Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to present a tutorial and recent advances on the Earth’s inner magnetosphere, which includes the plasmasphere, warm plasma, ring current, and radiation belts. Recent analysis and modeling efforts have revealed the detailed structure and dynamics of the inner magnetosphere. It has been clearly recognized that elementary processes can affect and be affected by each other. From this sense, the following two different approaches enable us to fully understand the inner magnetosphere and magnetic storms. The first is to investigate its elementary processes, which would include the transport of single particles, interaction between particles and waves, and collisions. The other approach is to integrate the elementary processes in terms of cross energy and cross region couplings. Multi-satellite observations along with ground-network observations and comprehensive simulations are one of the promising avenues to incorporate the two approaches and treat the inner magnetosphere as a non-linear, compound system.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abel B, Thorne RM (1998a) Electron scattering loss in the Earth’s inner magnetosphere, 1. Dominant physical processes. J Geophys Res 103:2385–2396
Abel B, Thorne RM (1998b) Electron scattering loss in the Earth’s inner magnetosphere, 2. Sensitivity to model parameters. J Geophys Res 103:2397–2407
Abel B, Thorne RM, Vampola AL (1994) Solar cycle behavior of trapped energetic electrons in Earth’s radiation belt. J Geophys Res 99:19427–19431
Abe T, Watanabe S, Whalen BA, Yau AW, Sagawa E (1996) Observations of polar wind and thermal ion outflow by Akebono/SMS. J Geomagn Geoelectr 48:319–325
Aggson TL, Heppner JP, Maynard NC (1983) Observations of large magnetospheric electric fields during the onset phase of a substorm. J Geophys Res 88:3981–3990
Akasofu S-I, Chapman S (1964) On the asymmetric development of magnetic storm fields in low and middle latitudes. Planet Space Sci 12:607–626
Albert JM (1994) Quasi-linear pitch angle diffusion coefficients: Retaining high harmonics. J Geophys Res 99:23741–23745
Albert JM (1999) Analysis of quasi-linear diffusion coefficients. J Geophys Res 104:2429–2441
Albert JM (2000) Pitch angle diffusion as seen by CRRES. Adv Space Res 12:2343–2346
Albert JM (2003) Evolution of quasi-linear diffusion coefficients for EMIC waves in a multispecies plasma. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2002JA009792
Albert JM, Ginet G, Gussenhoven M (1998) CRRES observations of radiation belt protons 1. Data overview and steady state radial diffusion. J Geophys Res 103:9261–9273
Albert JM, Meredith NP, Horne RB (2009) Three‐dimensional diffusion simulation of outer radiation belt electrons during the 9 October 1990 magnetic storm. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2009JA014336
Anderson BJ, Fuselier SA (1994) Response of thermal ions to electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves. J Geophys Res 99:19413–19425
Anderson BJ, Erlandson RE, Zanetti LJ (1992) A statistical study of pc 1–2 magnetic pulsations in the equatorial magnetosphere, 1. Equatorial occurrence distributions. J Geophys Res 97:3075–3088
Anderson PC, Hanson WB, Heelis RA, Craven JD, Baker DN, Frank LA (1993) A proposed production model of rapid subauroral ion drifts and their relationship to substorm evolution. J Geophys Res 98:6069–6078
Anderson PC, Carpenter DL, Tsuruda K, Mukai T, Rich FJ (2001) Multisatellite observations of rapid subauroral ion drifts (SAID). J Geophys Res 106:29585–29599. doi:10.1029/2001JA000128
Anderson PC, Johnston WR, Goldstein J (2008) Observations of the ionospheric projection of the plasmapause. Geophys Res Lett. doi:10.1029/2008GL033978
Baker DN, Blake JB, Klebesadel RW, Higbie PR (1986) Highly relativistic electrons in the Earth’s outer magnetosphere, 1. Lifetimes and temporal history 1979–1984. J Geophys Res 91:4265–4276
Baker DN, Pulkkinen T, Li X, Kanekal S, Blake JB, Selesnick RS, Henderson MG, Reeves GD, Spence HE, Rostoker G (1998a) Coronal mass ejection, magnetic clouds, and relativistic electron events: ISTP. J Geophys Res 103:17279–17291
Baker DN, Pulkkinen TI, Li X, Kanekal SG, Ogilivie KW, Lepping RP, Blake JB, Callis LB, Rostoker G, Singer HJ, Reeves GD (1998b) A strong CME-related magnetic cloud interaction with the Earth’s magnetosphere: ISTP observations of rapid relativistic electron acceleration on May 15:1997. Geophys Res Lett 25:2975–2978
Baker DN, Kanekal SG, Pulkkinen TI, Blake JB (1999) Equinoctial and solstitial averages of magnetospheric relativistic electrons: a strong semiannual modulation. Geophys Res Lett 26:3163–3196
Baker DN, Kanekal SG, Li X, Monk SP, Goldstein J, Burch JL (2004) An extreme distortion of the Van Allen belt arising from the "Halloween" solar storm in 2003. Nature 432:878–881
Baker DN, Kanekal SG (2008) Solar cycle changes, geomagnetic variations, and energetic particle properties in the inner magnetosphere. J Atmos Solar-Terr Phys 70:195–206
Barnett CF (1990) Atomic data for fusion, vol I, Collisions of H, H2, He and Li atoms and ions with atoms and molecules. Technical Report ORNL–6086/VI, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN
Baumgardner J, Wroten J, Semeter J, Kozyra J, Buonsanto M, Erickson P, Mendillo M (2007) A very bright SAR arc: implications for extreme magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling. Ann Geophys 25:2593–2608
Baumjohann W, Haerendel G (1985) Magnetospheric convection observed between 0600 and 2100 LT: solar wind and IMF dependence. J Geophys Res 90:6370–6378
Baumjohann W, Paschmann G, Cattell CA (1989) Average plasma properties in the central plasma sheet. J Geophys Res 94:6597
Beutier T, Boscher D, France M (1995) SALAMMBO: a three-dimensional simulation of the proton radiation belt. J Geophys Res 100:17181–17188
Birn J, Thomsen MF, Borovsky JE, Reeves GD, McComas DJ, Belian RD (1997a) Characteristic plasma properties during dispersionless substorm injections at geosynchronous orbit. J Geophys Res 102:2309–2324
Birn J, Thomsen MF, Borovsky JE, Reeves GD, McComas DJ, Belian RD, Hesse M (1997b) Substorm ion injections: geosynchronous observations and test particle orbits in three-dimensional dynamic MHD fields. J Geophys Res 102:2325–2341
Blake JB, Baker DN, Turner N, Ogilvie KW, Lepping RP (1997) Correlation of changes in the outer zone relativistic electron population with upstream solar wind and magnetic field measurements. Geophys Res Lett 24:927–929
Blake JB, Kolasinski WA, Fillius RW, Mullen EG (1992) Injection of electrons and protons with energies of tens of MeV into L < 3 on 24 March 1991. Geophys Res Lett 19:821–824
Borovsky JE, Denton MH (2006) Differences between CME-driven storms and CIR-driven storms. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2005JA011447
Borovsky JE, Denton MH (2008) A statistical look at plasmaspheric drainage plumes. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2007JA012994
Borovsky JE, Denton MH (2009) Relativistic-electron dropouts and recovery: a superposed epoch study of the magnetosphere and the solar wind. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2008JA013128
Borovsky JE, Thomsen MF, McComas DJ (1997) The superdense plasma sheet: Plasmaspheric origin, solar wind origin or ionospheric origin? J Geophys Res 102:22089–22097
Borovsky JE, Thomsen MF, Elphic RC (1998) The driving of the plasma sheet by the solar wind. J Geophys Res 103:17617–17639
Borovsky JE, Lavraud B, Kuznetsova MM (2009) Polar cap potential saturation, dayside reconnection, and changes to the magnetosphere. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2009JA014058
Bortnik J, Thorne RM (2007) The dual role of ELF/VLF chorus waves in the acceleration and precipitation of radiation belt electrons. J Atmos Solar-Terr Phys 69:378–376
Bortnik J, Inan US, Bell TF (2006a) Temporal signatures of radiation belt electron precipitation induced by lightning-generated MR whistler waves: 1. Methodology. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2005JA01182
Bortnik J, Inan US, Bell TF (2006b) Temporal signatures of radiation belt electron precipitation induced by lightning-generated MR whistler waves: 2. Global signatures. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2005JA011398
Bortnik J, Thorne RM, O’Brien TO, Green JC, Strangeway RJ, Shprits YY, Baker DN (2006c) Observation of two distinct rapid loss-mechanisms during the November 20:2003 radiation belt dropout event. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2006JA011802
Bortnik J, Thorne RM, Meredith NP (2007) Modeling the propagation characteristics of chorus using CRRES suprathermal electron fluxes. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2006JA012237
Bortnik J, Thorne RM, Inan US (2008) Nonlinear interaction of energetic electrons with large amplitude chorus. Geophys Res Lett. doi:10.1029/2008GL035500
Brandt PC, Mitchell DG, Ebihara Y, Sandel BR, Roelof EC, Burch JL, Demajistre R (2002a) Global IMAGE/HENA observations of the ring current: Examples of rapid response to IMF and ring current-plasmasphere interaction. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2001JA000084
Brandt PC, Ohtani S, Mitchell DG, Fok M-C, Roelof EC, Demajistre R (2002b) Global ENA observations of the storm mainphase ring current: Implications for skewed electric fields in the inner magnetosphere. Geophys Res Lett. doi:10.1029/2002GL015160
Brandt PC, Roelof EC, Ohtani S, Mitchell DG, Anderson B (2004) IMAGE/HENA: pressure and current distributions during the 1 October 2002 storm. Adv Space Res 33. Streamers, slow solar wind, and the dynamics of the magnetosphere, pp 719–722
Brandt PC, Zheng Y, Sotirelis TS, Oksavik K, Rich FJ (2008) The linkage between the ring current and the ionosphere system. In: Kintner PM, Coster AJ, Fuller-Rowell T, Mannucci AJ, Mendillo M, Heelis R (eds) Midlatitude ionospheric dynamics and disturbances. Geophysical monograph series, vol 181. AGU, Washington, DC, pp 135–143
Breneman AW, Kletzing CA, Pickett J, Chum J, Santolik O (2009) Statistics of multispacecraft observations of chorus dispersion and source location. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2008JA013549
Brice NM (1967) Bulk Motion of the Magnetosphere. J Geophys Res 72:5193–5211
Burch JL et al (2001) Views of the Earth’s magnetosphere with the IMAGE satellite. Science 291:619
Burch JL, Goldstein J, Sandel BR (2004) Cause of plasmasphere corotation lag. Geophys Res Lett. doi:10.1029/2003GL019164
Burke WJ, Gentile LC, Huang CY (2007) Penetration electric fields driving main phase Dst. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2006JA012137
Büchner J, Zelenyi L (1989) Regular and chaotic charged particle motion in magnetotaillike field reversals, 1. Basic theory of trapped motion. J Geophys Res 94:11821–11842
Cahill LJ (1966) Inflation of the inner magnetosphere during a magnetic storm. J Geophys Res 71:4505–4519
Carpenter DL (1963) Whistler evidence of a ‘knee’ in the magnetospheric ionization density profile. J Geophys Res 68:1675–1682
Carpenter DL (1966) Whistler studies of the plasmapause in the magnetosphere 1. Temporal variations in the position of the knee and some evidence on plasma motions near the knee. J Geophys Res 71:693–709
Carpenter DL, Anderson RR (1992) An ISEE/whistler model of equatorial electron density in the magnetosphere. J Geophys Res 97:1097–1108
Carpenter DL, Lemaire J (1997) Erosion and recovery of the plasmasphere in the plasmapause region. Space Sci Rev 80:153–179
Carpenter DL, Lemaire J (2004) The plasmasphere boundary layer. Ann Geophys 22:4291–4298
Carpenter DL, Anderson RR, Calvert W, Moldwin MB (2000) CRRES observations of density cavities inside the plasmasphere. J Geophys Res 105:23323–23338
Chappell CR (1972) Recent satellite measurements of the morphology and dynamics of the plasmasphere. Rev Geophys 10:951–979
Chappell CR (1974) Detached plasma regions in the magnetosphere. J Geophys Res 79:1861–1870
Chappell CR, Harris KK, Sharp GW (1970) A study of the influence of magnetic activity on the location of the plasmapause as measured by OGO 5. J Geophys Res 75:50–56
Chappell CR, Olsen RC, Green JL, Johnson JFE, Waite JH Jr (1982) The discovery of nitrogen ions in the Earth’s magnetosphere. Geophys Res Lett 9:937–940
Chappell CR, Huddleston MM, Moore TE, Giles BL, Delcourt DC (2008) Observations of the warm plasma cloak and an explanation of its formation in the magnetosphere. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2007JA012945
Chapman S, Ferraro VCA (1933) A new theory of magnetic storms. Terr Magn Atmos Electr 38:79–96
Chen AJ, Grebowsky JM (1974) Plasma tail interpretations of pronounced detached plasma regions measured by Ogo 5. J Geophys Res 79:3851–3855
Chen L, Hasegawa A (1974) A theory of long-period magnetic pulsations: Impulse excitation of surface eigenmode. J Geophys Res 79:1033–1037
Chen M, Lyons L, Schulz M (1994) Simulations of phase space distributions of storm time proton ring current. J Geophys Res 99:5745–5759
Chen Y, Friedel RHW, Reeves GD (2006) Phase space density distributions of energetic electrons in the outer radiation belt during two Geospace Environment Modeling Inner Magnetosphere/Storms selected storms. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2006JA011703
Chen Y, Reeves GD, Friedel RHW (2007) The energization of relativistic electrons in the outer Van Allen radiation belt. Nat Phys. doi:10.1038/nphys655
Chen L, Thorne RM, Horne RB (2009) Simulation of EMIC wave excitation in a model magnetosphere including structured high-density plumes. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2009JA014204
Christon SP, Desai MI, Eastman TE, Gloeckler G, Kokubun S, Lui ATY, McEntire RW, Roelof EC, Williams DJ (2000) Low-charge-state heavy ions upstream of Earth’s bow shock and sunward flux of ionospheric O+1, N+1, and O+2 ions: geotail observations. Geophys Res Lett 27:2433–2436
Cladis JB, Francis WE (1992) Distribution in magnetotail of O+ ions from cusp/cleft ionosphere: a possible substorm trigger. J Geophys Res 97:123–130
Claudepierre SG, Elkington SR, Wiltberger M (2008) Solar wind driving of magnetospheric ULF waves: Pulsations driven by velocity shear at the magnetopause. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2007JA012890
Clauer CR, McPherron RL (1980) The relative importance of the interplanetary electric field and magnetospheric substorms on partial ring current development. J Geophys Res 85:6747–6759
Cole KD (1965) Stable auroral red arcs, Sinks for energy of Dst main phase. J Geophys Res 70:1689–1706
Collin HL, Quinn JM, Cladis JB (1993) An empirical static model of low energy ring current ions. Geophys Res Lett. 20:141–144
Comfort RH, Horwitz JL (1981) Low energy ion pitch angle distributions observed on the dayside at geosynchronous altitudes. J Geophys Res 86:1621–1627
Cornwall JM (1977) On the role of charge exchange in generating unstable waves in the ring current. J Geophys Res 82:1188–1196
Cornwall JM, Coroniti FV, Thorne RM (1970) Turbulent loss of ring current protons. J Geophys Res 75:4699–4709
Craven JD, Frank LA, Ackerson KL (1982) Global observations of a SAR arc. Geophys Res Lett 9:961–964
Daglis IA, Axford WI (1996) Fast ionospheric response to enhanced activity in geospace: ion feeding of the inner magnetotail. J Geophys Res 101:5047–5065
Daglis IA, Sarris ET, Wilken B (1993) AMPTE/CCE CHEM observations of the ion population at geosynchronous altitudes. Ann Geophys 11:685
Daglis IA, Kasotakis G, Sarris ET, Kamide Y, Livi S, Wilken B (1999) Variations of the ion composition during an intense magnetic storm and their consequences. Phys Chem Earth 24:229–232
Daglis IA, Kamide Y, Monikis C, Reeves GD, Sarris ET, Shiokawa K, Wilken B (2000) ‘Fine structure’ of the storm-substorm relationship: ion injections during DST decrease. Adv Space Res 25:2369–2372
Darrouzet, F, Décréau PME, De Keyser J, Masson A, Gallagher DL, Santolik O, Sandel BR, Trotignon JG, Rauch JL, Le Guirriec E, Canu P, Sedgemore F, André M, Lemaire JF (2004) Density structures inside the plasmasphere: Cluster observations. Ann Geophys 22:2577–2585
De Benedetti J, Milillo A, Orsini S, Mura A, De Angelis E, Daglis IA (2005) Empirical model of the inner magnetosphere H+ pitch angle distributions. In: Pulkkinen TI, Tsyganenko NA, Friedel RHW (eds) The inner magnetosphere: physics and modeling. Geophysical monograph series, vol 38. AGU, Washington, DC, pp 283–291
DeForest SE, McIlwain CE (1971) Plasma clouds in the magnetosphere. J Geophys Res 76:3587
Degeling AW, Ozeke LG, Rankin R, Mann IR, Kabin K (2008) Drift resonance generation of peaked relativistic electron distributions by Pc5 ULF waves. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2007JA012411
Delcourt D, Sauvaud J-A, Martin R Jr, Moore T (1996) On the nonadiabatic precipitation of ions from the near-Earth plasma sheet. J Geophys Res 101:17409–17418
De Michelis P, Daglis IA, Consolini G (1997) Average terrestrial ring current derived from AMPTE/CCE–CHEM measurements. J Geophys Res 102:14103–14111
De Michelis P, Daglis IA, Consolini G (1999) An average image of proton plasma pressure and of current systems in the equatorial plane derived from AMPTE/CCE-CHEM measurements. J Geophys Res 104:28615–28624
Denton MH, Borovsky JE (2008) Superposed epoch analysis of high-speed-stream effects at geosynchronous orbit: hot plasma, cold plasma, and the solar wind. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2007JA012998
Denton RE, Goldstein J, Menietti JD (2002) Field line dependence of magnetospheric electron density. Geophys Res Lett. doi:10.1029/2002GL015963
Denton MH, Borovsky JE, Skoug RM, Thomsen MF, Lavraud B, Henderson MG, McPherron RL, Zhang JC, Liemohn MW (2006) Geomagnetic storms driven by ICME- and CIR-dominated solar wind. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2005JA011436
Denton RE, Décréau P, Engebretson MJ, Darrouzet F, Posch JL, Mouikis C, Kistler LM, Cattell CA, Takahashi K, Schäfer S, Goldstein J (2009) Field line distribution of density at L = 4.8 inferred from observations by CLUSTER. Ann Geophys 27:705–724.
Dessler AJ, Parker EN (1959) Hydromagnetic theory of geomagnetic storms. J Geophys Res 64:2239–2252.
Dessler AJ, Karplus R (1961) Some effects of diamagnetic ring currents on Van Allen radiation. J Geophys Res 66:2289–2295
Dungey JW (1961) Interplanetary magnetic field and the auroral zones. Phys Rev Lett 6:47–48
Ebihara Y, Ejiri M (1998) Modeling of solar wind control of the ring current buildup: A case study of the magnetic storms in April 1997. Geophys Res Lett 25:3751–3754
Ebihara Y, Ejiri M (2000) Simulation study on fundamental properties of the storm-time ring current. J Geophys Res 105:15843–15859
Ebihara Y, Ejiri M (2003) Numerical simulation of the ring current: review. Space Sci Rev 105:377–452
Ebihara Y, Fok M-C (2004) Postmidnight storm–time enhancements of tens-of-keV proton flux. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2004JA010523
Ebihara Y, Yamauchi M, Nilsson H, Lundin R, Ejiri M (2001) Wedge-like dispersion of sub-keV ions in the dayside magnetosphere: particle simulation and Viking observation. J Geophys Res 106:29571–29584
Ebihara Y, Ejiri M, Nilsson H, Sandahl I, Milillo A, Grande M, Fennell JF, Roeder JL (2002) Statistical distribution of the storm–time proton ring current: POLAR measurements. Geophys Res Lett. doi:10.1029/2002GL015430
Ebihara Y, Ejiri M, Sandahl I, Nilsson H, Grande M, Fennell JF, Roeder JL, Ganushkina N Yu, Milillo A (2004a) Structure and dynamics on the proton energy density in the inner magnetosphere. Adv Space Res 33:711–718
Ebihara Y, Fok M-C, Wolf RA, Immel TJ, Moore TE (2004b) Influence of ionosphere conductivity on the ring current. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2003JA010351
Ebihara Y, Fok M-C, Sazykin S, Thomsen MF, Hairston MR, Evans DS, Rich FJ, Ejiri M (2005a) Ring current and the magnetosphere–ionosphere coupling during the super storm of 20 November 2003. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2004JA010924
Ebihara Y, Fok M-C, Wolf RA, Thomsen MF, Moore TE (2005b) Nonlinear impact of the plasma sheet density on the ring current. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2004JA010435
Ebihara Y, Yamada M, Watanabe S, Ejiri M (2006) Fate of outflowing suprathermal oxygen ions that originate in the polar ionosphere. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2005JA011403
Ebihara Y, Fok M-C, Blake JB, Fennell JF (2008a) Magnetic coupling of the ring current and the radiation belt. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2008JA013267
Ebihara Y, Kistler LM, Eliasson L (2008b) Imaging cold ions in the plasma sheet from the Equator-S satellite. J Geophys Res Lett. doi:10.1029/2008GL034357
Ebihara Y, Nishitani N, Kikuchi T, Ogawa T, Hosokawa K, Fok M-C (2008c) Two-dimensional observations of overshielding during a magnetic storm by the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) Hokkaido radar. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2007JA012641
Ebihara Y, Kasahara S, Seki K, Miyoshi Y, Fritz TA, Chen J, Grande M, Zurbuchen TH (2009a) Simultaneous entry of oxygen ions originating from the Sun and Earth into the inner magnetosphere during magnetic storms. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2009JA014120
Ebihara Y, Nishitani N, Kikuchi T, Ogawa T, Hosokawa K, Fok M-C, Thomsen MF (2009b) Dynamical property of storm time subauroral rapid flows as a manifestation of complex structures of the plasma pressure in the inner magnetosphere. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2008JA013614
Ejiri M (1978) Trajectory traces of charged particles in the magnetosphere. J Geophys Res 83:4798–4810
Ejiri M (1981) Shielding of the magnetospheric convection electric field and energetic charged particle penetrations towards the Earth. In: Magnetospheric Dynamics, Proceedings of the 1980 ISAS Symposium on Magneto-Ionosphere. Institute of Space and Aeronautical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, p. 113
Ejiri M, Hoffman RA, Smith PH (1980) Energetic particle penetrations into the inner magnetosphere. J Geophys Res 85(A2):653–663
Elkington SR (2006) A review of ULF interactions with radiation belt electrons. In: Takahashi K, Chi PJ, Denton RE, Lysak RL (eds) Magnetospheric ULF waves: synthesis and new directions. AGU, Washington, DC, pp 177–193
Elkington SR, Hudson MK, Chan AA (1999) Acceleration of relativistic electrons via drift-resonant interaction with toroidal-mode Pc-5 ULF oscillations. Geophys Res Lett 26:3273–3276
Elkington SR, Hudson MK, Chan AA (2003) Resonant acceleration and diffusion of outer zone electrons in an asymmetric geomagnetic field. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2001JA009202
Elphic RC, Weiss LA, Thomsen MF, McComas DJ, Moldwin MB (1996) Evolution of plasmaspheric ions at geosynchronous orbit during times of high geomagnetic activity. Geophys Res Lett 23:2189–2192
Elphic RC, Thomsen MF, Borovsky JE (1997) The fate of the outer plasmasphere. Geophys Res Lett 24:365–368
Engebretson MJ et al (2007) Cluster observations of Pc 1-2 waves and associated ion distributions during the October and November 2003 magnetic storms. Planet Space Sci 55:829–848
Erickson GM, Spiro RW, Wolf RA (1991) The physics of the Harang discontinuity. J Geophys Res 96:1633–1645
Farrugia CJ, Young DT, Geiss J, Balsiger H (1989) The composition, temperature, and density structure of cold ions in the quiet terrestrial plasmasphere: GEOS 1 results. J Geophys Res 94:11865–11891
Fejer BG, Gonzales CA, Farley DT, Kelley MC, Woodman RF (1979) Equatorial electric fields during magnetically disturbed conditions, 1. The effect of the interplanetary magnetic field. J Geophys Res 84:5797–5802
Fennell JF, Croley DR Jr, Kaye SM (1981) Low-energy ion pitch angle distribution in the magnetosphere: ion zipper distributions. J Geophys Res 86:3375
Fennell JF, Roeder JL (2008) Storm time phase space density radial profiles of energetic electrons for small and large K values: SCATHA results. J Atmos Solar-Terr Phys 70:1760–1773
Foat JE, Lin RP, Smith DM, Fenrich F, Millan R, Roth I, Lorentzen KR, McCarthy MP, Parks GK, Treilhou JP (1995) First detection of a terrestrial MeV X-ray burst. Geophys Res Lett 25:4109–4112
Fok M-C, Kozyra JU, Nagy A, Cravens T (1991) Lifetime of ring current particles due to coulomb collisions in the plasmasphere. J Geophys Res 96:7861–7867
Fok M-C, Moore TE, Kozyra JU, Ho GC, Hamilton DC (1995) Three-dimensional ring current decay model. J Geophys Res 100:9619–9632
Fok M-C, Moore TE, Greenspan ME (1996) Ring current development during storm main phase. J Geophys Res 101:15311–15322
Fok M-C, Moore TE, Delcourt DC (1999) Modeling of inner plasma sheet and ring current during substorms. J Geophys Res 104:14557–14569
Fok M-C, Wolf RA, Spiro RW, Moore TE (2001) Comprehensive computational model of Earth’s ring current. J Geophys Res 106:8417–8424
Fok M-C, Horne RB, Meredith NP, Glauert SA (2008) Radiation Belt Environment model: application to space weather nowcasting. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2007JA012558
Foster JC, Vo HB (2002) Average characteristics and activity dependence of the subauroral polarization stream. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2002JA009409
Foster JC, Coster AJ, Erickson PJ, Rich FJ, Sandel BR (2004a) Stormtime observations of the flux of plasmaspheric ions to the dayside cusp/magnetopause. Geophys Res Lett. doi:10.1029/2004GL020082
Foster JC, Erickson PJ, Lind FD, Rideout W (2004b) Millstone Hill coherent-scatter radar observations of electric field variability in the sub-auroral polarization stream. Geophys Res Lett. doi:10.1029/2004GL021271
Frahm RA, Reiff PH, Winningham JD, Burch JL (1986) Banded ion morphology: main and recovery storm phases. In: Chang T et al (eds) Ion acceleration in the magnetosphere and ionosphere. Geophysical monograph series, vol 38. AGU, Washington, DC, pp 98–107
Frank LA (1967) On the extraterrestrial ring current during geomagnetic storms. J Geophys Res 72:3753–3767
Freeman JW Jr (1969) Magnetospheric wind. Science 63:1061–1062
Friedel RHW, Korth A, Kremser G (1996) Substorm onsets observed by CRRES: Determination of energetic particle source regions. J Geophys Res 101:13137–13154
Friedel RH, Reeves GD, Obara T (2002) Relativistic electron dynamics in the inner magnetosphere – a review. J Atmos Solar-Terr Phys 64:265–282
Fritz TA, Chen J, Siscoe GL (2003) Energetic ions, large diamagnetic cavities, and Chapman-Ferraro cusp. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2002JA009476
Fujimoto M, Nishida A (1990) Energization and anisotropization of energetic electrons in the Earth’s radiation belt by the recirculation process. J Geophys Res 95:4265–4270
Fujimoto M, Terasawa T, Mukai T, Saito T, Yamamoto T, Kokubun S (1998) Plasma entry from the flanks of the near-Earth magnetotail: geotail observations. J Geophys Res 103:4391–4408
Fung SF, Shao X, Tan LC (2006) Long-term variations of the electron slot region and global radiation belt structure. Geophys Res Lett. doi:10.1029/2005GL024891
Fuselier SA, Gary SP, Thomsen MF, Claflin ES, Hubert B, Sandel BR, Immel T (2004) Generation of transient dayside subauroral proton precipitation. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2004JA010393
Galand M, Fuller-Rowell TJ, Codrescu MV (2001) Response of the upper atmosphere to auroral protons. J Geophys Res 106:127–139
Galand M, Richmond AD (2001) Ionospheric electrical conductances produced by auroral proton precipitation. J Geophys Res 106:117–125
Gallager DL, Adrian ML (2007) Two-dimensional drift velocities from the IMAGE EUV plasmaspheric imager. J Atmos Solar-Terr Phys 69:341–350
Galperin YI, Ponomarev VN, Zosimova AG (1973) Direct measurements of drift rate of ions in upper atmosphere during a magnetic storm. II. Results of measurements during magnetic storm of November 3:1967. Cosmic Res Engl Transl 11:249–258
Galvan DA, Moldwin MB, Sandel BR (2008) Diurnal variation in plasmaspheric He inferred from extreme ultraviolet images. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2007JA013013
Gamayunov KV, Khazanov GV (2008) Crucial role of ring current H+ in electromagnetic ion cyclotron wave dispersion relation: results from global simulations. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2008JA013494
Gamayunov KV, Khazanov GV, Liemohn MW, Fok M-C, Ridley AJ (2009) Self-consistent model of magnetospheric electric field, ring current, plasmasphere, and electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves: initial results. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2008JA013597
Ganushkina N Yu, Pulkkinen TI, Kubyshkina MV, Sergeev VA, Lvova EA, Yahnina TA, Yahnin AG, Fritz TA (2005) Proton isotropy boundaries as measured on mid- and low-altitude satellites. Ann Geophys 23:1839–1847
Garner TW (2003) Numerical experiments on the inner magnetospheric electric field. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2003JA010039
Garner TW, Wolf RA, Spiro RW, Burke WJ, Fejer BG, Sazykin S, Roeder JL, Hairston MR (2004) Magnetospheric electric fields and plasma sheet injection to low L-shells during the 4–5 June 1991 magnetic storm: Comparison between the Rice Convection Model and observations. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2003JA010208
Gannon JL, Li X, Temerin M (2005) Parametric study of shock-induced transport and energization of relativistic electrons in the magnetosphere. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2004JA010679
Gendrin R, Roux A (1980) Energization of Helium ions by proton-induced hydromagnetic waves. J Geophys Res 85:4577–4586
Gkioulidou M, Wang C-P, Lyons LR, Wolf RA (2009) Formation of the Harang reversal and its dependence on plasma sheet conditions: rice convection model simulations. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2008JA013955
Goldstein J, Denton RE, Hudson MK, Miftakhova EG, Young SL, Menietti JD, Gallagher DL (2001) Latitudinal density dependence of magnetic field lines inferred from Polar plasma wave data. J Geophys Res 106:6195–6201
Goldstein J, Sandel BR, Forrester WT, Reiff PH (2003a) IMF-driven plasmasphere erosion of 10 July 2000. Geophys Res Lett. doi:10.1029/2002GL016478
Goldstein J, Sandel BR, Hairston MR, Reiff PH (2003b) Control of plasmaspheric dynamics by both convection and sub-auroral polarization stream. Geophys Res Lett. doi:10.1029/2003GL018390
Goldstein J, Spiro RW, Sandel BR, Wolf RA, Su S-Y, Reiff PH (2003c) Overshielding event of 28–29 July 2000. Geophys Res Lett. doi:10.1029/2002GL016644
Goldstein J, Sandel BR, Hairston MR, Mende SB (2004a) Plasmapause undulation of 17 April 2002. Geophys Res Lett. doi:10.1029/2004GL019959
Goldstein J, Wolf RA, Sandel BR, Reiff PH (2004b) Electric fields deduced from plasmapause motion in IMAGE EUV images. Geophys Res Lett. doi:10.1029/2003GL018797
Goldstein J, Kanekal SG, Baker DN, Sandel BR (2005) Dynamic relationship between the outer radiation belt and the plasmapause during March-May 2001. Geophys Res Lett. doi:10.1029/2005GL023431
Green JC, Kivelson MG (2001) A tale of two theories: how the adiabatic response and ULF waves affect relativistic electrons. J Geophys Res 106:25777–25791
Green JL, Reinisch BW (2002) An overview of results from RPI on IMAGE. Space Sci Rev 145:231–261
Green JC, Kivelson MG (2004) Relativistic electrons in the outer radiation belt. Differentiating between acceleration mechanisms. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2003JA010153
Green JL, Fung SF (2005) Advances in inner magnetosphere passive and active wave research. In: Pulkkinen TI, Tsyganenko NA, Friedel HW (eds) The inner magnetosphere physics and modeling. AGU, Washington, DC. doi:10.1029/155GM21
Green JC, Onsager TG, O’Brien TP, Baker DN (2004) Testing loss mechanisms capable of rapidly depleting relativistic electron flux in the Earth’s outer radiation belt. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2004JA010579
Greenspan ME, Hamilton DC (2000) A test of the Dessler-Parker-Sckopke relation during magnetic storms. J Geophys Res 105:5419–5430
Greenspan ME, Hamilton DC (2002) Relative contributions of H+ and O+ to the ring current energy near magnetic storm maximum. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2001JA000155
Grebowsky JM (1970) Model study of plasmapause motion. J Geophys Res 75:4329–4333
Grebowsky JM, Maynard NC, Tulunay YK, Lanzerotti LJ (1976) Coincident observations of ionospheric troughs and the equatorial plasmapause. Planet Space Sci 24:1177–1185
Grebowsky JM, Benson RF, Webb PA, Truhlik V, Bilitza D (2009) Altitude variation of the plasmapause signature in the main ionospheric trough. J Atmos Solar-Terr Phys 71:1669–1676
Hamilton DC, Gloeckler G, Ipavich FM, Stüdemann W, Wilken B, Kremser G (1988) Ring current development during the great geomagnetic storm of February 1986. J Geophys Res 93:14343–14355
Hairston MR, Drake KA, Skoug R (2005) Saturation of the ionospheric polar cap potential during the October-November 2003 superstorms. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2004JA010864
Hardy DA, Gussenhoven MS, Brautigam D (1989) A statistical model of auroral ion precipitation. J Geophys Res 94:370–392
Hasegawa H et al (2004) Rolled-up Kelvin-Helmholtz vortices and associated solar wind entry at Earth’s magnetopause. Nature 430:755–758
Hilmer RV, Ginet GP, Cayton TE (2000) Enhancement of equatorial energetic electron fluxes near L=4.2 as a result of high speed solar wind streams. J Geophys Res 105:23311–23322
Hoffman RA (1973) Particle and field observations from Explorer 45 during the December 1971 magnetic storm period. J Geophys Res 78:4771–4777
Hori T et al (2005) Storm-time convection electric field in the near‐Earth plasma sheet. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2004JA010449
Horne RB (2002) The contribution of wave-particle interactions to electron loss and acceleration in the earth’s radiation belts during geomagnetic storms. In: Stone WR (ed) Rev Radio Sci., 1999–2002, Wiley, pp 801–829
Horne RB (2007) Plasma astrophysics: acceleration of killer electrons. Nat Phys 3:590–591
Horne RB, Thorne RM (1997) Wave heating of He+ by electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves in the magnetosphere: Heating near the H+‐He+ bi-ion resonance frequency. J Geophys Res 102:11457–11471
Horne RB, Thorne RM (1998) Potential waves for relativistic electron scattering and stochastic acceleration during magnetic storms. Geophys Res Lett 25:3011–3014
Horne RB, Meredith NP, Thorne RM, Heynderickx D, Iles RHA, Anderson RR (2003) Evolution of energetic electron pitch angle distributions during storm time electron acceleration to megaelectronvolt energies. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2001JA009165
Horne RB, Thorne RM, Glauert SA, Albert JM, Meredith NP, Anderson RR (2005a) Timescale for radiation belt electron acceleration by whistler mode chorus waves. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2004JA010811
Horne RB, Thorne RM, Shprits YY, Meredith NP, Glauert SA, Smith AJ, Kanekal SG, Baker DN, Engebretson MJ, Posch JL, Spasojevic M, Inan US, Pickett JS, Decreau PMM (2005b) Wave acceleration of electrons in the Van Allen radiation belts. Nature 437:227–230
Horne RB, Thorne RM, Glauert SA, Meredith NP, Pokhotelov D, Santolik O (2007) Electron acceleration in the Van Allen radiation belts by fast magnetosonic waves. Geophys Res Lett. doi:10.1029/2007GL030267
Horwitz JL, Comfort RH, Chappell CR (1984) Thermal ion composition measurements of the formation of the new outer plasmasphere and double plasmapause during storm recovery phase. Geophys Res Lett 11:701–704
Horwitz J, Brace L, Comfort R, Chappell C (1986) Dual-spacecraft measurements of plasmasphere-ionosphere coupling. J Geophys Res 91:11203–11216
Horwitz JL, Comfort RH, Chappell CR (1990a) A statistical characterization of plasmasphere density structure and boundary locations. J Geophys Res 95:7937–7947
Horwitz JL, Comfort RH, Richards PG, Chandler MO, Chappell CR, Anderson P, Hanson WB, Brace LH (1990b) Plasmasphere-ionosphere coupling, 2. ion composition measurements at plasmaspheric and ionospheric altitudes and comparison with modeling results. J Geophys Res 95:7949–7959
Huang C-S, Foster JC (2007) Correlation of the subauroral polarization streams (SAPS) with the Dst index during severe magnetic storms. J Geophys Res 112. doi:10.1029/2007JA012584
Huang X, Reinisch BW, Song P, Green JL, Gallagher DL (2004) Developing an empirical density model of the plasmasphere using IMAGE/RPI observations. Adv Space Res 33:829–832
Hudson MK, Kotelnikov AD, Li X, Roth I, Temerin M, Wygant J, Blake JB, Gussenhoven MS (1995) Simulation of proton radiation belt formation during the March 24:1991 SSC. Geophys Res Lett 22:291–294
Hudson MK, Kress BT, Mazur JE, Perry KL, Slocum PL (2004) 3D modeling of shock-induced trapping of solar energetic particles in the Earth’s magnetosphere. J Atmos Solar-Terr Phys 66:1389–1397
Hudson MK, Kress BT, Mueller H-R, Zastrow JA, Blake JB (2008) Relationship of the Van Allen radiation belts to solar wind drivers. J Atmos Solar-Terr Phys 70:708–729
Iijima T, Potemra TA (1976) The amplitude distribution of field-aligned currents at northern high latitudes observed by Triad. J Geophys Res 81:2165–2174
Iles RH, Meredith NP, Fazakerley AN, Horne RB (2006) Phase space density analysis of the outer radiation belt energetic electron dynamics. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2005JA011206
Iles RHA, Fazakerley AN, Johnstone AD, Meredith NP, Buhler P (2002) The relativistic electron response in the outer radiation belt during magnetic storms. Ann Geophys 20:957–965.
Janev RK, Smith JJ (1993) Cross sections for collision processes of hydrogen atoms with electrons, protons, and multiply-charged ions. In: Atomic and plasma-material interaction data for fusion. Int Atmos Energ Agency 4:1–80
Jordanova VK, Miyoshi Y (2005) Relativistic model of ring current and radiation belt ions and electrons: initial results. Geophys Res Lett. doi:10.1029/2005GL023020
Jordanova VK, Kistler LM, Kozyra JU, Khazanov GV, Nagy AF (1996) Collisional losses of ring current ions. J Geophys Res 101:111–126
Jordanova VK, Kozyra JU, Nagy AF, Khazanov GV (1997) Kinetic model of the ring current-atmosphere interactions. J Geophys Res 102:14279–14291
Jordanova VK, Farrugia CJ, Quinn JM, Torbert RB, Borovsky JE, Sheldon RB, Peterson WK (1999) Simulation of off-equatorial ring current ion spectra measured by Polar for a moderate storm at solar minimum. J Geophys Res 104:429–436
Jordanova VK, Kistler LM, Thomsen MF, Mouikis CG (2003) Effects of plasma sheet variability on the fast initial ring current decay. Geophys Res Lett. doi:10.1029/2002GL016576
Jordanova VK, Miyoshi Y, Zaharia S, Thomsen MF, Reeves GD, Evans DS, Moukis CG, Fennell JF (2006) Kinetic simulations of ring current evolution during the Geospace Environment Modeling challenging events. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2006JA011644.
Jordanova VK, Spasojevic M, Thomsen MF (2007) Modeling the electromagnetic ion cyclotron wave-induced formation of detached subauroral proton arcs. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2006JA012215
Jordanova VK, Albert J, Miyoshi Y (2008) Relativistic electron precipitation by EMIC waves from self-consistent global simulations. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2008JA013239
Jordanova VK, Thorne RM, Li W, Miyoshi Y (2010) Excitation of whistler-mode chorus from global ring current simulations. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2009JA014810
Jorgensen AM, Spence HE, Henderson MG, Reeves GD, Sugiura M, Kamei T (1997) Global energetic neutral atom (ENA) measurements and their association with the Dst index. Geophys Res Lett 24:3173–3176
Kale ZC, Mann IR, Waters CL, Vellante M, Zhang TL, Honary F (2009) Plasmaspheric dynamics resulting from the Hallowe’en 2003 geomagnetic storms. J Geophys Res 114. doi:10.1029/2009JA014194
Kamide Y (1974) Association of DP and DR fields with the interplanetary magnetic field variation. J Geophys Res 79:49–55
Kamide Y, Fukushima N (1971) Analysis of magnetic storms with DR indices for equatorial ring-current field. Radio Sci 6:277–278
Kamide Y, McIlwain CE (1974) The onset time of magnetospheric substorms determined from ground and synchronous satellite records. J Geophys Res 79:4787–4790
Karlsson T, Marklund G, Blomberg L, Mälkki A (1998) Subauroral electric fields observed by the Freja satellite: a statistical study. J Geophys Res 103:4327–4341
Kasahara Y, Miyoshi Y, Omura Y, Berkhoglyadova O, Nagano I, Kimura I, Tsurutani B (2009) Simultaneous satellite observations of VLF chorus, hot and relativistic electrons in a magnetic storm “recovery phase”. Geophys Res Lett. doi:10.1029/2008GL036454
Kataoka R, Miyoshi Y (2006) Flux enhancement of radiation belt electrons during geomagnetic storms driven by coronal mass ejections and corotating interaction regions. Space Weather. doi:10.1029/2005SW000211
Kataoka R, Miyoshi Y (2008a) Magnetosphere inflation during the recovery phase of geomagnetic storms as an excellent magnetic confinement of killer electrons. Geophys Res Lett. doi:10.1029/2007GL031842
Kataoka R, Miyoshi Y (2008b) Average profiles of the solar wind and outer radiation belt during the extreme flux enhancement of relativistic electrons at geosynchronous orbit. Ann Geophys 26:1335–1339
Kataoka R, Nishitani N, Ebihara Y, Hosokawa K, Ogawa T, Kikuchi T, Miyoshi Y (2007) Dynamic variations of a convection flow reversal in the subauroral postmidnight sector as seen by the SuperDARN Hokkaido HF radar. Geophys Res Lett. doi:10.1029/2007GL031552
Katoh Y, Omura Y (2007a) Computer simulation of chorus wave generation in the Earth’s inner magnetosphere. Geophys Res Lett. doi:10.1029/2006GL028594
Katoh Y, Omura Y (2007b) Relativistic particle acceleration in the process of whistler-mode chorus wave generation. Geophys Res Lett. doi:10.1029/2007GL029758
Katoh Y, Omura Y, Summers D (2008) Rapid energization of radiation belt electrons by nonlinear wave trapping. Ann Geophys 26:3451–3456
Kavanagh LD Jr, Freeman JW Jr, Chen AJ (1968) Plasma flow in the magnetosphere. J Geophys Res 73:5511–5519
Kaye SM, Shelley EG, Sharp RD, Johnson RG (1981) Ion composition of zipper events. J Geophys Res 86:3383–3388
Keika K, Nosé M, Christon SP, McEntire RW (2004) Acceleration sites of energetic ions upstream of the Earth’s bow shock and in the magnetosheath: statistical study on charge states of heavy ions. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2003JA009953
Keika K, Nosé M, Ohtani S-I, Takahashi K, Christon SP, McEntire RW (2005) Outflow of energetic ions from the magnetosphere and its contribution to the decay of the storm time ring current. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2004JA010970
Kelley MC, Fejer BG, Gonzales CA (1979) An explanation for anomalous equatorial ionospheric electric fields associated with a northward turning of the interplanetary magnetic field. Geophys Res Lett 6:301–304
Kennel C, Petschek H (1966) Limit on stably trapped particle fluxes. J Geophys Res 71:1–28
Khazanov GV, Moore TE, Liemohn MW, Jordanova VK, Fok M-C (1996) Global, collisional model of high-energy photoelectrons. Geophys Res Lett 23:331–334
Kikuchi T, Araki T, Maeda H, Maekawa K (1978) Transmission of polar electric fields to the equator. Nature 273:650–651
Kikuchi T, Lühr H, Kitamura T, Saka O, Schlegel K (1996) Direct penetration of the polar electric field to the equator during a DP 2 event as detected by the auroral and equatorial magnetometer chains and the EISCAT radar. J Geophys Res 101:17161–17173
Kikuchi T, Hashimoto KK, Nozaki K (2008) Penetration of magnetospheric electric fields to the equator during a geomagnetic storm. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2007JA012628
Kikuchi T, Ebihara Y, Hashimoto K, Kataoka R, Hori T, Watari S, Nishitani N (2010) Penetration of the convection and overshielding electric fields to the equatorial ionosphere during a quasi-periodic DP2 geomagnetic fluctuation event. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2008JA013948
Kim H-J, Chan AA (1997) Fully adiabatic changes in storm time relativistic electron fluxes. J Geophys Res 102:22107–22116
Kim H-J, Kim KC, Lee D-Y, Rostoker G (2006) Origin of geosynchronous relativistic electron events. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2005JA011469
Kim KC, Lee D-Y, Kim H-J, Lyons LR, Lee ES, Ozturk MK, Choi CR (2008) Numerical calculations of relativistic electron drift loss effect. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2007JA013011
Kivelson MG, Ridley AJ (2008) Saturation of the polar cap potential: Inference from Alfvén wing arguments. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2007JA012302
Klumpar DM (1979) Transversely accelerated ions: an ionospheric source of hot magnetospheric ions. J Geophys Res 84:4229–4237
Kokubun S (1972) Relationship of interplanetary magnetic field structure with development of substorm and storm main phase. Planet Space Sci 20:1033–1049
Koller J, Chen Y, Reeves GD, Friedel RHW, Cayton TE, Vrugt JA (2007) Identifying the radiation belt source region by data assimilation. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2006JA012196
Kondrashov D, Shprits Y, Ghil M, Thorne R (2007) A Kalman filter technique to estimate relativistic electron lifetimes in the outer radiation belt. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2007JA012583.
Konradi A (1967) Proton events in the magnetosphere associated with magnetic bays. J Geophys Res 72:3829–3841
Konradi A, Semar CL, Fritz TA (1975) Substorm-injected protons and electrons and the injection boundary model. J Geophys Res 80:543–552
Koons HC (1989) Observations of large-amplitude, whistler mode wave ducts in the outer plasmasphere. J Geophys Res 94:15393–15397
Korth A, Friedel RHW, Mouikis CG, Fennell JF, Wygant JR, Korth H (2000) Comprehensive particle and field observations of magnetic storms at different local times from the CRRES spacecraft. J Geophys Res 105:18729–18740
Kotova G, Bezrukikh V, Verigin M, Smilauer J (2008) New aspects in plasmaspheric ion temperature variations from INTERBALL 2 and MAGION 5 measurements. J Atmos Solar-Terr Phys 70:399–406
Kozyra JU, Shelley EG, Comfort, RH, Brace LH, Cravens TE, Nagy AF (1987) The role of ring current O+ in the formation of stable auroral red arcs. J Geophys Res 92:7487–7502
Kozyra JU, Chandler MO, Hamilton DC Peterson WK, Klumpar DM, Slater DW, Buonsanto MJ, Carlson HC (1993) The role of ring current nose events in producing stable auroral red arc intensifications during the main phase: Observations during the September 19–24:1984, equinox transition study. J Geophys Res 98:9267–9283
Kozyra JU, Nagy AF, Slater DW (1997) High-altitude energy source(s) for stable auroral red arcs. Rev Geophys 35:155–190
Kozyra JU, Fok M-C, Sanchez ER, Evans DS, Hamilton DC, Nagy AF (1998a) The role of precipitation losses in producing the rapid early recovery phase of the great magnetic storm of February 1986. J Geophys Res 103:6801–6814
Kozyra JU, Jordanova VF, Borovsky JE, Thomsen MF, Knipp D, Evans DS, McComas D, Cayton T (1998b) Effects of a high-density plasma sheet on ring current development during the November 2–6:1993, magnetic storm. J Geophys Res 103:26285–26305
Kozyra JU, Liemohn MW (2003) Ring current energy input and decay. Space Sci Rev 109:105–131
Krall J, Huba JD, Fedder JA (2008) Simulation of field-aligned H+ and He+ dynamics during late-stage plasmasphere refilling. Ann Geophys 26:1507–1516
Kress BT, Hudson MK, Slocum PL (2005) Impulsive solar energetic ion trapping in the magnetosphere during geomagnetic storms. Geophys Res Lett. doi:10.1029/2005GL022373
Krimigis SM, Gloeckler G, McEntire RW, Potemra TA, Scarf FL, Shelley EG (1985) Magnetic storm of September 4:1984: a synthesis of ring current spectra and energy densities measured with AMPTE/CCE. Geophys Res Lett 12:329–332
Lam MM, Horne RB, Meredith NP, Glauert SA (2007) Modeling the effects of radial diffusion and plasmaspheric hiss on outer radiation belt electrons. Geophys Res Lett 34. doi:10.1029/2007GL031598
Lavraud B, Jordanova VK (2007) Modeling the effects of cold-dense and hot-tenuous plasma sheet on proton ring current energy and peak location. Geophys Res Lett. doi:10.1029/2006GL027566.
Lavraud B, Denton MH, Thomsen MF, Borovsky JE, Friedel RHW (2005) Superposed epoch analysis of dense plasma access to geosynchronous orbit. Ann Geophys 23:2519–2529. doi:10.5194/angeo-23-2519-2005.
Le G, Russell CT, Takahashi K (2004) Morphology of the ring current derived from magnetic field observations. Ann Geophys 22:1267–1295
Lee D-Y, Ohtani S, Brandt PC, Lyons LR (2007) Energetic neutral atom response to solar wind dynamic pressure enhancements. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2007JA012399
Lemaire J (1989) Plasma distribution models in a rotating magnetic dipole and refilling of plasmaspheric flux tubes. Phys Fluids B 1:1519–1525.
Lemaire J (2001) The formation of the light ion trough and peeling off the plasmasphere. J Atmos Terr Phys 63:1285–1291
Lennartsson W (1989) Energetic (0.1- to 16-keV/e) magnetospheric ion composition at different levels of Solar F10.7. J Geophys Res 94:3600–3610
Lennartsson W, Sharp RD (1982) A comparison of the 0.1–17 keV/e ion composition in the near equatorial magnetosphere between quiet and disturbed conditions. J Geophys Res 87:6109–6120
Lennartsson W, Sharp RD, Shelley EG, Johnson RG, Balsiger H (1981) Ion composition and energy distribution during 10 magnetic storms. J Geophys Res 86:4628–4638
Li X, Temerin MA (2001) The electron radiation belt. Space Sci Rev 95:569–580
Li X, Roth I, Temerin M, Wygant JR, Hudson MK, Blake JB (1993) Simulation of the prompt energization and transport of radiation belt particles during the March 24:1991 SSC. Geophys Res Lett 20:2423–2426
Li X, Baker DN, Temerin M, Cayton TE, Reeves GD, Christensen RA, Blake JB, Looper MD, Nakamura R, Kanekal SG (1997) Multisatellite observations of the outer zone electron variation during the November 3–4:1993, magnetic storm. J Geophys Res 102:14123–14140
Li X, Baker DN, Kanekal SG, Looper M, Temerin M (2001) Long term measurements of radiation belts by SAMPEX and their variations. Geophys Res Lett 28:3827–3830
Li X, Baker DN, Temerin M, Reeves G, Friedel R, Shen C (2005) Energetic electrons, 50 keV to 6 MeV, at geosynchronous orbit: their responses to solar wind variations. Space Weather. doi:10.1029/2004SW000105
Li X, Baker DN, O’Brien TP, Xie L, Zong QG (2006) Correlation between the inner edge of outer radiation belt electrons and the innermost plasmapause location. Geophys Res Lett. doi:10.1029/2006GL026294.
Li W, Shprits YY, Thorne RM (2007) Dynamic evolution of energetic outer zone electrons due to wave-particle interactions during storms. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2007JA012368
Li W, Thorne RM, Angelopoulos V, Bortnik J, Cully CM, Ni B, LeContel O, Roux A, Auster U, Magnes W (2009) Global distribution of whistler mode chorus waves observed on the THEMIS spacecraft. Geophys Res Lett. doi: 10.1029/2009GL037595
Li W, Thorne RM, Meredith NP, Horne RB, Bortnik J, Shprits YY, Ni B (2008) Evaluation of whistler mode chorus amplication during an injection event observed on CRRES. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2008JA013129
Liemohn MW, Kozyra JU, Jordanova VK, Khazanov GV, Thomsen MF, Cayton TE (1999) Analysis of early phase ring current recovery mechanisms during geomagnetic storms. Geophys Res Lett 26:2845–2848
Liemohn MW, Kozyra JU, Thomsen MF, Roeder JL, Lu G, Borovsky JE, Cayton TE (2001) Dominant role of the asymmetric ring current in producing the stormtime Dst. J Geophys Res 106:10883–10904
Liemohn MW, Ridley AJ, Brandt PC, Gallagher DL, Kozyra JU, Mitchell DG, Roelof EC, DeMajistre R (2005) Parametric analysis of nightside conductance effects on inner magnetospheric dynamics for the 17 April 2002 storm. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2005JA011109
Liemohn MW, Zhang J-C, Thomsen MF, Borovsky JE, Kozyra JU, Ilie R (2008) Plasma properties of superstorms at geosynchronous orbit: how different are they? Geophys Res Lett. doi:10.1029/2007GL031717
Liu W, Rostoker G, Baker D (1999) Internal acceleration of relativistic electrons by large-amplitude ULF pulsations. J Geophys Res 104:17391–17407
Liu S, Chen MW, Roeder JL, Lyons LR, Schulz M (2005a) Relative contribution of electrons to the stormtime total ring current energy content. Geophys Res Lett. doi:10.1029/2004GL021672
Liu WL, Fu SY, Zong Q-G, Pu ZY, Yang J, Ruan P (2005b) Variations of N+/O+ in the ring current during magnetic storms. Geophys Res Lett. doi:10.1029/2005GL023038
Looper MD, Blake JB, Mewaldt RA (2005) Response of the inner radiation belt to the violent Sun-Earth connection events of October-November 2003. Geophys Res Lett. doi:10.1029/2004GL021502
Lopez RE, Sibeck DG, McEntire RW, Krimigis SM (1990) The energetic ion substorm injection boundary. J Geophys Res 95:109–117
Lopez RE, Lyon JG Mitchell E, Bruntz R, Merkin VG, Brogl S, Toffoletto F, Wiltberger M (2009) Why doesn’t the ring current injection rate saturate? J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2008JA013141.
Lorentzen KR, McCarthy MP, Parks GK, Foat JE, Millan RM, Smith DM, Lin RP, Treilhou JP (2000) Precipitation of relativistic electrons by interaction with electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves. J Geophys Res 5381–5389
Lorentzen KR, Blake JB, Inan US, Bortnik J (2001) Observations of relativistic electron microbursts in association with VLF chorus. J Geophys Res 106:6017–6027
Loto’aniu TM, Mann IR, Ozeke LG, Chan AA, Dent ZC, Milling DK (2006) Radial diffusion of relativistic electrons into the radiation belt slot region during the 2003 Halloween geomagnetic storms. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2005JA011355
Lui ATY (2003) Inner magnetospheric plasma pressure distribution and its local time asymmetry. Geophys Res Lett. doi:10.1029/2003GL017596
Lui ATY, McEntire RW, Krimigis SM (1987) Evolution of the ring current during two geomagnetic storms. J Geophys Res 92:7459–7470
Lui ATY, Spence HE, Stern DP (1994) Empirical modeling of the quiet time nightside magnetosphere. J Geophys Res 99:151–157
Lundin R, Lyons LR, Pissarenko N (1980) Observations of the ring current composition at L < 4. Geophys Res Lett 7:425–428
Lyatsky W Khazanov GV (2008) Effect of solar wind density on relativistic electrons at geosynchronous orbit. Geophys Res Lett. doi:10.1029/2007GL032524
Lyons LR (1974) General relations for resonant particle diffusion in pictcn angle and decay. J Plasma Phys 12:45–49
Lyons LR (1977) Adiabatic evolution of trapped particle pitch angle distributions during a storm main phase. J Geophys Res 82:2428–2432
Lyons LR, Thorne RM (1972) Parasitic pitch angle diffusion of radiation belt particles by ion cyclotron waves. J Geophys Res 77:5608–5616
Lyons LR, Thorne RM (1973) Equilibrium structure of radiation belt electrons. J Geophys Res 78:2142–2149
Lyons LR, Williams DJ (1975a) The quiet time structure of energetic (35–560 keV) radiation belt electrons. J Geophys Res 80:943–950
Lyons LR, Williams DJ (1975b) The storm and poststorm evolution of energetic (35–560 keV) radiation belt electron distributions. J Geophys Res 80:3985–3994
Lyons L, Williams D (1976) Storm-associated variations of equatorially mirroring ring current protons, 1–800 keV, at constant first adiabatic invariant. J Geophys Res 81:216–220
Lyons LR, Richmond AD (1978) Low-latitude E region ionization by energetic ring current particles. J Geophys Res 83:2201–2204
Lyons LR, Thorne RM, Kennel CF (1972) Pitch-angle diffusion of radiation belt electrons within the plasmasphere. J Geophys Res 77:3455–3474
Lyons LR, Lee D-Y, Thorne RM, Horne RB, Smith AJ (2005) Solar wind–magnetosphere coupling leading to relativistic electron energization during high–speed streams. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2005JA011254
Lyons LR, Lee D-Y, Kim H-J, Hwang JA, Thorne RM, Horne RB, Smith AJ (2009) Solar-wind-magnetosphere coupling, including relativistic electron energization, during high-speed streams. J Atmos Solar-Terr Phys 71:1059–1072
Maget V, Bourdarie S, Boscher D, Friedel RHW (2007) Data assimilation of LANL satellite data into the Salammbo electron code over a complete solar cycle by direct insertion. Space Weather. doi:10.1029/2007SW000322
Makarevich RA, Kellerman AC, Bogdanova YV, Koustov AV (2009) Time evolution of the subauroral electric fields: a case study during a sequence of two substorms. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2008JA013944
Mann IR, O’Brien TP, Milling DK (2004) Correlations between ULF wave power, solar wind speed, and relativistic electron flux in the magnetosphere: solar cycle dependence. J Atmos Solar-Terr Phys 66:187–198
Mathie RA, Mann IR (2001) On the solar wind control of Pc5 ULF pulsation power at mid-latitudes: implications for MeV electron acceleration in the outer radiation belt. J Geophys Res 106:29783–29796
Matsui H, Mukai T, Ohtani S, Hayashi K, Elphic RC, Thomsen MF, Matsumoto H (1999) Cold dense plasma in the outer magnetosphere. J Geophys Res 104:25077–25095
Matsui H, Nakamura M, Terasawa T, Izaki Y, Mukai T, Tsuruda K, Hayakawa H, Matsumoto H (2000) Outflow of cold dense plasma associated with variation of convection in the outer magnetosphere. J Atmos Solar–Terr Phys 62:521–526
Matsui H, Puhl-Quinn PA, Jordanova VK, Khotyaintsev Y, Lindqvist P-A, Torbert RB (2008) Derivation of inner magnetospheric electric field (UNH–IMEF) model using Cluster data set. Ann Geophys 26:2887–2898
Mauk BH, McIlwain CE (1974) Correlation of Kp with the substorm-injected plasma boundary. J Geophys Res 79:3193–3196
Mauk BH, Meng C-I (1983) Characterization of geostationary particle signatures based on the ‘injection boundary’ model. J Geophys Res 88:3055–3071
Maynard NC, Chen AJ (1975) Isolated cold plasma regions: observations and their relation to possible production mechanisms. J Geophys Res 80:1009–1013
Maynard NC, Aggson TL, Heppner JP (1980) Magnetospheric observation of large sub‐auroral electric fields. Geophys Res Lett 7:881–884
Maynard NC, Aggson TL, Heppner JP (1983) The plasmaspheric electric field as measured by ISEE 1. J Geophys Res 88:3991–4003
McFadden JP, Carlson CW, Larson D, Bonnell J, Mozer FS, Angelopoulos V, Glassmeier K, Auster U (2008) Structure of plasmaspheric plumes and their participation in magnetopause reconnection: first results from THEMIS. Geophys Res Lett. doi:10.1029/2008GL033677
McIlwain CE (1966) Ring current effects on trapped particles. J Geophys Res 71:3623–3628
McIlwain CE (1974) Substorm injection boundaries, In: McComac BM (ed) Magnetospheric physics, D. Reidel, Hingham, MA, p 143
McPherron RL, Baker DN, Crooker NU (2009) Role of the Russell-McPherron effect in the acceleration of relativistic electrons. J Atmos Solar-Terr Phys 71:1032–1044
Meredith NP, Horne RB, Anderson RR (2001) Substorm dependence of chorus amplitudes: implications for the acceleration of electrons to relativistic energies. J Geophys Res 106:13165–13178
Meredith NP, Horne RB, Summers D, Thorne RM, Iles RHA, Heynderickx D, Anderson RR (2002) Evidence for acceleration of outer zone electrons to relativistic energies by whistler mode chorus. Ann Geophys 20:967–979
Meredith NP, Cain M, Horne RB, Thorne RM, Summers D, Anderson RR (2003a) Evidence for chorus-driven electron acceleration to relativistic energies from a survey of geomagnetically disturbed periods. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2002JA009764
Meredith NP, Horne RB, Thorne RM, Anderson RR (2003b) Favored regions for chorus-driven electron acceleration to relativistic energies in the Earth’s outer radiation belt. Geophys Res Lett. doi:10.1029/2003GL017698
Meredith NP, Thorne RM, Horne RB, Summers D, Fraser BJ, Anderson RR (2003c) Statistical analysis of relativistic electron energies for cyclotron resonance with EMIC waves on CRRES. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2002JA009700
Meredith NP, Horne RB, Glauert SA, Thorne RM, Summers D, Albert JM, Anderson RR (2006) Energetic outer zone electron loss timescales during low geomagnetic activity. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2005JA011516
Merkin VG, Sharma AS, Papadopoulos K Milikh G, Lyon J, Goodrich C (2005) Global MHD simulations of the strongly driven magnetosphere: modeling of the transpolar potential saturation. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2004JA010993
Milillo A, Orsini S, Daglis IA (2001) Empirical model of proton fluxes in the equatorial inner magnetosphere: development. J Geophys Res 106:25713–25729
Milillo A, Orsini S, Delacourt DC, Mura A, Massetti S, De Angelis E, Ebihara Y (2003) Empirical model of proton fluxes in the equatorial inner magnetosphere: 2. Properties and applications. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2002JA009581
Millan RM, Thorne RM (2007) Review of radiation belt electron losses. J Atmos Solar-Terr Phys 69:362–377
Millan RM, Lin RP, Smith DM, Lorentzen KR, McCarthy MP (2002) X-ray observations of MeV electron precipitation with a balloon-borne germanium spectrometer. Geophys Res Lett. doi:10.1029/2002GL015922.
Mishin EV, Puhl-Quinn PA (2007) SAID: plasmaspheric short circuit of substorm injections. Geophys Res Lett. doi:10.1029/2007GL031925
Mitchell DG, Brandt PC, Roelof EC, Hamilton DC, Retterer KC, Mende S (2003) Global imaging of O+ from IMAGE/HENA. Space Sci. Rev. 109:63– 75
Miyoshi Y, Kataoka R (2005) Ring current ions and radiation belt electrons during geomagnetic storms driven by coronal mass ejections and corotating interaction regions. Geophys Res Lett. doi:10.1029/2005GL024590
Miyoshi Y, Kataoka R (2008a) Flux enhancement of the outer radiation belt electrons after the arrival of stream interaction regions. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2007JA012506
Miyoshi Y, Kataoka R (2008b) Probabilistic space weather forecast of the relativistic electron flux enhancement at geosynchronous orbit. J Atmos Solar-Terr Phys 70:475–481
Miyoshi Y, Morioka A, Misawa H (2000) Long term modulation of low altitude proton radiation belt by the Earth’s atmosphere. Geophys Res Lett 27:2169–2172
Miyoshi Y, Morioka A, Obara T, Misawa H, Nagai T, Kasahara Y (2003) Rebuilding process of the outer radiation belt during the November 3:1993, magnetic storm – NOAA and EXOS-D observations. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2001JA007542
Miyoshi Y, Jordanova VK, Morioka A, Evans DS (2004) Solar cycle variations of the electron radiation belts: observations and radial diffusion simulation. Space Weather. doi:10.1029/2004SW000070
Miyoshi YS, Jordanova VK, Morioka A, Thomsen MF, Reeves GD, Evans DS, Green JC (2006) Observations and modeling of energetic electron dynamics during the Oct. 2001 storm. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2005JA011351
Miyoshi Y, Morioka A, Kataoka R, Kasahara Y, Mukai T (2007) Evolution of the outer radiation belt during the November 1993 storms driven by corotating interaction regions. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2006JA012148
Miyoshi Y, Sakaguchi K, Shiokawa K, Evans D, Albert J, Connors M, Jordanova V (2008) Precipitation of radiation belt electrons by EMIC waves, observed from ground and space. Geophys Res Lett. doi:10.1029/2008GL035727
Mizera PF, Fennell JF (1977) Signatures of electric fields from high and low altitude particles distributions. Geophys Res Lett 4:311–314
Möbius D, Hovestadt D, Klecker B, Scholer M, Ipavich FM, Carlson CW, Lin RP (1986) A burst of energetic O+ ions during an upstream particle event. Geophys Res Lett 13:1372–1375
Moldwin MB, Downward L, Rassoul HK, Amin R, Anderson RR (2002) A new model of the location of the plasmapause: CRRES results. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2001JA009211
Moore TE, Arnoldy RL, Feynman J, Hardy DA (1981) Propagating substorm injection fronts. J Geophys Res 86:6713–6726
Moore TE, Fok M-C, Delcourt DC, Slinker SP, Fedder JA (2008) Plasma plume circulation and impact in an MHD substorm. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2008JA013050
Morgan MG, Maynard NC (1976) Evidence of dayside plasmaspheric structure through comparisons of ground-based whistler data and Explorer 45 plasmapause data. J Geophys Res 81:3992–3998
Morioka A, Misawa H, Miyoshi Y, Oya H, Iizima M, Nagai T (2001) Pitch angle distribution of relativistic electrons in the inner radiation belt and its relation to equatorial plasma wave turbulence phenomena. Geophys Res Lett 28:931–934
Murakami G, Yoshikawa I, Obana Y, Yoshikawa K, Ogawa G, Yamazaki A, Kagitani M, Taguchi M, Kikuchi M, Kameda S, Nakamura M (2010) First sequential images of the plasmasphere from the meridian perspective observed by KAGUYA. Earth Planet Space 62, e9–e13
Mursula K, Braysy T, Niskala, K, Russell CT (2001) Pc1 pearls revisited: structured electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves on Polar satellite and on the ground. J Geophys Res 106:29543–29533
Nagai T (1988) “Space Weather Forecast”: prediction of relativistic electron intensity at synchronous orbit. Geophys Res Lett 15:425–428
Nagai T, Johnson JFE, Chappell CR (1983) Low-energy (less than 100 eV) ion pitch angle distributions in the magnetosphere by ISEE 1. J Geophys Res 88:6944–6960
Nagai T, Yukimatu AS, Matsuoka A, Asai KT, Green JC, Onsager TG, Singer HJ (2006) Timescales of relativistic electron enhancements in the slot region. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2006JA011837
Nakamura R, Baker DN, Blake JB, Kanekal S, Klechker B, Hovestadt D (1995) Relativistic electron precipitation enhancements near the outer edge of the radiation belt. Geophys Res Lett 22:1129–1132
Nakamura M, Yoshikawa I, Yamazaki A, Shiomi K, Takizawa Y, Hirahara M, Yamashita K, Saito Y, Miyake W (2000a) Terrestrial plasmaspheric imaging by an Extreme Ultraviolet Scanner on Planet-B. Geophys Res Lett 27:141–144
Nakamura R, Isowa M, Kamide Y, Baker DN, Blake JB, Looper M (2000b) SAMPEX observations of precipitation bursts in the outer radiation belt. J Geophys Res 105:15875–15885
Ni B, Thorne RM, Shprits YY, Bortnik J (2008) Resonant scattering of plasma sheet electrons by whistler-mode chorus: contribution to diffuse auroral precipitation. Geophys Res Lett 35. doi:10.1029/2008GL034032.
Ni B, Shprits Y, Thorne R, Friedel R, Nagai T (2009a) Reanalysis of relativistic radiation belt electron phase space density using multisatellite observations: sensitivity to empirical magnetic field models. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2009JA014438
Ni B, Shprits Y, Nagai T, Thorne R, Chen Y, Kondrashov D, Kim H-J (2009b) Reanalysis of the radiation belt electron phase space density using nearly equatorial CRRES and polar-orbiting Akebono satellite observations. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2008JA013933
Nishida A (1966) Formation of plasmapause, or magnetospheric plasma knee, by the combined action of magnetospheric convection and plasma escape from the tail. J Geophys Res 71:5669–5679
Nishida A (1976) Outward diffusion of energetic particles from the Jovian radiation belt. J Geophys Res 81:1771–1773
Nishimura Y, Wygant J, Ono T, Iizima M, Kumamoto A, Brautigam D, Friedel R (2008) SAPS measurements around the magnetic equator by CRRES. Geophys Res Lett. doi:10.1029/2008GL033970
Northrop TG, Teller E (1960) Stability of the adiabatic motion of charged particles in the Earth’s field. Phys Rev 117:215–225
Nosé M, Ieda A, Christon SP (2009a) Geotail observations of plasma sheet ion composition over 16 years: on variations of average plasma ion mass and O+ triggering substorm model. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2009JA014203
Nosé M, Taguchi S, Christon SP, Collier MR, Moore TE, Carlson CW, McFadden JP (2009b) Response of ions of ionospheric origin to storm time substorms: coordinated observations over the ionosphere and in the plasma sheet. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2009JA014048
Obara T, Nagatsuma T, Den M, Miyoshi Y, Morioka A (2000) Main–phase creation of “seed” electrons in the outer radiation belt. Earth Planet Space 52:41–47
Ober DM, Horwitz JL, Gallagher DL (1997) Formation of density troughs embedded in the outer plasmasphere by subauroral ion drift events. J Geophys Res 102:14595–14602
Ober DM, Maynard NC, Burke WJ (2003) Testing the Hill model of transpolar potential saturation. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2003JA010154
O’Brien TP, McPherron RL, Sornette D, Reeves GD, Friedel R, Singer HJ (2001) Which magnetic storms produce relativistic electrons at geosynchronous orbit? J Geophys Res 106:15533–15544
O’Brien TP, Lorentzen KR, Mann IR, Meredith NP, Blake JB, Fennell JF, Looper MD, Milling DK, Anderson RR (2003) Energization of relativistic electrons in the present of ULF power and MeV microbursts: evidence for dual ULF and VLF acceleration. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2002JA009784
O’Brien TP, Looper MD, Blake JB (2004) Quantification of relativistic electron microburst losses during the GEM storms. Geophys Res Lett. doi:10.1029/2003GL018621
Ohtani S, Brandt PC, Singer HJ, Mitchell DG, Roelof EC (2006) Statistical characteristics of hydrogen and oxygen ENA emission from the storm-time ring current. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2005JA011201
Ohtani S, Ebihara Y, Singer HJ (2007a) Storm-time magnetic configurations at geosynchronous orbit: comparison between the main and recovery phases. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2006JA011959
Ohtani S et al (2007b) Cluster observations in the inner magnetosphere during the 18 April 2002 sawtooth event: dipolarization and injection at r = 4.6 RE. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2007JA012357
Ohtani S, Miyoshi Y, Singer H, Weygand J (2009) On the loss of relativistic electrons at geosynchronous altitude: its dependence on magnetic configurations and external conditions. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2008JA013391
Olsen RC (1981) Equatorially Trapped plasma populations. J Geophys Res 86:11235–11245
Olsen RC, Shawhan SD, Gallagher DL, Green JL, Chappell CR, Anderson RR (1987) Plasma observations at the Earth’s magnetic equator. J Geophys Res 92:2385–2407
Omura Y, Furuya N, Summers D (2007) Relativistic turning acceleration of resonant electrons by coherent whistler mode waves in a dipole magnetic field. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2006JA012243
Omura Y, Katoh Y, Summers D (2008) Theory and simulation of generation of whistler-mode chorus. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2007JA012622
Omura Y, Pickett J, Grison B, Santolik O, Dandouras I, Engebretson M, Décréau PME, Masson A (2010) Theory and observation of electromagnetic ion cyclotron triggered emissions in the magnetosphere. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2010JA015300
Ono T, Hirasawa T, Meng CI (1987) