Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis Toxin Characterization and Use for Selection of Resistant Date Palm to Bayoud Disease

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Date Palm Biotechnology

Abstract

Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is the most economically important food crop in Moroccan oasean agricultural areas, contributing to preserving an arid ecosystem threatened by desertification. The bayoud disease, caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis (Foa), is incontestably the most serious disease affecting date palm in North Africa. The selection for resistance among date palm cultivars was the preferred way to control the disease. New performing cultivars were selected, mass propagated and distributed to farmers. The use of pathogen toxins in in vitro selection is an innovative approach for rapid screening for resistance to bayoud disease. This chapter gives an overview of recent knowledge about toxins and other substances produced by plant pathogenic fungi and their applications in in vitro and in vivo selection for resistance. Foa toxins contain fusaric acid and other toxic fractions. These fractions of toxins have some chemical and biological characteristics that differ from among other fractions isolated from other pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains of F. oxysporum. These toxins could be exploited for pre-selection of plants for resistance to bayoud among populations of plants originating from either irradiated tissue culture or conventional breeding programs.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Allen DJ, Lenne JM, Waller JM (1999) Pathogen biodiversity: its nature, characterization and consequences. In: Wood D, Lenne JM (eds.) Agrobiodiversity: characterization, utilization and management. CABI, Wallingford, pp 123–153

    Google Scholar 

  • Amraoui H, Sedra MH, Hamdaoui A (2004) Etude des sécrétions protéiques et enzymatiques du Fusarium oxysporum f. sp albedinis: agent causal de la fusariose vasculaire du palmier dattier. Al Awamia 109(110):47–62

    Google Scholar 

  • Amraoui H, Lazrek HB, Sedra MH et al (2005) Chromatographic characterization and phytotoxic activity of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis and saprophytic strain toxins. J Phytopathol 153:203–208

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bamburg JR, Strong FM (1971) 12,13-Epoxytrichothecenes. In: Kadis S, Ciegler A, Ajl S (eds.) Microbial toxins, vol 7. Academic, New York, pp 207–292

    Google Scholar 

  • Belanger RR, Bushnell WR, Dik AJ, Carver TLW (eds.) (2002) The powdery mildews. A comprehensive treatise. APS Press, St. Paul

    Google Scholar 

  • Bender CL, Stone HE, Sims JJ, Cooksey DA (1987) Reduced pathogen fitness of Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato Tn5 mutants defective in coronatine production. Phys Mol Plant Pathol 30:273–283

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett JW, Klich M (2003) Mycotoxins. Clin Microbiol Rev 16:497–516

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bhatt PN, Selvapandiyan A, Tedford E, Mehta AR (1988) Host specific toxin from Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. nicotianae. In: Abstract of paper 5th international congress of plant pathology, Kyoto, Japan, pp 1–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Borras O, Santos R, Matos AP et al (2001) A first attempt to use a Fusarium subglutinans culture filtrate for the selection of pineapple cultivars resistant to fusariose disease. Plant Breed 120:435–438

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bougerfaoui M, Abahmane L, Anjarne M, Sedra MH (2006) Utilisation de mutagenèse induite pour l’amélioration de la résistance aux toxines du bayoud chez le palmier dattier (Phœnix dactylifera L.). Conférence Régionale sur «Mutagenèse Induite et Biotechnologies d’Appui pour la Protection du Palmier Dattier Contre le Bayoud » projet AIEA-RAF/5/049 Alger, 17–18 Juin 2006

    Google Scholar 

  • Bouizgarne B, Brault M, Pennarun AM (2004) Electrophysiological responses to fusaric acid of root hairs from seedlings of date palm susceptible and resistant to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis. J Phytopathol 152:321–324

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bounaga N (1985) Contribution à l’étude de Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis (Killian et Maire) Gordon, agent causal de la fusariose du palmier dattier. Thèse d’état, Alger, Algeria

    Google Scholar 

  • Branchard M (1984) Application des vitro méthodes à la mise en œuvre de programme de sélections de plantes résistantes à la maladie. Agron 4:905–911

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brettell RIS, Ingram DS, Thomas E (1980) Selection of maize tissue cultures resistant to Helminthosporum maydis T-toxin. In: Ingram DS, Helgeson JP (eds.) Tissue culture methods for plant pathologists. Blackwell, Oxford, pp 233–237

