, Mondal S, Gupta SD (2008) Perspectives for the direct firing of biomass as a supplementary fuel in combined cycle power plants. Int J Energy Res 32(13):1241–1257
Syred C, Fick W, Syred N, Griffiths AJ (2007) Use of biomass in small direct fired systems. New and renewable energy technologies for sustainable development. Evora international conference on new and renewable energy technologies for austainable development, Evora, Portugal, pp 127–151
Huang Y, McIlveen-Wright D, Rezvani S, Wang YD, Hewitt N, Williams BC (2006) Biomass co-firing in a pressurized fluidized bed combustion combined cycle power plant: a techno-environmental assessment based on computational simulations. Fuel Process Technol 87(10):927–934
Zwart R (2003) Technical, economic and environmental potential of cofiring of biomass in natural gas fired turbines and combined cycles. Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands, Petten, pp 1–8
Berndes G, Hansson J, Egeskog A, Johnsson F (2010) Strategies for 2nd generation biofuels in EU – co-firing to stimulate feedstock supply development and process integration to improve energy efficiency and economic competitiveness. Biomass Bioenergy 34(2):227–236
Lau F, Rabovitser J, Bryan B, Stopek D (2001) Biomass gasification co-firing project in Kentucky. Proceedings – 18th annual international Pittsburgh coal conference, pp 389–400
Bain RL (2004) An overview of biomass gasification. AIChE spring national meeting, conference proceedings, New Orleans, LA, United States, 25–29 Apr 2004, pp 375–380
Coombs J (1996) Power from plants: the global implications of new technologies for electricity from biomass. J Chem Technol Biot 65(3):299–300
Zerbin WO (1984) Generating electricity by gasification of biomass. Thermochem Process Biomass, [Evolved Eur Workshop], 1st. Ed Bridgewater AV. Butterworths, London, UK: 297–305
Andries J, De Jong W, Hoppesteyn PDJ, Unal O (1999) Conversion of biomass and biomass-coal mixtures: gasification, hot gas cleaning and gas turbine combustion. VTT Symposium.192 (power production from biomass III): 343–356
Bridgwater AV (1995) The technical and economic feasibility of biomass gasification for power generation. Fuel 74(5):631–653
Henrich E, Raffelt K, Stahl R, Weirich F (2004) Gasification of biomass-agricultural residues to synfuel and power, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe,ITC-CPV, Karlsruhe, Germany:, B5/1–B5/18
Mann MK, Spath PL (1997) Summary of results from a life cycle assessment of a biomass gasification combined-cycle power system. Making a business from biomass in energy, environment, chemicals, fibers and materials. Proceedings of the 3rd biomass conference of the Americas, Montreal, 2 Aug 1997, vol 2, pp 1533–1542
Rodrigues M, Faaij APC, Walter A (2003) Techno-economic analysis of co-fired biomass integrated gasification/combined cycle systems with inclusion of economies of scale. Energy (Amsterdam, Neth) 28(12):1229–1258
Solantausta Y, Kurkela E (1995) Feasibility of electricity production from biomass by gasification systems. Valtion Teknillinen Tutkimuskeskus, Espoo
Warren TJB, Poulter R, Parfitt RI (1995) Converting biomass to electricity on a farm-sized scale using downdraft gasification and a spark-ignition engine. Bioresour Technol 52(1):95–98
Yanik J, Ebale S, Kruse A, Saglam M, Yueksel M (2007) Biomass gasification in supercritical water: part 1. effect of the nature of biomass. Fuel 86(15):2410–2415
Beenackers AACM, Maniatis K (1997) Gasification technologies for heat and power from biomass. Biomass gasification and pyrolysis: state of the art and future prospects, Conference, Stuttgart, 9–11 Apr 1997, pp 24–52
Fahlen E, Ahlgren EO (2009) Assessment of integration of different biomass gasification alternatives in a district-heating system. Energy (Oxford, UK) 34(12):2184–2195
Polematidis I, Koppar A, Pullammanappallil P, Seaborn S (2008) Biogasification of sugarbeet processing by-products. Zuckerindustrie (Berlin, Germany) 133(5):323–329
Romey I, Adorni M, Wartmann J, Herdin G, Beran R, Sjostrom K, Rosen C (2001) Concept for a decentralised combined heat and power generation unit for biomass gasification. Progress in Thermochemical Biomass Conversion, 5th conference, Tyrol, Austria, 17–22 Sept 2000, vol 1, pp 499–508
van der Meijden CM, Veringa HJ, Vreugdenhil BJ, van der Drift B (2009) Bioenergy II: scale-up of the MILENA biomass gasification process. Int J Chem Reactor Eng 7:A53
Overend RP, Bain RL (2000) The U.S. Department of Energy’s small modular systems project. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO, USA: Part5/1–Part5/73
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (2010) Biomass co-firing. http://www1.eere.energy.gov/ba/pba/pdfs/bio_co_fire.pdf. Accessed 20 Nov 2010
Babu SP (2006) IEA bioenergy agreement Task 33: thermal gasification of biomass, work shop No. 1: perspectives on biomass gasification. http://www.gastechnology.org/webroot/app/xn/xd.aspx?it=enweb&xd=iea/homepage.xml. Accessed 20 Nov 2010
U.S. Department of Energy (2010) – Energy efficiency and renewable energy biomass program. http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/. Accessed 20 Nov 2010
Hill DT (1984) Methane productivity of the major animal waste types. Trans ASAE 27(2):530–534
Møller HB, Somer SG, Ahring KB (2004) Methane productivity of manure, straw and solid fractions of manure. Biomass Bioenergy 26(5):485–495
Rico JL, García H, Rico C, Tejero I (2007) Characterisation of solid and liquid fractions of dairy manure with regard to their component distribution and methane production. Bioresour Technol 98:971–979
Krich K, Augenstein D, Batmale JP, Benemann J, Rutledge B, Salour D (2005) Biomethane from dairy waste a sourcebook for the production and use of renewable natural gas in California. http://www.thefuelman.com/Documents/Biomethanesourcebook.pdf. Accessed 20 Nov 2010
Demirbas A (2006) Biogas potential of manure and straw mixture. Energy Sources A 28(1):71–78
Cuellar AD, Webber ME (2008) Cow power: the energy and emission benefits of converting manure to biogas. Environ Res Lett 3(3):034002
Fulhage CD, Sievers D, Fischer JR (1993) Generating methane gas from manure. University of Missouri Extension. http://extension.missouri.edu/publications/DisplayPub.aspx?P=G1881. Accessed 20 Nov 2010
Lazarus WF (2009) Anaerobic digester technology. The role of extension in energy. In: English BC, Menard J, Jensen K (eds) Proceedings of a conference 30 June–1 July 2009, Little Rock, Arkansas, pp 42–46
Liebrand CB, Ling KC (2009) Cooperative approaches for implementation of dairy manure digester. Agricultural economists rural development rural business-cooperative service, USDA. Report No. 217
Appropriate Technology Transfer for Rural Areas (ATTRA) (2006) Anaerobic digestion of animal wastes: factors to consider. National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service. www.attra.ncat.org. Accessed 20 Nov 2010
Bothi KL, Brian SA (2005) Centralized anaerobic digestion options for groups of dairy farms. Cornell University Manure Management Program, Fact Sheet FS-1, May 2005
Lazarus WF, Rudstrom M (2007) The economics of anaerobic digester operation on a Minnesota dairy farm. Rev Agr Econ 29(2) Summer 2007
Leggett J, Graves RE, Lanyon LE (2008) Anaerobic digestion: biogas production and odor reduction from manure. Pennsylvania State University College of Agricultural Sciences, Cooperative Extension. http://server.age.psu.edu/extension/Factsheets/g/G77.pdf. Accessed 20 Nov 2010
Martin JH (2004) A comparison of dairy cattle manure management with and without anaerobic digestion and biogas utilization, AgSTAR program, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, June 2004
Wright P (2001) Overview of anaerobic digestion systems for dairy farms. Cornell University, Natural Resource, Agriculture and Engineering Service, NRAES-143
Singh SP, Prerna P (2009) Review of recent advances in anaerobic packed-bed biogas reactors. Renew Sust Energy Rev 13(6–7):1569–1575
Martin JH (2008) An evaluation of a covered anaerobic lagoon for flushed dairy cattle manure stabilization and biogas production. EPA Contract No. GS-10F-0036K Work Assignment/Task Order No. 0219
Greer D (2009) Biomethane fuels dairy fleet. Biocycle 50(6):36–39
Martin JH Jr (2005) An evaluation of a mesophilic, modified plug-flow digester for dairy cattle manure. Final report by the Eastern Research Group, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts to the AgSTAR Program, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
Roos K (2005) An evaluation of a mesophilic, modified plug flow anaerobic digester for dairy cattle manure, AgSTAR Program, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. http://www.epa.gov/agstar/pdf/gordondale_report_final.pdf. Accessed 20 Nov 2010
Martin JH, Roos KF (2007) Comparison of the performance of a conventional and a modified plug-flow digester for scraped dairy manure. International symposium on air quality and waste management for agriculture. Proceedings of the 16–19 Sept 2007 conference, Broomfield, Colorado. Publication date 16 Sept 2007 ASABE Publication number 701P0907
Cournoyer MS, Delisle U, Ferland D, Chaqnon R (1985) A mixed plug flow anaerobic digester for diary manure. ASAE technical paper (United States), Conference: Winter meeting of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, New Orleans, LA, USA, vol 4562, 11 Dec 1984
Chynoweth DP, Wilkie AC, and Owens JM (1998) Anaerobic treatment of piggery slurry. A paper presented at the pre-conference session: management of feed resources and animal waste for sustainable animal production in Asia-Pacific region beyond 2000 eighth world conference on animal production, Seoul, Korea, 28 June–4 July 1998
Wen Z, Frear C, Chen S (2007) Anaerobic digestion of liquid dairy manure using a sequential continuous-stirred tank reactor system. J Chem Technol Biot 82(8):758–766
Van den Berg L, Kennedy KJ, Samson R (1985) Anaerobic downflow stationary fixed film reactor: performance under steady-state and non-steady conditions. Water Sci Technol 17(1):89–102
Kennedy JL, Droste RL (1985) Startup of anaerobic downflow stationary fixed film (DSFF) reactors. Biotechnol Bioeng 27:1152–1165
Powers WJ, Wilkie AC, Van Horn HH, Nordstedt RA (1997) Effects of hydraulic rentention time on performance and fixed-film anaerobic digesters fed diary manure wastewaters. Trans ASABE 40(5):1449–1455
Bolzonella D, Pavan P, Zanette M, Cecchi F (2007) Two-phase anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge: effect of an extreme thermophilic prefermentation. Ind Eng Chem Res 46:6650–6655
Roberts R, Le S, Forster CF (1999) A thermophilic/mesophilic dual digestion system for treating waste activated sludge. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 74(5):445–450
Song YC, Kwon JS, Woo JH (2004) Mesophilic and thermophilic temperature co-phase anaerobic digestion compared with single-stage mesophilic- and thermophilic digestion of sewage sludge. Water Res 38(7):1653–1662
Oles J, Dichtl N, Niehoff HH (1997) Full scale experience of two stage thermophilic/mesophilic sludge digestion. Water Sci Technol 36(6–7):449–456
Gavala HN, Yenal U, Skiadas IV, Westermann P, Ahring BK (2003) Mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic digestion of primary and secondary sludge. Effect of pre-treatment at elevated temperature. Water Res 37(19):4561–4572
Schafer PL, Farrell JK (2000) Performance comparisons for staged and high-temperature anaerobic digestion systems. Proceedings WEFTEC 2000, Anaheim, CA, 14–18 Oct 2000
Bicudo JR, Westerman PW, Oleszkiewicz JA (2001) Anaerobic and aerobic treatment of animal manure – a review. Animal residuals management conference, 2nd, Kansas City, MO, United States, 12–14 Nov 2000, pp 197–232
Dague RR, Pidaparti SR (1992) Anaerobic sequencing batch reactor treatment of swine wastes. Proceedings of the 46th industrial waste conference, pp 751–760
Dague RR, Sung S (1993) Bioconversion of industrial and agricultural wastes by the anaerobic sequencing batch reactor. Energy from Biomass and Wastes16: 1001–1023
Hawkins GL, Raman DR, Burns RT, Yoder RE, Cross TL (2001) Enhancing dairy lagoon performance with high-rate anaerobic digesters. Trans ASAE 44(6):1825–1831
Li X, Zhang RH (2004) Integrated anaerobic and aerobic treatment of dairy wastewater with sequencing batch reactors. Trans ASAE 47(1):235–241
Lo KV, Liao PH (1986) Anaerobic-aerobic biological treatment of screened dairy manure. Biomass 10(3):187–193
Masse DI, Croteau F, Masse L, Danesh S (2004) The effect of scale-up on the digestion of swine manure slurry in psychrophilic anaerobic sequencing batch reactors. Trans ASAE 47(4):1367–1373
Masse DI, Droste RL (2000) Comprehensive model of anaerobic digestion of swine manure slurry in a sequencing batch reactor. Water Res 34(12):3087–106
Masse DI, Lu D, Masse L, Droste RL (2000) Effect of antibiotics on psychrophilic anaerobic digestion of swine manure slurry in sequencing batch reactors. Bioresour Technol 75(3):205–211
Masse DI, Masse L, Croteau F (2003) The effect of temperature fluctuations on psychrophilic anaerobic sequencing batch reactors treating swine manure. Bioresour Technol 89(1):57–62
Ndegwa PM, Hamilton DW, Lalman JA, Cumba HJ (2005) Optimization of anaerobic sequencing batch reactors treating dilute swine slurries. Trans ASAE 48(4):1575–1583
Ndegwa PM, Hamilton DW, Lalman JA, Cumba HJ (2008) Effects of cycle-frequency and temperature on the performance of anaerobic sequencing batch reactors (ASBRs) treating swine waste. Bioresour Technol 99(6):1972–1980
Sakar S, Yetilmezsoy K, Kocak E (2009) Anaerobic digestion technology in poultry and livestock waste treatment – a literature review. Waste Manage Res 27(1):3–18
Zhang R, McGarvey JA, Ma Y, Mitloehner FM (2008) Effects of anaerobic digestion and aerobic treatment on the reduction of gaseous emissions from dairy manure storages. Int J Agr Biol Eng 1(2):15–20
Zhang RH, Tao J, Dugba PN (2000) Evaluation of two-stage anaerobic sequencing batch reactor systems for animal wastewater treatment. Trans ASAE 43(6):1795–1801
Lettinga G (1995) Anaerobic digestion and wastewater treatment systems. Antonie Leeuwenhoek 67(1):3–28
Rajeshwari KV, Balakrishnan M, Kansai A, Lata K, Kishore VVN (2000) State-of-the-art of anaerobic digestion technology for industrial wastewater treatment. Renew Sust Energy Rev 4(2):135–156
McCarty PL (2001) The development of anaerobic treatment and its future. Water Sci Technol 44(8):149–156
Garcia H, Rico C, Garcia PA, Rico JL (2008) Flocculants effect in biomass retention in a UASB reactor treating dairy manure. Bioresour Technol 99(14):6028–6036
Borole AP, Klasson KT, Ridenour W, Holland J, Karim K, Al-Dahhan MH (2006) Methane production in a 100-L upflow bioreactor by anaerobic digestion of farm waste. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 131(1–3):887–896
US Environmental Protection agency (2009) Chapter 1: overview of bioga technology
Krich K, Augenstien D, Batmale JP, Benemann J, Rutledge B, Salour D (2005) Biomethane from dairy waste a sourcebook for the production and use of renewable natural ga in California. http://www.suscon.org/news/biomethane_report/Full_Report.pdf. Accessed 20 Nov 2010
Greene N (2004) Growing energy. How biofuels can help end America’s oil dependence. Natural Resources Defense Council, New York
Schubert C (2006) Can biofuels finally take center stage? Nat Biotechnol 24:777–784
Festel GW (2008) Biofuels – economic aspects. Chem Eng Technol 31(5):715–720
Greer D (2007) Confronting challenges in developing bioenergy and biofuel. Biocycle 49(2):45–48
Anish R, Rao M (2009) Bioethanol from lignocellulosic biomass: part III hydrolysis and fermentation. In: Pandey A (ed) Handbook of plant-based biofuels. CRC, Boca Raton, pp 159–173
Giampietro M, Ulgiati S, Pimentel D (1997) Feasibility of large-scale biofuel production. Bioscience 47(9):587–600
Kojima M, Johnson T (2006) Potential for biofuels for transport in developing countries. Knowledge exchange Series No 4, ESMAP
Dalgaard T, Joergensen U, Olesen JE, Jensen ES, Kristensen ES (2006) Looking a biofuels and bioenergy. Science (Washington, DC, USA) 312(5781):1743–1744
Han K-H, Ko J-H, Yang SH (2007) Optimizing lignocellulosic feedstock for improved biofuel productivity and processing. Biofuels Bioprod Biorefin 1(2):135–146
Agarwal AK (2007) Biofuels (alcohols and biodiesel) applications as fuels for internal combustion engines. Prog Energy Combust Sci 33(3):233–271
Demirbas A (2007) Progress and recent trends in biofuels. Prog Energy Combust Sci 33(1):1–18
Hamelinck CN, Faaij APC (2006) Outlook for advanced biofuels. Energy Policy 34(17):3268–3283
Ragauskas AJ, Williams CK, Davison BH, Britovsek G, Cairney J, Eckert CA, Frederick WJ Jr, Hallett JP, Leak DJ, Liotta CL, Mielenz JR, Murphy R, Templer R, Tschaplinski T (2006) The path forward for biofuels and biomaterials. Science 311(5760):484–489
Somerville C (2006) The billion-ton biofuels vision. Science 312(5778):1277–1278
Knothe G, Van Gerpen J, Krahl J (2005) The biodiesel handbook. American Oil Chemists Society, Urbana
Pahl G (2008) Biodiesel: growing a new energy economy. Chelsea Green Publishing, White River junction
Anon (2005) Converting biomass to biodiesel. Science (Washington, DC, USA) 308(5727):1373
Balat M (2008) Global Trends on the processing of bio-fuels. Int J Green Energy 5(3):212–238
Demirbas A (2009) Progress and recent trends in biodiesel fuels. Energy Convers Manage 50(1):14–34
Frondel M, Peters J (2007) Biodiesel: a new Oildorado? Energy Policy 35(3):1675–1684
Johnston M, Holloway T (2007) A global comparison of national biodiesel production potentials. Environ Sci Technol 41(23):7967–7973
Marchetti JM, Miguel VU, Errazu AF (2007) Possible methods for biodiesel production. Renew Sust Energy Rev 11(6):1300–1311
Pinto AC, Guarieiro LLN, Rezende MJC, Ribeiro NM, Torres EA, Lopes WA, Pereira PAdP, Andrade JBD (2005) Biodiesel: an overview. J Braz Chem Soc 16:1313–1330
Pousa GPAG, Santos ALF, Suarez PAZ (2007) History and policy of biodiesel in Brazil. Energy Policy 35(11):5393–5398
Shahid EM, Jamal Y (2008) A review of biodiesel as vehicular fuel. Renew Sust Energy Rev 12(9):2484–2494
Sharma YC, Singh B, Upadhyay SN (2008) Advancements in development and characterization of biodiesel: a review. Fuel 87(12):2355–7233
Vasudevan P, Briggs M (2008) Biodiesel production—current state of the art and challenges. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 35(5):421–430
Boehman AL (2005) Biodiesel production and processing. Fuel Process Technol 86(10):1057–1058
Bournay L, Casanave D, Delfort B, Hillion G, Chodorge JA (2005) New heterogeneous process for biodiesel production: a way to improve the quality and the value of the crude glycerin produced by biodiesel plants. Catal Today 106(1–4):190–192
Bozbas K (2007) Biodiesel as an alternative motor fuel: production and policies in the European Union. Renew Sust Energy Rev 12(2):542–552
Du W, Li W, Sun T, Chen X, Liu D (2008) Perspectives for biotechnological production of biodiesel and impacts. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 79(3):331–337
Durrett TP, Benning C, Ohlrogge J (2008) Plant triacylglycerols as feedstocks for the production of biofuels. Plant J 54(4):593–607
Grassi G, Palmarocchi M, Koeler J, Trebbi G (1995) Advanced liquid fuel production from biomass for power generation. Proceedings – 2nd biomass conference of the Americas: energy, environment, agriculture and industry, Portland, Oreg, pp 1048–1058
McNeff CV, McNeff LC, Yan B, Nowlan DT, Rasmussen M, Gyberg AE, Krohn BJ, Fedie RL, Hoye TR (2008) A continuous catalytic system for biodiesel production. Appl Catal A 343(1–2):39–48
Van Gerpen J (2005) Biodiesel processing and production. Fuel Process Technol 86(10):1097–1107
West AH, Posarac D, Ellis N (2008) Assessment of four biodiesel production processes using HYSYS.Plant. Bioresour Technol 99(14):6587–6601
Petroleum Club (2009) http://www.globalpetroleumclub.com/. Accessed 20 Nov 2010
Benjumea P, Agudelo J, Agudelo A (2008) Basic properties of palm oil biodiesel-diesel blends. Fuel 87(10–11):2069–2075
Berchmans HJ, Hirata S (2008) Biodiesel production from crude Jatropha curcas L. seed oil with a high content of free fatty acids. Bioresour Technol 99(6):1716–1721
Bhatti HN, Hanif MA, Qasim M, Ata ur R (2008) Biodiesel production from waste tallow. Fuel 87(13–14):2961–2966
Cao W, Han H, Zhang J (2005) Preparation of biodiesel from soybean oil using supercritical methanol and co-solvent. Fuel 84(4):347–351
Demirbas A (2008) Studies on cottonseed oil biodiesel prepared in non-catalytic SCF conditions. Bioresour Technol 99(5):1125–1130
Deshmukh SK, Patil KI, Jamode AV (2004) Used soya oil. Biodiesel production by transesterification. Chem Eng World 39(12):106–111
dos Santos ICF, de Carvalho SHV, Solleti JI, Ferreira de La Salles W, da Silva T, de La Salles K, Meneghetti SMP (2008) Studies of Terminalia catappa L. oil: characterization and biodiesel production. Bioresour Technol 99(14):6545–6549
Frohlich A, Rice B (2005) Evaluation of Camelina sativa oil as a feedstock for biodiesel production. Ind Crops Prod 21(1):25–31
Frohlich A, Rice B (2005) Evaluation of recovered vegetable oil as a biodiesel feedstock. Irish J Agr Food Res 44(1):129–139
Georgogianni KG, Kontominas MG, Avlonitis D, Gergis V (2006) Transesterification of sunflower seed oil for the production of biodiesel: effect of catalyst concentration and ultrasonication. WSEAS Trans Environ Development 2(2):136–140
Ghadge SV, Raheman H (2005) Biodiesel production from mahua (Madhuca indica) oil having high free fatty acids. Biomass Bioenergy 28(6):601–605
Grassi G (1996) Future perspectives of bioenergy activities in the European Union. Bio-oil production & utilisation. Proceedings of the 2nd EU-Canada workshop on thermal biomass processing, Toronto, 8–9 May 1995, pp 17–21
Ilgen O, Dincer I, Yildiz M, Alptekin E, Boz N, Canakci M, Akin AN (2007) Investigation of biodiesel production from canola oil using Mg-Al hydrotalcite catalysts. TUrk J Chem 31(5):509–514
Issariyakul T, Kulkarni MG, Meher LC, Dalai AK, Bakhshi NN (2008) Biodiesel production from mixtures of canola oil and used cooking oil. Chem Eng J (Amsterdam, Neth) 140(1–3):77–85
Konwer D (2004) Production of diesel fuels from Mesua ferrea L. seed oil. World renewable energy congress VIII: linking the world with renewable energy, 8th, Denver, CO, United States, 29 Aug–3 Sept 2004, pp 48–52
Meena Devi VN, Vijayalakshmi GS, Prasad PN (2007) Bassia oil – a new potential source for biodiesel. Geobios (Jodhpur, India) 34(1):65–67
Melo WC, dos Santos AS, Anna LMMS, Pereira N Jr (2008) Acid and enzymatic hydrolysis of the residue from Castor Bean (Ricinus communis L.) oil extraction for ethanol production: detoxification and biodiesel process integration. J Braz Chem Soc 19(3):418–425
Meneghetti SMP, Meneghetti MR, Serra TM, Barbosa DC, Wolf CR (2007) Biodiesel production from vegetable oil mixtures: cottonseed, soybean, and castor oils. Energy Fuels 21(6):3746–3747
Ramadhas AS, Jayaraj S, Muraleedharan C (2005) Biodiesel production from high FFA rubber seed oil. Fuel 84(4):335–340
Rupilius W, Ahmad S (2007) Palm oil and palm kernel oil as raw materials for basic oleochemicals and biodiesel. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 109(4):433–439
Sagiroglu A (2008) Conversion of sunflower oil to biodiesel by alcoholysis using immobilized lipase. Artif Cells Blood Substit Biotech 36(2):138–149
Sanchez F, Vasudevan PT (2006) Enzyme catalyzed production of biodiesel from olive oil. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 135(1):1–14
Beer LL, Boyd ES, Peters JW, Posewitz MC (2009) Engineering algae for biohydrogen and biofuel production. Curr Opin Biotechnol 20(3):264–271
Clarens AF, Resurreccion EP, White MA, Colosi LM (2010) Environmental life cycle comparison of algae to other bioenergy feedstocks. Environ Sci Technol 44(5):1813–1819
Huesemann MH, Benemann JR (2009) Biofuels from microalgae: review of products, processes and potential, with special focus on Dunaliella sp.. In: Ben-Amotz A, Polle JEW, Subba Rao DV (eds) Alga Dunaliella. Science, New Hampshire, pp 445–474
Tarwadi SJ, Chauhan VD, Khan MMT (1984) Marine algae Sargassum, a renewable source of bioenergy. Energy Research.4B, Renewable Energy Sources: International Progress, Pt. B, pp 109–112
FAO Food outlook series reports the 2004/2005 production (www.fao.org/waicent/portal/statistics_en.asp). Accessed 20 Nov 2010
European biodiesel board (2010). http://www.ebb-eu.org/. Accessed 20 Nov 2010
Malaysian Palm Oil Board (2010). http://www.mpob.gov.my/. Accessed 20 Nov 2010
National Biodiesel Board, USA (2010). http://www.biodiesel.org/. Accessed 20 Nov 2010
Agarwal AK, Bajaj TP (2009) Process optimization of base catalyzed transesterification of Karanja oil for biodiesel production. Int J Oil Gas Coal Technol 2(3):297–310
Ahmad M, Rashid S, Khan MA, Zafar M, Sultana S, Gulzar S (2009) Optimization of base catalyzed transesterification of peanut oil biodiesel. Afr J Biotechnol 8(3):441–446
Akoh CC, Swanson BG (1988) Base catalyzed transesterification of vegetable oils. J Food Process Preserv 12(2):139–149
Anderson JA, Beaton A, Galadima A, Wells RPK (2009) Role of Baria dispersion in BaO/Al2O3 catalysts for transesterification. Catal Lett 131(1–2):213–218
Antunes WM, CdO V, Henriques CA (2008) Transesterification of soybean oil with methanol catalyzed by basic solids. Catal Today 133–135:548–554
Arzamendi G, Arguinarena E, Campo I, Zabala S, Gandia LM (2008) Alkaline and alkaline-earth metals compounds as catalysts for the methanolysis of sunflower oil. Catal Today 133–135:305–313
Azcan N, Danisman A (2007) Alkali catalyzed transesterification of cottonseed oil by microwave irradiation. Fuel 86(17–18):2639–2644
Babu NS, Sree R, Prasad PSS, Lingaiah N (2008) Room-temperature transesterification of edible and nonedible oils using a heterogeneous strong basic mg/la catalyst. Energy Fuels 22(3):1965–1971
Banavali R, Hanlon RT, Jerabek K, Schultz AK (2009) Heterogeneous catalyst and process for the production of biodiesel from high free-fatty acid-containing feedstocks. Chemical Industries (Boca Raton, FL, United States), 123(Catalysis of Organic Reactions), pp 279–289
Banerjee T, Bhattacharya TK, Gupta RK (2009) Process optimization of catalyst removal and characterization of waste water after alkali-catalyzed transesterification of jatropha oil. Int J Green Energy 6(4):392–400
Benjapornkulaphong S, Ngamcharussrivichai C, Bunyakiat K (2009) Al2O3-supported alkali and alkali earth metal oxides for transesterification of palm kernel oil and coconut oil. Chem Eng J (Amsterdam, Neth) 145(3):468–474
Bhatti HN, Hanif MA, Faruq U, Sheikh MA (2008) Acid and base catalyzed transesterification of animal fats to biodiesel. Iran J Chem Chem Eng 27(4):41–48
Bo X, Xiao G, Cui L, Wei R, Gao L (2007) Transesterification of palm oil with methanol to biodiesel over a KF/Al2O3 heterogeneous base catalyst. Energy Fuels 21(6):3109–3112
Boz N, Kara M (2008) Solid base catalyzed transesterification of canola oil. Chem Eng Commun 196(1 & 2):80–92
Campos-Molina MJ, Santamaria-Gonzalez J, Merida-Robles J, Moreno-Tost R, Albuquerque MCG, Bruque-Gamez S, Rodriguez-Castellon E, Jimenez-Lopez A, Maireles-Torres P Base Catalysts Derived from Hydrocalumite for the Transesterification of Sunflower Oil. Energy & Fuels 24(2): 979–984
Cetinkaya M, Karaosmanoglu F (2004) Optimization of base-catalyzed transesterification reaction of used cooking oil. Energy Fuels 18(6):1888–1895
Chand P, Reddy CV, Verkade JG, Wang T, Grewell D (2009) Thermogravimetric quantification of biodiesel produced via alkali catalyzed transesterification of soybean oil. Energy Fuels 23(2):989–992
Chen W, Huang Z, Liu Y, He Q (2007) Preparation and characterization of a novel solid base catalyst hydroxyapatite loaded with strontium. Catal Commun 9(4):516–521
Coker A, Iretski A, White M, Hernandez R, French T (2010) Effect of water on base-catalyzed transesterification of soybean oil with methanol over promoted hydrotalcite catalysts. Abstracts of papers, 239th ACS national meeting, San Francisco, CA, United States. AGRO-108
Cui L, Xiao G, Bo X, Teng G (2007) Transesterification of cottonseed oil to biodiesel by using heterogeneous solid basic catalysts. Energy Fuels 21(6):3740–3743
de Lima da Silva N, Batistella CB, Maciel Filho R, Wolf-Maciel MR (2009) Biodiesel production from castor oil: optimization of alkaline ethanolysis. Energy Fuels 23(11):5636–5642
Demirbas A (2009) Biodiesel from waste cooking oil via base-catalytic and supercritical methanol transesterification. Energy Convers Manage 50(4):923–927
Dias JM, Alvim-Ferraz MCM, Almeida MF (2008) Comparison of the performance of different homogeneous alkali catalysts during transesterification of waste and virgin oils and evaluation of biodiesel quality. Fuel 87(17–18):3572–3578
Dorado MP, Ballesteros E, Lopez FJ, Mittelbach M (2004) Optimization of alkali-catalyzed transesterification of Brassica carinata oil for biodiesel production. Energy Fuels 18(1):77–83
Fraile JM, Garcia N, Mayoral JA, Pires E, Roldan L (2009) The influence of alkaline metals on the strong basicity of Mg-Al mixed oxides: the case of transesterification reactions. Appl Catal A 364(1–2):87–94
Gao L, Teng G, Lv J, Xiao G (2010) Biodiesel synthesis catalyzed by the KF/Ca-Mg-Al hydrotalcite base catalyst. Energy Fuels 24(1):646–561
Georgogianni KG, Katsoulidis AK, Pomonis PJ, Manos G, Kontominas MG (2009) Transesterification of rapeseed oil for the production of biodiesel using homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis. Fuel Process Technol 90(7–8):1016–1022
Georgogianni KG, Kontominas MG, Pomonis PJ, Avlonitis D, Gergis V (2008) Alkaline conventional and in situ transesterification of cottonseed oil for the production of biodiesel. Energy Fuels 22(3):2110–2115
Han H, Guan Y (2009) Synthesis of biodiesel from rapeseed oil using K2O/gamma -Al2O3 as nano-solid-base catalyst. Wuhan Univ J Nat Sci 14(1):75–79
Hsieh L-S, Kumar U, Wu JCS (2010) Continuous production of biodiesel in a packed-bed reactor using shell-core structural Ca(C3H7O3)2/CaCO3 catalyst. Chem Eng J 158(2):250–256
Ilgen O, Akin AN (2009) Development of alumina supported alkaline catalysts used for biodiesel production. TUrk J Chem 33(2):281–287
Jindal MK, Jha P (2009) Study of biodiesel from waste soybean oil. J Environ Res Dev 3(4):1134–1139
Jothiramalingam R, Wang MK (2009) Review of recent developments in solid acid, base, and enzyme catalysts (heterogeneous) for biodiesel production via transesterification. Ind Eng Chem Res 48(13):6162–6172
Karonis D, Anastopoulos G, Stournas S (2009) Ethanolysis of vegetable oils: a systematic study using homogeneous alkali catalysts. Preprints of symposia – American Chemical Society, division of fuel chemistry 54(2): 1002–1008
Kawashima A, Matsubara K, Honda K (2008) Development of heterogeneous base catalysts for biodiesel production. Bioresour Technol 99(9):3439–3443
Kim M, Salley SO, Ng KYS (2008) Transesterification of glycerides using a heterogeneous resin catalyst combined with a homogeneous catalyst. Energy Fuels 22(6):3594–3599
Kolaczkowski ST, Asli UA, Davidson MG (2009) A new heterogeneous ZnL2 catalyst on a structured support for biodiesel production. Catal Today 147(suppl 1):S220–S224
Kotwal MS, Niphadkar PS, Deshpande SS, Bokade VV, Joshi PN (2009) Transesterification of sunflower oil catalyzed by flyash-based solid catalysts. Fuel 88(9):1773–1778
Kouzu M, J-s H, Komichi Y, Nakano H, Yamamoto M (2009) A process to transesterify vegetable oil with methanol in the presence of quick lime bit functioning as solid base catalyst. Fuel 88(10):1983–1990
Kouzu M, Kasuno T, Tajika M, Sugimoto Y, Yamanaka S, Hidaka J (2008) Calcium oxide as a solid base catalyst for transesterification of soybean oil and its application to biodiesel production. Fuel 87(12):2798–2806
Kumar D, Ali A (2010) Nanocrystalline lithium ion impregnated calcium oxide as heterogeneous catalyst for transesterification of high moisture containing cotton seed oil. Energy Fuels 24(3):2091–2097
Leclercq E, Finiels A, Moreau C (2001) Transesterification of rapeseed oil in the presence of basic zeolites and related solid catalysts. J Am Oil Chem Soc 78(11):1161–1165
Leung DYC, Wu X, Leung MKH (2010) A review on biodiesel production using catalyzed transesterification. Appl Energy 87(4):1083–1095
Li E, Xu ZP, Rudolph V (2009) MgCoAl-LDH derived heterogeneous catalysts for the ethanol transesterification of canola oil to biodiesel. Appl Catal B 88(1–2):42–49
Liang B, Yan S, Lu H, Wang G, Jiang L (2006) Biodiesel production by transesterification of oil with solid catalyst. Proceedings of international forum on green chemical science & engineering and process systems engineering, Tianjin, China, 8–10 Oct 2006, vol 1, pp 55–59
Liu X, He H, Wang Y, Zhu S, Piao X (2007) Transesterification of soybean oil to biodiesel using CaO as a solid base catalyst. Fuel 87(2):216–221
Liu X, Piao X, Wang Y, Zhu S (2010) Model study on transesterification of soybean oil to biodiesel with methanol using solid base catalyst. J Phys Chem A 114(11):3750–3755
Liu X, Piao X, Wang Y, Zhu S (2008) Calcium ethoxide as a solid base catalyst for the transesterification of soybean oil to biodiesel. Energy Fuels 22(2):1313–1317
Liu X, Piao X, Wang Y, Zhu S, He H (2008) Calcium methoxide as a solid base catalyst for the transesterification of soybean oil to biodiesel with methanol. Fuel 87(7):1076–1082
Liu Y, Wang L, Yan Y (2009) Biodiesel synthesis combining pre-esterification with alkali catalyzed process from rapeseed oil deodorizer distillate. Fuel Process Technol 90(7–8):857–862
Macala GS, Robertson AW, Johnson CL, Day ZB, Lewis RS, White MG, Iretskii AV, Ford PC (2008) Transesterification catalysts from iron doped hydrotalcite-like precursors: solid bases for biodiesel production. Catal Lett 122(3–4):205–209
Mahamuni NN, Adewuyi YG (2009) Optimization of the synthesis of biodiesel via ultrasound-enhanced base-catalyzed transesterification of soybean oil using a multifrequency ultrasonic reactor. Energy Fuels 23(5):2757–2766
McFarlane J, Birdwell JF, Jr., Tsouris C, Jennings HL (2008) Process intensification in continuous base-catalyzed biodiesel production. AIChE annual meeting, conference proceedings, Philadelphia, PA, United States, 16–21 Nov 2008, pp 765/1–765/8
Murugesan A, Umarani C, Chinnusamy TR, Krishnan M, Subramanian R, Neduzchezhain N (2009) Production and analysis of bio-diesel from non-edible oils-a review. Renew Sust Energy Rev 13(4):825–834
Murugesan A, Umarani C, Subramanian R, Nedunchezhian N (2009) Bio-diesel as an alternative fuel for diesel engines-a review. Renew Sust Energy Rev 13(3):653–662
Ngamcharussrivichai C, Totarat P, Bunyakiat K (2008) Ca and Zn mixed oxide as a heterogeneous base catalyst for transesterification of palm kernel oil. Appl Catal A 341(1–2):77–85
Om Tapanes NC, Gomes Aranda DA, de Mesquita Carneiro JW, Ceva Antunes OA (2008) Transesterification of Jatropha curcas oil glycerides: theoretical and experimental studies of biodiesel reaction. Fuel 87(10–11):2286–2295
Patil PD, Deng S (2009) Transesterification of camelina sativa oil using heterogeneous metal oxide catalysts. Energy Fuels 23(9):4619–4624
Pena R, Romero R, Luz Martinez S, Ramos MJ, Martinez A, Natividad R (2009) Transesterification of castor oil: effect of catalyst and co-solvent. Ind Eng Chem Res 48(3):1186–1189
Phan AN, Phan TM (2008) Biodiesel production from waste cooking oils. Fuel 87(17–18):3490–3496
Queiroz RM, Pires LHO, de Souza RCP, Zamian JR, Souza AG, da Rocha Filho GN, da Costa CEF (2009) Thermal characterization of hydrotalcite used in the transesterification of soybean oil. J Therm Anal Calorim 97(1):163–166
Rashid U, Anwar F (2008) Production of biodiesel through base-catalyzed transesterification of safflower oil using an optimized protocol. Energy Fuels 22(2):1306–12
Rashid U, Anwar F (2008) Production of biodiesel through optimized alkaline-catalyzed transesterification of rapeseed oil. Fuel 87(3):265–273
Rashid U, Anwar F, Moser BR, Ashraf S (2008) Production of sunflower oil methyl esters by optimized alkali-catalyzed methanolysis. Biomass Bioenergy 32(12):1202–1205
Ren Q, Yan J, Qiu T, Lai C, Fan X (2008) Alkali-catalyzed transesterification of soybean oil for biodiesel production by means of ultrasonication. Huaxue Yu Shengwu Gongcheng 25(11):15–8, 21
Singh V, Solanki K, Gupta MN (2008) Process optimization for biodiesel production. Recent Pat Biotechnol 2(2):130–143
Sree R, Babu NS, Prasad PSS, Lingaiah N (2009) Transesterification of edible and non-edible oils over basic solid Mg/Zr catalysts. Fuel Process Technol 90(1):152–157
Tantirungrotechai J, Chotmongkolsap P, Pohmakotr M (2009) Synthesis, characterization, and activity in transesterification of mesoporous Mg-Al mixed-metal oxides. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 128(1–3):41–47
Teng G, Gao L, Xiao G, Liu H (2009) Transesterification of soybean oil to biodiesel over heterogeneous solid base catalyst. Energy Fuels 23(9):4630–4634
Ullah F, Nosheen A, Hussain I, Bano A (2009) Base catalyzed transesterification of wild apricot kernel oil for biodiesel production. Afr J Biotechnol 8(14):3289–3293
Vyas AP, Subrahmanyam N, Patel PA (2009) Production of biodiesel through transesterification of Jatropha oil using KNO3/Al2O3 solid catalyst. Fuel 88(4):625–628
Wan T, Yu P, Wang S, Luo Y (2009) Application of sodium aluminate as a heterogeneous base catalyst for biodiesel production from soybean oil. Energy Fuels 23(2):1089–1092
Wang R, Yang S, Yin S, Song B, Bhadury PS, Xue W, Tao S, Jia Z, Liu D, Gao L (2008) Development of solid base catalyst X/Y/MgO/gamma -Al2O3 for optimization of preparation of biodiesel from Jatropha curcas L. seed oil. Front Chem Eng Chin 2(4):468–472
Xie W, Peng H, Chen L (2006) Transesterification of soybean oil catalyzed by potassium loaded on alumina as a solid-base catalyst. Appl Catal A 300(1):67–74
Xu YX, Hanna MA (2009) Synthesis and characterization of hazelnut oil-based biodiesel. Ind Crops Prod 29(2–3):473–479
Zhang Y, Stanciulescu M, Ikura M (2009) Rapid transesterification of soybean oil with phase transfer catalysts. Appl Catal A 366(1):176–183
Chung K-H, Park B-G (2009) Esterification of oleic acid in soybean oil on zeolite catalysts with different acidity. J Ind Eng Chem (Amsterdam, Neth) 15(3):388–392
Facioli NL, Barrera-Arellano D (2002) Optimization of direct acid esterification process of soybean oil deodorizer distillate. Grasas Aceites (Sevilla, Spain) 53(2):206–212
Fan X, Burton R, Austic G (2009) Preparation and characterization of biodiesel produced from recycled canola oil. Open Fuels Energy Sci J 2:113–118
Furuta S, Matsuhashi H, Arata K (2004) Biodiesel fuel production with solid superacid catalysis in fixed bed reactor under atmospheric pressure. Catal Commun 5(12):721–723
Gan M, Pan D, Ma L, Yue E, Hong J (2009) The kinetics of the esterification of free fatty acids in waste cooking oil using Fe2(SO4)3/C catalyst. Chin J Chem Eng 17(1):83–87
Giri BY, Devi BLAP, Lingaiah N, Prasad PSS, Prasad RBN (2009) Preparation of biodiesel from high FFA rice bran oil using solid acid catalyst. J Lipid Sci Technol 41(3):98–101
Hao X, Yoshida A, Nishikido J (2004) Hf[N(SO2C8F17)2]4 as a highly active and recyclable Lewis acid catalyst for direct esterification of methacrylic acid with methanol in a fluorous biphase system. Green Chem 6(11):566–569
Hou X, Qi Y, Qiao X, Wang G, Qin Z, Wang J (2007) Lewis acid-catalyzed transesterification and esterification of high free fatty acid oil in subcritical methanol. Korean J Chem Eng 24(2):311–313
Jansri S, Prateepchaikul G, Ratanawilai SB (2007) Acid-catalyzed esterification: a technique for reducing high free fatty acid in mixed crude palm oil. Kasetsart J Nat Sci 41(3):555–560
Kralova I, Sjoblom J (2010) Biofuels-renewable energy sources: a review. J Dispers Sci Technol 31(3):409–425
Li L, Lv P, Luo W, Wang Z, Yuan Z (2010) Esterification of high FFA tung oil with solid acid catalyst in fixed bed reactor. Biomass Bioenergy 34(4):496–499
Lin VSY, Nieweg JA, Kern C, Trewyn BG, Pruski M, Wiench JW (2006) Environmentally friendly nanoporous oxide catalysts for biodiesel synthesis. Abstracts of papers, 232nd ACS national meeting, San Francisco, CA, United States, 10–14 Sept 2006: FUEL-032
Liu B, Zhao Z (2007) Biodiesel production by direct methanolysis of oleaginous microbial biomass. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 82(8):775–780
Marchetti JM, Errazu AF (2008) Comparison of different heterogeneous catalysts and different alcohols for the esterification reaction of oleic acid. Fuel 87(15–16):3477–3480
Marchetti JM, Errazu AF (2008) Esterification of free fatty acids using sulfuric acid as catalyst in the presence of triglycerides. Biomass Bioenergy 32(9):892–895
Ni J, Meunier FC (2007) Esterification of free fatty acids in sunflower oil over solid acid catalysts using batch and fixed bed-reactors. Appl Catal A 333(1):122–130
Park J-Y, Wang Z-M, Kim D-K, Lee J-S (2010) Effects of water on the esterification of free fatty acids by acid catalysts. Renew Energy 35(3):614–618
Pereira AT, Oliveira KA, Monteiro RS, Aranda DAG, Santos RTP, Joao RR (2007) The production of biodiesel from the esterification of free fatty acids of palm oil by using niobic acid as a solid acid catalyst. Stud Surf Sci Catal 172:189–192 (Science and Technology in Catalysis 2006)
Peterson GR, Scarrah WP (1984) Rapeseed oil transesterification by heterogeneous catalysis. J Am Oil Chem Soc 61(10):1593–1597
Pietre MK, Almeida LCP, Landers R, Vinhas RCG, Luna FJ (2010) H3PO4- and H2SO4-treated niobic acid as heterogeneous catalyst for methyl ester production. Reaction kinetics. Mech Catal 99(2):269–280
Prateepchaikul G, Somnuk K, Allen M (2009) Design and testing of continuous acid-catalyzed esterification reactor for high free fatty acid mixed crude palm oil. Fuel Process Technol 90(6):784–789
Satyanarayana M, Muraleedharan C (2009) Biodiesel production from vegetable oils: a comparative optimization study. J Biobased Mater Bioenergy 3(4):335–341
Segura R (1988) Preparation of fatty acid methyl esters by direct transesterification of lipids with aluminum chloride-methanol. J Chromatogr 441(1):99–113
Shivayogimath CB, Sunita G, Manoj KB (2009) Role of solid acid catalysts in bio diesel production. J Environ Sci Eng 51(3):207–212
Shu Q, Yang B, Yuan H, Qing S, Zhu G (2007) Synthesis of biodiesel from soybean oil and methanol catalyzed by beta zeolite modified with La3+. Catal Commun 8(12):2159–2165
Smidrkal J, Filip V (1994) Esterification of rapeseed oil fatty acids with monohydroxy alcohols. Revue Francaise des Corps Gras 41(1–2):9–12
Soriano NU Jr, Venditti R, Argyropoulos DS (2009) Biodiesel synthesis via homogeneous Lewis acid-catalyzed transesterification. Fuel 88(3):560–565
Y-z W, Y-p L, C-g L (2008) Kinetics of the esterification of low-concentration naphthenic acids and methanol in oils with or without SnO as a catalyst. Energy Fuels 22(4):2203–2206
Xu L, Li W, Hu J, Yang X, Guo Y (2009) Biodiesel production from soybean oil catalyzed by multifunctionalized Ta2O5/SiO2-[H3PW12O40/R] (R = Me or Ph) hybrid catalyst. Appl Catal B 90(3–4):587–594
Xu L, Wang Y, Yang X, Hu J, Li W, Guo Y (2009) Simultaneous esterification and transesterification of soybean oil with methanol catalyzed by mesoporous Ta2O5/SiO2-[H3PW12O40/R] (R = Me or Ph) hybrid catalysts. Green Chem 11(3):314–317
Yan S, Salley SO, Ng KYS (2009) Simultaneous transesterification and esterification of unrefined or waste oils over ZnO-La2O3 catalysts. Appl Catal A 353(2):203–212
Zaccheria F, Brini S, Psaro R, Scotti N, Ravasio N (2009) Esterification of acidic oils over a versatile amorphous solid catalyst. ChemSusChem 2(6):535–537
Zhang J, Jiang L (2008) Acid-catalyzed esterification of Zanthoxylum bungeanum seed oil with high free fatty acids for biodiesel production. Bioresour Technol 99(18):8995–8998
Abigor RD, Uadia PO, Foglia TA, Haas MJ, Jones KC, Okpefa E, Obibuzor JU, Bafor ME (2000) Lipase-catalysed production of biodiesel fuel from some Nigerian lauric oils. Biochem Soc Trans 28(6):979–981
Al-Zuhair S (2005) Production of biodiesel by lipase-catalyzed transesterification of vegetable oils: a kinetics study. Biotechnol Prog 21(5):1442–1448
Bajaj A, Lohan P, Jha PN, Mehrotra R (2009) Biodiesel production through lipase catalyzed transesterification: an overview. J Mol Catal B Enzym 62(1):9–14
Chang C, Chen J-H, Chang C-mJ WuT-T, Shieh C-J (2009) Optimization of lipase-catalyzed biodiesel by isopropanolysis in a continuous packed-bed reactor using response surface methodology. New Biotechnol 26(3–4):187–192
Chen J-P, Chang S-C (2002) Biodiesel production by immobilized whole cell biocatalyst. Abstracts of papers, 224th ACS national meeting, Boston, MA, United States, 18–22 August 2002: BTEC-029
Chen X, Du W, Liu D, Ding F (2008) Lipase-mediated methanolysis of soybean oils for biodiesel production. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 83(1):71–76
Chen Y, Lu J, Bo X, Pengmei LV, Chang J, Fu Y, Wang X (2008) Lipase-catalyzed synthesis of biodiesel from acid oil in fixed bed reactor. Res J Biotechnol 3(2):5–12
Chen Y, Xiao B, Chang J, Fu Y, Lv P, Wang X (2009) Synthesis of biodiesel from waste cooking oil using immobilized lipase in fixed bed reactor. Energy Convers Manage 50(3):668–673
Dalla Rosa C, Morandim MB, Ninow JL, Oliveira D, Treichel H, Oliveira JV (2008) Lipase-catalyzed production of fatty acid ethyl esters from soybean oil in compressed propane. J Supercrit Fluids 47(1):49–53
Dalla Rosa C, Morandim MB, Ninow JL, Oliveira D, Treichel H, Oliveira JV (2009) Continuous lipase-catalyzed production of fatty acid ethyl esters from soybean oil in compressed fluids. Bioresour Technol 100(23):5818–26
Dizge N, Aydiner C, Imer DY, Bayramoglu M, Tanriseven A, Keskinler B (2009) Biodiesel production from sunflower, soybean, and waste cooking oils by transesterification using lipase immobilized onto a novel microporous polymer. Bioresour Technol 100(6):1983–1991
Du W, Xu Y, Liu D (2003) Lipase-catalyzed transesterification of soya bean oil for biodiesel production during continuous batch operation. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 38(2):103–106
Fu B, Vasudevan PT (2010) Effect of solvent-co-solvent mixtures on lipase-catalyzed transesterification of Canola Oil. Energy Fuels 24(9):4646–4651
Fu B, Vasudevan PT (2009) Effect of organic solvents on enzyme-catalyzed synthesis of biodiesel. Energy Fuels 23(8):4105–4111
Haas MJ, Piazza GJ, Foglia TA (2002) Enzymatic approaches to the production of biodiesel fuels. In: Gardner HW, Kuo TM (eds) Lipid biotechnology. CRC, Boca Raton, pp 587–598
Haldar SK, Nag A (2008) Utilization of three non-edible vegetable oils for the production of biodiesel catalysed by enzyme. Open Chem Eng J 2:79–83
Halim SFA, Harun Kamaruddin A (2008) Catalytic studies of lipase on FAME production from waste cooking palm oil in a tert-butanol system. Process Biochem (Amsterdam, Neth) 43(12):1436–1439
Han J, Silcock P, Bell M, Birch J (2010) Lipase-catalyzed production of biodiesel from tallow. J ASTM Int 7(1):1l–20
Hsu A-F, Jones K, Foglia TA, Marmer WN (2002) Immobilized lipase-catalyzed production of alkyl esters of restaurant grease as biodiesel. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 36(3):181–186
F-h H, J-y Z, W-l L, C-s L (2006) Review of heterogeneous catalysts used in biodiesel production. Brassica 8(1–4):37–45
Huang Y, Yan Y (2008) Lipase-catalyzed biodiesel production with methyl acetate as acyl acceptor. Z Naturforsch C J Biosci 63(3–4):297–302
Huang Y, Zheng H, Yan Y (2010) Optimization of lipase-catalyzed transesterification of lard for biodiesel production using response surface methodology. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 160(2):504–515
Jeong G-T, Park D-H (2008) Lipase-catalyzed transesterification of rapeseed oil for biodiesel production with tert-butanol. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 148(1–3):131–139
Kabasakal BV, Caglar A (2010) Improvement of immobilized lipase-catalyzed methanolysis of tributyrin using methyl acetate. Energy Fuels 24(2):1269–1273
Kumari V, Shah S, Gupta MN (2007) Preparation of biodiesel by lipase-catalyzed transesterification of high free fatty acid containing oil from madhuca indica. Energy Fuels 21(1):368–372
Lai C-C, Zullaikah S, Vali SR, Ju Y-H (2005) Lipase-catalyzed production of biodiesel from rice bran oil. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 80(3):331–337
Lara Pizarro AV, Park EY (2003) Lipase-catalyzed production of biodiesel fuel from vegetable oils contained in waste activated bleaching earth. Process Biochem (Oxford, UK) 38(7):1077–1082
Li L, Du W, Liu D, Wang L, Li Z (2006) Lipase-catalyzed transesterification of rapeseed oils for biodiesel production with a novel organic solvent as the reaction medium. J Mol Catal B Enzym 43(1–4):58–62
Nelson LA, Foglia TA, Marmer WN (1996) Lipase-catalyzed production of biodiesel. J Am Oil Chem Soc 73(9):1191–1195
Nie K, Xie F, Wang F, Tan T (2006) Lipase catalyzed methanolysis to produce biodiesel: optimization of the biodiesel production. J Mol Catal B Enzym 43(1–4):142–147
Ognjanovic ND, Saponjic SV, Bezbradica DI, Knezevic ZD (2008) Lipase catalyzed biodiesel synthesis with differential acyl acceptors. Acta Periodica Technologica 39:161–169
Prasad RBN, Rao BVSK (2009) Lipase catalyzed preparation of biodiesel. In: Pandey A (ed) Handbook of plant-based biofuels. CRC, Boca Raton, pp 199–212
Rodrigues RC, Volpato G, Wada K, Ayub MAZ (2009) Improved enzyme stability in lipase-catalyzed synthesis of fatty acid ethyl ester from soybean oil. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 152(3):394–404
Royon D, Daz M, Ellenrieder G, Locatelli S (2007) Enzymatic production of biodiesel from cotton seed oil using t-butanol as a solvent. Bioresour Technol 98(3):648–653
Schlepuetz M, Buthe A, Brenneis R, Ansorge-Schumacher MB (2008) Lipase-catalysed synthesis of ester oils from biodiesel by-products. Biocatal Biotransform 26(3):220–227
Shah S, Gupta MN (2007) Lipase catalyzed preparation of biodiesel from Jatropha oil in a solvent free system. Process Biochem (Amsterdam, Neth) 42(3):409–414
Shah S, Sharma S, Gupta MN (2004) Biodiesel preparation by lipase-catalyzed transesterification of Jatropha oil. Energy Fuels 18(1):154–159
Shieh CJ, Liao HF, Lee CC (2003) Optimization of lipase-catalyzed biodiesel by response surface methodology. Bioresour Technol 88(2):103–106
Su E, Wei D (2008) Improvement in lipase-catalyzed methanolysis of triacylglycerols for biodiesel production using a solvent engineering method. J Mol Catal B Enzym 55(3–4):118–125
Sun T, Du W, Liu D (2009) Prospective and impacts of whole cell mediated alcoholysis of renewable oils for biodiesel production. Biofuels. Bioprod Bioref 3(6):633–639
Talukder MMR, Wu JC, Fen NM, Melissa YLS (2010) Two-step lipase catalysis for production of biodiesel. Biochem Eng J 49(2):207–212
Ting W-J, Huang C-M, Giridhar N, Wu W-T (2008) An enzymatic/acid-catalyzed hybrid process for biodiesel production from soybean oil. J China Inst Chem Eng 39(3):203–210
Vieira APdA, da Silva MAP, Langone MAP (2006) Biodiesel production via esterification reactions catalyzed by lipase. Latin Am Appl Res 36(4):283–288
Wang L, Du W, Liu D, Li L, Dai N (2006) Lipase-catalyzed biodiesel production from soybean oil deodorizer distillate with absorbent present in tert-butanol system. J Mol Catal B Enzym 43(1–4):29–32
Wang Y, Zhang L (2009) Ectoine improves yield of biodiesel catalyzed by immobilized lipase. J Mol Catal B Enzym 62(1):91–96
Winayanuwattikun P, Kaewpiboon C, Piriyakananon K, Tantong S, Thakernkarnkit W, Chulalaksananukul W, Yongvanich T (2008) Potential plant oil feedstock for lipase-catalyzed biodiesel production in Thailand. Biomass Bioenergy 32(12):1279–1286
Yamada H, Sorimachi Y, Tagawa T (2007) Operation optimization of lipase-catalyzed biodiesel production. J Chem Eng Jpn 40(7):571–574
Yamada H, Tagawa T (2006) Operation optimization of the lipase-catalyzed biodiesel production. AIChE annual meeting, conference proceedings, Philadelphia, PA, United States, 16–21 Nov 2008, pp 363a/1–363a/6
Yang KS, Sohn J-H, Kim HK (2009) Catalytic properties of a lipase from Photobacterium lipolyticum for biodiesel production containing a high methanol concentration. J Biosci Bioeng 107(6):599–604
Zheng Y, Quan J, Ning X, Zhu L-M, Jiang B, He Z-Y (2009) Lipase-catalyzed transesterification of soybean oil for biodiesel production in tert-amyl alcohol. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 25(1):41–46
Howell S (2008) Biodiesel blends. Environ Sci Technol 42(9):3119
Garba UM, Alhassan M, Kovo AS (2006) A review of advances and quality assessment of biofuels. Leonardo Journal of Sciences. http://ljs.academicdirect.org/A09/167_178.htm. Accessed 20 Nov 2010
Angenent LT, Karim K, Al-Dahhan MH, Wrenn BA, Domiguez-Espinosa R (2004) Production of bioenergy and biochemicals from industrial and agricultural wastewater. Trends Biotechnol 22(9):477–485
Fitzpatrick SW (2006) The biofine technology: a “bio-refinery” concept based on thermochemical conversion of cellulosic biomass. ACS Symp Ser 921:271–287 (Feedstocks for the Future)
Hayes DJ (2009) An examination of biorefining processes, catalysts and challenges. Catal Today 145(1–2):138–151
Huang H-J, Ramaswamy S, Tschirner UW, Ramarao BV (2008) A review of separation technologies in current and future biorefineries. Sep Purif Technol 62(1):1–21
MacLachlan R, Pye EK (2007) Biorefining the future. Can Chem New 59(8):12–15
Pye EK (2005) Biorefining; a major opportunity for the sugar cane industry. Int Sugar J 107(1276):222–4, 6,8,30,53
Stocker M (2008) Biofuels and biomass-to-liquid fuels in the biorefinery: catalytic conversion of lignocellulosic biomass using porous materials. Angew Chem Int Ed 47(48):9200–9211
Kamm B, Kamm M (2004) Principles of biorefineries. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 64(2):137–145
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ghosh, T.K., Prelas, M.A. (2011). Bioenergy. In: Energy Resources and Systems. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1402-1_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1402-1_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-007-1401-4
Online ISBN: 978-94-007-1402-1
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)