Abstract
Among all the renewable energy sources, the contribution of hydropower to the worldwide electricity generation is the highest. A hydropower system can be used to generate a few kilowatt of electricity to about 18,000 MW. Although there are a number of advantages and benefits of using hydropower systems, various environmental issues are restricting their development. These issues include depletion of nutrients in the water body, obstruction of the fish ladder for salmon, and fish shearing in turbines. In this chapter, a general description of a hydropower system and its various components are discussed.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
U.S. Department of Energy (2010) History of hydropower. http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/hydro_history.html. Accessed 16 Nov 2010
Edison Electric Institute (2010) History of the electric power industry. www.eei.org/industry_issues/industry_overview_and_statistics/history#structure. Accessed 16 Nov 2010
Wisconsin Valley Improvement Company (2010) How hydropower works. http://www.wvic.com/hydro-works.htm. Accessed 16 Nov 2010
National Renewable Energy Laboratory (2006) Power technologies energy data book. 4th edition, Aabakken(ed). http://www.nrel.gov/analysis/power_databook/docs/pdf/39728_complete.pdf. Accessed 16 Nov 2010
International Energy Agency (2010) Hydro electricity. www.ieahydro.org. Accessed 16 Nov 2010
Warnick CC (1984) Hydropower engineering. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River
Creager WP, Justin JDW (1927) Hydro-electric handbook. Chapman & Hall, London
Gulliver JS, Arndt REA (1991) Hydropower engineering handbook. McGraw-Hill, New York
Honningsvag B, Midttomme GH, Repp K, Vaskinn K, Westeren T (2002) Hydropower in the new millennium. Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton
Fisher RK, March PA, Mathur D, Sotiropoulos F, Franke G (1998) Innovative technologies brighten hydro’s future. Proc XIX IAHR Symp Hydraul Machinery Cavitation 1:2–18
Shchavelev D (1977) Use of water power. Power Tech Eng 11:638–642
Energy Information Administration (March 2007) Electric Power Monthly, National Energy Education Development Project, Intermediate Energy Info book, 2004–2005
Energy Information Administration (2007) International Annual Energy Outlook
World Energy Council (2011) Survey of energy resources hydropower. London, UK. http://www.worldenergy.org/publications/survey_of_energy_resources_2007/hydropower/default.asp. Retrieved May 25, 2011
International Hydropower Association, The contribution of hydropower, UK. http://www.hydropower.org. Accessed May 25, 2011
Wisconsin valley Improvement Company (2010) Facts about hydropower. http://new.wvic.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=7&Itemid=44. Accessed 16 Nov 2010
Morris GL, Fan J (1998) Reservoir sedimentation handbook: design and management of dams, reservoirs, and watersheds for sustainable use. McGraw Hill, New York
Habitat Division ADF&G (6 Apr 2009) Dam and impoundment construction, Alaska
International Commission on Large Dams. www.iclod-cigb.net. Accessed 6 Apr 2009
Bureau of Reclamation (1987) Design of small dam. A water resource technical publication, US Department of Interior
Tennessee Valley Authority as reported in Combs S (2008) The energy report 2008. Texas Comptroller of Public Account, Austin
Munchener Ruck Munich Re Group (2004) Technology for underwriters 31 Dam construction Part 1: General aspects and concrete dams. Munchen Germany Order # 302–04151
National Inventory of Dams, FEMA. http://www.fema.gov/hazard/damfailure/benefits.shtm
British Dam Society (1991) The embankment dam. In: Proceedings of the 6th conference of the British Dam Society, Nottingham, 12–16 Sept 1990
FEMA (2005) Conduits through embankment dam-best practices for design, construction, problem identification and evaluation, inspection, maintenance, renovation, and repair. L-266, Sept 2005
United States Society of Dams (2007) Strength of materials for embankment dam. A white paper, Denver
Duncan JM, Wright SG (2005) Soil strength and slope stability. Wiley, Somerset
USACE (1970) Engineering and design: stability of earth and rock-fill dams, engineering manual 1110-2-1902. Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC
Lapin GG (2001) Current trends in concrete dam design. Power Tech Eng 35(7):331–332
Hansen KD, Reinhardt WG (1991) Roller-compacted concrete dam. McGraw Hill, New York
Gordon JL (2001) Hydraulic turbine efficiency. Can J Civ Eng 28(2):238–253
Drtina P, Sallaberger M (1999) Hydraulic turbines – basic principles and state-of-the-art computational fluid dynamics applications. Proc Inst Mech Eng, C: J Mech Eng Sci 213:85–102
Waldrop WR (1992) The autoventing turbine – a new generation of environmentally improved hydroturbines. Proc Am Power Conf 54:445–447
Thake J (2000) The micro-hydro Pelton turbine manual: design, manufacture and Installation for small-scale hydro-power. ITDG Publishing, London
Brekke H (1984) A general study on the design of vertical Pelton turbines. Turboinstitut, Ljubljana, Report No/46/3/Ada
Perrig A, Farhat M, Avellan F, Parkinson E, Garcin H, Bissel C, Valle M, Favre J (2004) Numerical flow analysis in a Pelton turbine bucket. In: Proceedings of 22nd IAHR symposium on hydraulic machinery and systems, Stockholm, 29 June–2 July 2004
Perrig A, Avellan F, Kueny J-L, Farhat M, Parkinson E (2006) Flow in a Pelton turbine bucket: numerical and experimental investigations. ASME Trans J Fluids Eng 128:350–358
Anagnostopoulos J, Papantonis D (2006) Experimental and numerical studies on runner design of Pelton turbines. Hydroenergia, Crieff, 7–9 June 2006
Alexandre P, Francois A, Jean-Louis K, Mohamed F, Etienne P (2006) Flow in a Pelton turbine bucket: numerical and experimental investigations. J Fluids Eng 128:350–358
Zhang Z (2007) Flow interactions in Pelton turbines and the hydraulic efficiency of the turbine system. Proc Inst Mech Eng, A: J Power Energy 221:343–355
Zoppe B, Pellone C, Maitre T, Leroy P (2006) Flow analysis inside a Pelton turbine bucket. J Turbomach 128:500–511
Pelton LA (1880) Water wheel. US Patent 233,692
Dekarz D (10 Oct 2009) Hydropower plants. Institute of Power Engineering and Turbomachinery. www.imiue.polsl.pl/~wwwcte/pliki/angielski_dekarz.ppt
Voith Hydro (10 Oct 2009) Pelton turbines. http://www.voithhydro.com/vh_e_prfmc_pwrful_prdcts_turbines_pelton.htm
Small hydropower systems, DOE/GO-102001-1173, FS217, 2001
Gordon GG (1973) The Turgo impulse turbine. Brochure 5 M/2/73 WY, Water turbine manufacturers, Kendall
Grover RK (1983) Advantages of turgo-impulse turbines in micro-hydel units. Indian J Power River Val Dev 33(1–2):7–8
Rogers S (2005) Development of the Turgo impulse turbine. Turbomachinery 33(9):547–551
The encyclopedia of alternative energy and sustainable living. http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/T/AE_Turgo_turbine.html Accessed 16 Nov 2010
Choi Y-D, Lim J-I, Kim Y-T, Lee Y-H (2008) Utilizations of renewable fluid energy. J Fluid Sci Technol 3(3):398–409
Costa Pereira NH, Borges JE (1996) Study of the nozzle flow in a cross-flow turbine. Int J Mech Sci 38:283–302
Kelso RM, Lim TT, Perry AE (1996) An experimental study of round jets in cross-flow. J Fluid Mech Digit Arch 306:111–144
Ossberger GmbH Co. (2011) The Ossberger turbine. Bayern, Germany. http://www.ossberger.de/cms/en/hydro/the-ossberger-turbine-for-asynchronous-and-synchronous-water-plants/. Accessed 25 May 2011
Ossberger (10 Oct 2009) Good reasons for the Ossberger turbine. Ossberger GmbH + Co. www.osberger.de
Ossberger (10 Oct 2009) Range of use. Ossberger GmbH + Co. www.osberger.de
Moody LF (1952) Handbook of applied hydraulics, 2nd edn. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 599–603
Russell GJ, Peterson C, Eberlein DT (2004) Conversion of a propeller turbine to full Kaplan operation at Michigamme falls. HydroVision 2004, HCI Publication: 1–11
Manness J, Doering J (2005) An improved model for predicting the efficiency of hydraulic propeller turbines. Can J Civ Eng 32:789–795
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (1992) Performance test code for hydraulic turbines. Code PTC–18, New York
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (1996) Hydropower mechanical design. Hydro Power Technical Committee, HCI Publications, Kansas City
German standard DIN (1948) Acceptance tests on water turbines. Deutsches Institut Fr Normung, Beuth Vertrieb Publishing, Berlin
Gehrer A, Benigni H, Köstenberger M (2004) Unsteady simulation of the flow through a horizontal-shaft bulb turbine. In: 22nd IAHR Symposium on Hydraulic Machinery and Systems, Stockholm, 29 June–2 July 2004
Keck H, Hegenbarth A, Jerovsek A (1994) Advanced technology of bulb turbines from research to experience at site. In: XVII IAHR Symposium, Beijing
Paine JS, Felton LE (1984) Bulb turbine/generator for the Idaho Falls hydroelectric project. IEEE Transactions PAS 103(9):2405–2409
Magauer PF, Liebminger A (1997) The bulb turbine design of the nineties applied in a brazilian powerplant. Waterpower 1997. In: Mahoney DJ (ed) Proceedings of the international conference on hydropower, pp 1536–1545, Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Atlanta, 5–8 Aug 1997
Hideki K, Yukio M (2001) Development of vertical type bulb turbine and generator. Turbomachinery 29(6):334–340
Yasuhiko Y, Minoru S, Takayuki O (1999) Vertical bulb turbine generator. Fuji Electric J 72(10):562–565
Arshenevskii NN, Levina SI, Natarius EM (1979) Characteristics of bulb turbines during their operations. Power Tech Eng 13(10):1004–1010
Bulb/pit/S-turbines, Voith-Siemens hydropower generation, Heidenheim
Kydd P (2009) Severn tidal power, Overview and implications of tidal power technologies, Severn tidal power feasibility study
Tube turbine. http://www.bpetudes.com/index.php/eng/accueil/vente_de_turbines/turbine_tube. Accessed 16 Nov 2010
Drtina P, Sick M, Brandt R (1998) Numerical performance prediction for an entire Kaplan turbine. In: XIX IAHR symposium 1998, Singapore
Zarlenga BA (1995) Design considerations for a large Kaplan turbine governor. In: Proceeding of waterpower 1995, pp 1442–1451
Osterwalder J (1967) Model testing for Kaplan turbine design, including studies on efficiency scale effects. Water Power 19:113–116
Tomas L, Traversaz M, Sabourin M (2004) An approach for Kaplan turbine design, hydraulic machinery and systems. In: Proceedings of 22nd IAHR symposium on hydraulic machinery and systems, Stockholm, vol A2(1), pp 1–10
Xiao RF, Wang ZW (2007) Dynamic stress characteristics of Kaplan turbine blades. J Tsinghua Uni (Sci Tech) 47(11):2011–2014
Nilsson H, Davidson L (2000) A numerical comparison of operation in a Kaplan water turbine, focusing on tip clearance flow. In: Proceedings of the 20th IAHR symposium on hydraulic machinery and systems, Charlotte
Skotak A, Obrovsky J (2006) Shape optimization of a Kaplan turbine blade. In: Proceedings 23rd IAHR symposium, Yokohama
Demers A, H Do (1994) Hydraulic design of the Kaplan turbines for the Brisay Project in Canada. In: XVII IAHR symposium, Beijing
Mora P, Tomas L, Couston M, Leroy P (2007) Medium high head Kaplan turbine design: the Yellow River Long Kou project. Int J Hydropower Dams 14(5):134–137
Hydroelectric design center, Portland district, US Army Corps of Engineers. https://www.nwp.usace.army.mil/HDC/edu_genexcit.asp. Accessed 16 Nov 2010
Voith Hydro (10 Oct 2009) Pelton turbines. http://www.voithhydro.com/vh_e_prfmc_pwrful_prdcts_turbines_pelton.htm. Accessed 16 Nov 2010
Gode E, Cuenod R (1989) Numerical flow simulations in Francis turbines. Int Water Power Dam Constr 41:55
de Siervo F, de Leva F (1976) Modern trends in selecting and designing Francis turbines. Int Water Power Dam Constr 28:28–35
Blommaert G, Avellan F, Prenat JE, Boyer A (1999) Active control of Francis turbine operation stability. In: Proceedings of the 3rd ASME/JSME joint fluids engineering conference, San Francisco, 18–23 July 1999
Thierry J, Prenat J (1996) Eustache Francis turbine surge: discussion and data base. In: Proceedings of the 18th IAHR Symposium, Valencia, vol 2, pp 855–864, LMH-CONF-1996-014
Parkinson E (1995) Test case 8: Francis turbine. Turbomachinery workshop ERCOFTAC II
Mazzouji F, Francois M, Tomas L, Paquet F, Couston M, Vuillerod G (2004) Refinements in Francis turbine design. Int J Hydropower Dams 11(1):53–58
http://www.usbr.gov/power/data/fist/fist4_1a/4_1af5.htm. Accessed 16 Nov 2010
Voith-Siemens (2011) Francis turbines, Hydropower generation, Voith-Siemens, Heidenheim. http://www.voithhydro.com/media/t3339e_Francis_72dpi.pdf. Accessed 25 May 2011
Free Flow Power Corporation (2008) Hydrokinetics. http://www.free-flow-power.com/index.php?id=10. Accessed 15 June 2008
St.Onge Environmental Engineering (10 Oct 2009) Turbine selection. http://www.hydro-turbines.com/id73.html . Accessed 16 Nov 2010
Anagnostopoulos JS, Papantonis DE (2007) Optimal sizing of a run-of-river small hydropower plant. Energy Convers Manage 48:2663–2670
Gingold PR (1981) The optimum size of small run-of-river plants. Water Power Dam Construct 33(11):35–39
Fahlbush F (1983) Optimum capacity of a run-of-river plant. Water Power Dam Construct 35(3):45–48
Da Deppo L, Datei C, Fioretto V, Rinaldo A (1984) Capacity and type of units for small run-of-river plants. Water Power Dam Construct 36(10):33–38
Jager H, Bevelhimer M (2007) How run-of-river operation affects hydropower generation and value. Environ Manage 40:1004–1015
Kishor N, Saini RP, Singh SP (2007) A review on hydropower plant models and control. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev 11:776–796
Kennedy RH (1999) Reservoir design and operation: limnological implications and management opportunities. In: Tundisi J, Straskraba M (eds) Theoretical reservoir ecology and its applications. International Institute of Ecology, Brazilian Academy of Sciences, and Backhuys Publishers, Brazil, pp 1–28
Oliver P (2002) Micro-hydro power: status and prospects. J Power Energy 216(1):31–40
Fraenkel P, Paish O, Bokalders V, Harvey A, Brown A, Edwards R (1991) Micro-hydro power: a guide for development workers. IT Publications Ltd, London
Fulford S, Mosley P, Gill A (2000) Recommendations on the use of micro-hydro power in rural development. J Int Dev 12:975–983
Harvey A (1993) Micro-hydro design manual: a guide to small-scale water power schemes. Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd, London
Paish O (2002) Small hydro power: technology and current status. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev 6:537–556
Khennas S, Barnett A (2000) Best practices for sustainable development of micro-hydro in developing countries. ESMAP Technical Paper 006, IBRD, World Bank
Monition L, Le Nir M, Roux J (1984) Micro hydro-electric power stations. Wiley, Chichester
Fritz JJ (1984) Small and mini hydropower systems. McGraw Hill, New York
Jog MG (1989) Hydroelectric and pumped storage plants. New Age International India, New Delhi
Dragu C, Sels T, Belmans R (2002) Small hydro power–state of the art and applications. In: IEEE young researchers symposium in electrical power, Leuven
European Small Hydropower Association (2009) Small hydropower. European Renewable Energy Council. http://www.erec.org/renewableenergysources/small-hydropower.html. Accessed 10 Jan 2010
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (2001) Small hydropower system. US Department of Energy DOE/GO-102001-1173 FS217
Idaho National Laboratory (Oct 2009) Hydropower: types of hydropower facilities. http://hydropower.inel.gov/hydrofacts/hydropower_facilities.shtml
Jog MG (1989) Hydroelectric and pumped storage plants. Wiley, New Delhi
Anagnostopoulos JS, Papantonis DE (2007) Pumping station design for a pumped-storage wind-hydro power plant. Energy Convers Manage 48:3009–3017
Anagnostopoulos J, Papantonis DE (2004) Optimum sizing of a pumped-storage plant for the recovery of power rejected by wind farms. In: ERCOFTAC design optimization international conference, NTUA, Athens
Prasad GM, Narang JL, Singh S, Jain A (2007) An overview of 1000 MW Tehri pimped storage scheme (PSP). Water and Energy International 64(1). http://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:wei&volume=64&issue=1&article=066. Accessed 16 Nov 2010
Gil A, Buil JM (2006) The role of hydro and future pumped-storage plans in Spain. Int J Hydropower Dams 13(3):68–71
Hori M (1990) History and development of pumped-storage power systems. Kagaku Kogaku 54:709–712
Katsaprakakis DA, Christakis DG, Zervos A, Papantonis D, Voutsinas S (2007) Pumped storage systems introduction in isolated power production systems. Renewable Energy 33:467–490
Tietjen JS (2007) Pumped storage hydroelectricity. In: Capehart BL (ed) Encyclopedia of Energy Engineering and Technology. CRC, Boca Raton
Bradshaw DT (2000) Pumped hydroelectric storage (PHS) and compressed air energy storage (CAES). In: Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting, 2000 IEEE, pp 1551–1573
Mansoor SP, Jones DJ, Bradley DA, Aris FC, Jones GR (1999) Stability of a pump storage hydro-power station connected to a power system. In: Power Engineering Society 1999 Winter Meeting, IEEE 641: 646–650
Kim DJ (2005) Method for calculating turbine efficiency of pumped-storage power plant through thermodynamic method. (Doosan Heavy Industries & Construction Co., Ltd., S. Korea) Repub Korean Kongkae Taeho Kongbo, Patent No. 2005008887 A 20050124
Parker SA (1978) Power generation using thermal vapor pumping and hydro-pumped storage (Thermal Gradient Utilization Cycle) (TGUC). Energy Technol 5:786–795
Osadchuk VA, Landau YA, Potashnik SI, Chevychelov VA, Babushkin VM, Artyukh SF (2001) Prospects for development of pumped-storage power plants in the Ukraine. Energetika i Elektrifikatsiya (Kiev): 2–10
Parlane AJ, Whitley GHC (1981) Material selection for the penstocks of the dinorwic pumped storage power station. Mater Supply Energy Demand, Proc Int Conf: 487–513
Tennessee Valley Authority (10 Oct 2009) Hydroelectric power. www.tva.com/power/hydro.htm. Accessed 16 Nov 2010
Hydro Review Worldwide (2009) http://www.hydroworld.com/index.html. Accessed 16 Noc 2010
Fritz JJ (1984) Small and mini hydropower systems. McGraw Hill, New York
Rouse H (1943) Evaluation of boundary roughness. In: Proceedings second hydraulics conference, University of Iowa Studies in Engineering, Bulletin No. 27
von Kármán Th (1930) Mechanische aehnlichkeit und turbulenz. In: Oseen CW, Weibull W (eds) Proceeding of third international congress for applied mechanics, Stockholm, vol 1, pp 79–93
Colebrook CF, White CM (1937) Experiments with fluid-friction in roughened pipes. Proc R Soc Lond 161:367–381
Moody LF (1944) Friction factors for pipe flow. Trans ASME 66:671–678
European Small Hydropower Association (ESHA) (2004) Guide on how to develop a small hydropower plant. ESHA, Brussels
Kirschmer O (1925) Untersuchungen ueber den Gefaelleverlust an Rechen, Dissertation, Hydraulisches Inst. d. Techn. Hochschule Muenchen, Mitteilungen Heft 1
Brookshier PA, Cada GF, Flynn JV, Rinehart BN, Sale MJ, Sommers GL (1999) The use of advanced hydroelectric turbines to improve water quality and fish populations. Report No. ORNL/CP-103292
Brookshier PA, Cada GF, Flynn JV, Rinehart BN, Sale MJ, Sommers GL (1999) Advanced, environmentally friendly hydroelectric turbines for the restoration of fish and water quality. ESD Publication No. 4897
Bernez I, Haury J, Ferreira MT (2002) Downstream effects of a hydroelectric reservoir on aquatic plant assemblages. Sci World J 2:740–750
Cada GF, Kumar KD, Solomon JA, Hildebrand SG (1983) An analysis of dissolved oxygen concentrations in tail waters of hydroelectric dams and the implications for small-scale hydropower development. Water Resour Res 19:1043–1048
Devi R, Tesfahune E, Legesse W, Deboch B, Beyene A (2008) Assessment of siltation and nutrient enrichment of Gilgel Gibe dam, Southwest Ethiopia. Bioresour Technol 99:975–979
Nelson DA, Landine RC (1974) Water quality changes at a hydroelectric dam. Water Pollut Res Can 9:30–44
Coutant CC, Whitney RR (2000) Fish behavior in relation to passage through hydropower turbines. Trans Am Fish Soc 129(2):351–380
Mathur D, Heisey PG, Skalski JR, Kenney DR (2000) Salmonid smolt survival relative to turbine efficiency and entrainment depth in hydroelectric power generation. J Am Water Resour Assoc 36:737–747
Bickford SA, Skalski JR (2000) Reanalysis and interpretation of 25 years of Snake–Columbia River juvenile salmonid survival studies. N Am J Fish Manage 20:53–68
Cada GF (2001) The Development of advanced hydroelectric turbines to improve fish passage survival. Fisheries 26(9):14–23
Odeh M (1999) A summary of environmentally friendly turbine design concepts. Report No. DOE/ID/13741
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ghosh, T.K., Prelas, M.A. (2011). Hydropower. In: Energy Resources and Systems. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1402-1_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1402-1_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-007-1401-4
Online ISBN: 978-94-007-1402-1
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)