    Google Scholar 

  • Brian PW, Elson GW, Hemming HG, Wright JM (1952) The phytotoxic proprieties of alternaric acid in relation to the etiology of plant diseases caused by Alternaria solani (Ell. & Mart.) Jones & Grout. Ann Appl Biol 39:308–321

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown DA, Hunger RM (1999) Regulation of in-vitro Ptr-toxin production by Pyrenophora tritici-repentis isolates by environmental parameters and accumulation of Ptr-toxin in culture over time. J Phytopathol 147:25–29

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown DW, Mc Comrick SP, Alexander NJ et al (2001) A genetic and biochemical approach to study trichothecene diversity in Fusarium sporotrichioides and Fusarium graminearum. Fung Gen Biol 32:121–133

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carlson PS (1973) Methionine sulfoximine-resistant mutant of tobacco. Science 180:1366–1368

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Casinovi CG (1972) Phytotoxins in plant diseases. Academic, London, 105

    Google Scholar 

  • Chawla HS, Wenzel G (1987) In vitro selection of barley and wheat for resistance against Helminthosporium sativum. Theor Appl Genet 74:841–845

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cherrab M (1989) Contribution à l’étude morphologique et biochimique de quelques formes spéciales de Fusarium oxysporum (Schlecht.). Doct. 3ème cycle, Faculty of science, University Cadi ayyad, Marrakech, Morocco

    Google Scholar 

  • Chung KR, Ehrenshaft M, Daub ME (2002) Functional expression and cellular localization of cercosporin-resistance proteins fused with the GFP in Cercospora nicotianae. Curr Genet 41:159–167

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Daly JM (1976) Role of phytotoxins in specificity: a contribution. In: Wood RKS, Graniti A (eds.) Specificity in plant diseases. Plenum Press, New York, pp 231–234

    Google Scholar 

  • Darakov OB (1995) Gametophyte selection of tomatoes for resistance to early blight disease. Sex Plant Reprod 8:95–98

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Daub ME (1984) A cell culture approach for the development of disease resistance: studies on the phytotoxin cercosporin. Hort Sci 19:382–387

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Daub ME, Ehrenshaft M (2000) The photoactivated Cercospora toxin cercosporin: contribution to plant disease and fundamental biology. Ann Rev Phytopathol 38:491–513

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Durbin RD (1981) Toxins in plant diseases. Academic, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • El Fakhouri R, Lazrek HB, Bahraoui E et al (1996a) Preliminary investigation on a phytotoxic peptide produced in vitro by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis. Phytopathol Mediterr 35:121–123

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • El Fakhouri R, Lotfi F, Sedra MH, Lazrek HB (1996b) Production et caractérisation chimique des toxines sécrétées par Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis, agent causal du bayoud. Al Awamia 93:81–92

    Google Scholar 

  • El Hadrami A, El Idrissi-Tourane A, El Hassni M et al (2005) Toxin-based in-vitro selection and its potential application to date palm for resistance to the bayoud Fusarium wilt. C R Biol 328:732–744

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • El Modafar C, Tantaoui A, El Boustani E (2000) Effet de l’acide Caféoylshikimique des racines du Palmier dattier sur L’activité et la Production des enzymes Hydrolytiques de Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis. J Phytopathol 1458:715–722

    Google Scholar 

  • Graniti A (1991) Phytotoxins and their involvement in plant diseases - introduction. Experientia 47:751–755

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamer JE, Holden DW (1997) Linking approaches in the study of fungal pathogenesis: a commentary. Fung Genet Biol 21:11–16

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hensel M, Holden DW (1996) Molecular genetic approaches for the study of virulence in both pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Microbiology 142:1049–1058

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hermann M, Zocher R, Haese A (1996) Enniatin production by Fusarium strains and its effect on Potato tissue. Appl Environ Microbiol 62:393–370

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodgkin T (1990) In vitro pollen selection in Brassica napus L. for resistance to phytotoxic compounds from Alternaria brassicicola (Schw.) wilts. Sex Plant Reprod 3:1–5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huang JS (2001) Plant pathogenesis and resistance biochemistry and physiology of plant-microbe interactions. Kluwer, Dordrecht

    Google Scholar 

  • Karr AL Jr, Karr DB, Strobel GA (1974) Isolation and partial characterization of four host-specific toxins of Helminthosporium maydis (race T). Plant Phys 53:250–257

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knogge W (1996) Molecular basis of specificity in host/fungus interactions. Eur J Plant Pathol 102:807–816

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kohmoto K, Scheffer RP, Whiteside JO (1979) Host-selective toxins from Alternaria citri. Phytopathology 69:667–671

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lebeda A, Luhova L, Sedlarova M, Jancova D (2001) The role of enzymes in plant-fungal pathogens interactions. J Plant Dis Protect 108:89–111

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lepoivre P (2003) Phytopathologie: bases moléculaires et biologiques des pathosystèmes et fondement des stratégies de lutte. De Boeck & Presses Agronomiques de Gembloux, Brussels

    Google Scholar 

  • Lousberg JJC, Salemink CA (1972) The chemistry of polysaccharide and glycopeptide phytotoxins. In: Wood RKS, Ballio A, Graniti A (eds.) Phytotoxins in plant diseases. Academic, London, pp 127–137

    Google Scholar 

  • Markham JE, Hille J (2001) Host-selective toxins as agents of cell death in plant-fungus interactions. Mol Plant Pathol 2:229–239

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matsumoto K, Barbosa ML, Souza LAC, Teixeira JB (1995) Race 1 Fusarium wilt tolerance on banana plants selected by fusaric acid. Euphy 84:67–71

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Megneneau B (1994) Etude de la sensibilité variétale du melon (Cucumis melo L) aux toxines du Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis en culture in vitro. Thése de Doctorat d’Université, Paris sud, centre d’Orsay. Paris, France

    Google Scholar 

  • Mepsted R, Flood J, Paul C et al (1995) A method for rapid selection and investigation of resistance mechanism in Fusarium wilt of oil palm. Plant Pathol 44:749–755

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mo YY, Gross DC (1991) Expression in vitro and during plant pathogenesis of the syrB gene required for syringomycin production by Pseudomonas syringae. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 4:28–36

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mokhlisse N (1987) Contribution à l’identification et à l’étude de la toxicité des différents constituants de la toxine sécrétée par le Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis. Thése de 3ême cycle, Faculty des Sciences-Semlalia, Marrakech, Morocco

    Google Scholar 

  • Mussel HW (1972) Phytotoxins in plant diseases. Academic, London, pp 443–445

    Google Scholar 

  • Nedelnik J, Repkova J (1998) Plant selection in vitro for resistance to some pathogens using secondary toxic metabolites. Czech J Genet Plant Breed 34:69–76

    Google Scholar 

  • Park SH, Stierle A, Strobel GA (1994) Metabolisme of Maculosin, a host-specific phytotoxine produced by Alternaria alternata on spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa). Phytochemistry 35:101–106

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pegg GE (1981) Biochemistry and physiology of pathogenesis. In: Mace ME, Bell AL (eds.) Fungal wilt diseases of plants. Academic, New York, pp 193–253

    Google Scholar 

  • Porter JK, Bacon WC, Wray EM, Winston MH Jr (1995) Fusaric acid in Fusarium moniliforme cultures, corn and fields toxic to livestock and the neurochemical effects in the brain and pineal gland of rats. Nat Toxins 3:91–100

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pringle RB, Scheffer RP (1963) Purification of the selective toxin of Periconia circinata. Phytopathology 53:785–787

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pringle RB, Scheffer RP (1964) Host-specific plant toxins. Ann Rev Phytopathol 2:133–156

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Remotti PC, Löffler HJM (1996) The involvement of fusaric acid in the bulb-rot of Gladiolus. J Phytopathol 144:405–411

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rudolph K (1976) Non-specific toxins. In: Heitefuss R, Williams PH (eds.) Physiological plant pathology, vol 4. Springer, Berlin, pp 279–315

    Google Scholar 

  • Sacristam MD (1982) Resistance response to Phoma lingam of plants regenerated from selected cell and embryogenic cultures of haploid Brassica napus. App Genet 61:193–200

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheffer RP (1976) Host-specific toxins in relation to pathogenesis and disease resistance. In: Heitefuss R, Williams PH (eds.) Physiological plant pathology, vol 4. Springer, Berlin, pp 247–269

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheffer RP, Pringle RB (1967) Pathogen-produced determinants of disease and their effects on host plants. In: Mirocha CJ, Uritani I (eds.) Dynamic role of molecular constituents in plant-parasite interaction. Bruce, St Paul, pp 217–236

    Google Scholar 

  • Sedra MyH (1993a) Caractérisation morphologique et culturale de Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis, agent de la fusariose vasculaire (bayoud) du palmier dattier. Al Awamia 83:209–222

    Google Scholar 

  • Sedra MyH (1993b) Remarques sur le pouvoir pathogène des isolats de Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis, agent de la fusariose vasculaire (bayoud) de palmier dattier. Al Awamia 83:223–240

    Google Scholar 

  • Sedra MyH (1995) Triage d’une collection de génotypes de palmier dattier pour la résistance au Bayoud causé par Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis. Al Awamia 90:9–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Sedra MyH (2003a) Le bayoud du palmier dattier en Afrique du Nord. FAO, RNE/SNEA-Tunis. Editions FAO sur la protection des plantes. Imprimerie Signes, Tunis, Tunisia

    Google Scholar 

  • Sedra MyH (2003b) Le palmier dattier base de la mise en valeur des oasis au Maroc. Techniques phoénicicoles et Création d’oasis. Edit. INRA Maroc, Imprimerie Al Watania-Marrakech Morocco

    Google Scholar 

  • Sedra MyH (2007a) New Morrocan varieties with good agricultural characters and promising to control the bayoud disease. In: Proceedings fourth symposium date palm. King Faisal University, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia

    Google Scholar 

  • Sedra MyH (2007b) Bayoud disease of date palm in North Africa: recent distribution and remarks about its characterization, diagnosis and origin. In: Proceedings fourth symposium date palm. King Faisal University, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia

    Google Scholar 

  • Sedra MyH (2008) Pathogenic and molecular characterization of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedenis strains, causal agent of the bayoud disease of date palm. In: 10th international Fusarium workshop and Fusarium genomics workshop 2008. Alghero, Sardinia, Italy, Aug 30 to Sept 2, 2008

    Google Scholar 

  • Sedra MyH (2010) Les nouvelles variétés du palmier dattier sélectionnées pour combattre le Bayoud. Packinfo 89:42–45. Juillet/Aôut 2010, Morocco

    Google Scholar 

  • Sedra MyH, Zhar N (2010) Genetic variability analysis of populations of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis, causal agent of bayoud disease of date palm and other Fusarium oxysporum using molecular techniques. (Proc. 4th Int Date Palm conference United Arab Emirates, Abu Dhabi). ACTA Hort 882:491–504

    Google Scholar 

  • Sedra MyH, El Fakhouri R, Lazrek HB (1993) Recherche d’une méthode fiable pour l’évaluation de l’effet des toxines secrétées par Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis sur le palmier dattier. Al Awamia 82:89–104

    Google Scholar 

  • Sedra MyH, El Fakhouri R, Lotfi F, Lazrek HB (1997) Activités des toxines secrétées par Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis, agent causal du bayoud du palmier dattier et d’autres formes spéciales du Fusarium oxysporum. Al Awamia 98:57–65

    Google Scholar 

  • Sedra MyH, Lazrek H, Lotfi F, Rochat H (1998) Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis toxin isolation and use for screening of date palm plants for resistance to the bayoud disesase. In: Proceedings of XXV International Horticultural Congress (IHC), 2–7 Aug 1998, Brussel, Belgium

    Google Scholar 

  • Sedra MyH, Laouane H, Lazrek HB (2002) Mise en évidence de la présence des toxines dans le filtrat de culture du Verticillium dahlia, agent causal de la verticilliose de l’olivier. Al Awamia 105:85–93

    Google Scholar 

  • Sedra MyH, Lazrek HB, Amraoui H, Nour S (2008) Pathogen toxins of bayoud disease on date palm: in vitro selection and biological and specificity activities. In: 10th international Fusarium workshop and Fusarium genomics workshop 2008. Alghero, Sardinia, Italy, Aug 30 to Sept 2, 2008

    Google Scholar 

  • Shahin EA, Spivey R (1986) A single dominant gene for Fusarium wilt resistance in protoplasts-derived tomato plants. Theor Appl Genet 73:164–169

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Soler-Rivas C, Arpin N, Olivier JM, Wichers HJ (1999) The effect of talaasin, the toxin produced by Pseudomonas talaasi, on tyrosinase activities and the induction of browning in Agaricus bisporus fruiting bodies. Phys Mol Plant Pathol 55:21–28

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spencer-Phillips PTN, Gisi U, Lebeda A (eds.) (2002) Advances in downy mildew research. Kluwer, Dordrecht

    Google Scholar 

  • Surico G, Graniti A (1977) Produzione di tossine da Fusarium oxysporum Schl. f. sp. albedinis. Phytopathol Mediterr 16:30–33

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sutherland ML, Pegg GF (1995) Purification of a toxin from Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici race 1. Phys Mol Plant Pathol 46:243–254

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Svabova L, Lebeda A (2005) In vitro selection for improved plant resistance to toxin-producing pathogens. J Phytopathol 153:52–64

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takken FLW, Joosten MHAJ (2000) Plant resistance genes: their structure, function and evolution. Eur J Plant Pathol 106:699–713

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tantaoui A, Boisson C (1991) Compatibilité végétative d’isolats du Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis et des Fusarium oxysporum de la rhizosphère du palmier dattier et des sols de palmeraies. Phytopathol Mediterr 30:155–163

    Google Scholar 

  • Tantaoui A, Fernandez D (1993) Comparaison entre Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis et Fusarium oxysporum des sols de palmeraies par l’étude du polymorphisme de longueur des fragments de restriction (RFLP). Phytopathol Mediterr 32:235–244

    Google Scholar 

  • Tantaoui A, Ouinten M, Geiger JP, Fernandez D (1996) Characterization of a single clonal lineage of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis causing bayoud disease of date palm in Morocco. Phytopathology 86:787–792

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walton JD (1996) Host-selective toxins: agents of compatibility. Plant Cell 8:1723–1733

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walton JD, Panaccione DG (1993) Host-selective toxins and disease specificity: perspectives and progress. Annu Rev Phytopathol 31:275–303

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang H, Li J, Bostock RM, Gilchrist DG (1996) Apoptosis-a functional paradigm for programmed plait cell death induced by host-selective phytoxin and invoked during developement. Plant Cell 8:375–391

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wenzel G, Foroughi-Wehr B (1990) Progeny tests of barley, wheat, and potato regenerated from cell cultures after in vitro selection for disease resistance. Theor Appl Genet 80:359–365

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wolpert TJ, Navarre DA, Moore DL, Macko V (1994) Identification of the 100-KD victorin bin­ding protein from oats. Plant Cell 6:1145–1155

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolpert JT, Dunkle LD, Ciuffetti LM (2002) Host-selective toxins and avirulence determinants: what’s in a name? Annu Rev Phytopathol 40:251–285

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoder OC (1980) Toxins in pathogenesis. Annu Rev Phytopathol 18:103–129

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This research was partly supported by Maghreban Project AIEA/RAF/5/049, AOAD Regional Project on Bayoud (2004–8) and PRAD 02–11. Our thanks are also due to individuals in the laboratories at Regional Centre of Agronomic Research of Marrakech, Morocco (INRA, National Institute of Agronomic Research) and at Faculties of Sciences (University of Cadi Ayad, Marrakech), as well as to students and trained staff.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratoire de Phytopathologie, Génétique et de Lutte Intégrée, Centre Régional de Marrakech, Institut National de Recherche Agronomique (INRA), 533, Ménara, 40000, Marrakech, Morocco

    MyH. Sedra

  2. Laboratoire de chimie bio-organique, Département de Chimie, Faculté des sciences Sémlalia, Université Cadi Ayyad, Boulevard Moulay Abdellah B.P S 15, Marrakech, Morocco

    B. H. Lazrek

Authors
  1. MyH. Sedra
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. B. H. Lazrek
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to MyH. Sedra .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. , Department of Applied Biology, University of Helsinki, Latokartanonkaari 5, Helsinki, 00014, Finland

    Shri Mohan Jain

  2. , Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, King Faisal University, Al-Hassa, 31982, Saudi Arabia

    Jameel M. Al-Khayri

  3. Middlebrook Ave 3726, Cincinnati, 45208, Ohio, USA

    Dennis V. Johnson

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Sedra, M., Lazrek, B.H. (2011). Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis Toxin Characterization and Use for Selection of Resistant Date Palm to Bayoud Disease. In: Jain, S., Al-Khayri, J., Johnson, D. (eds) Date Palm Biotechnology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1318-5_13

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation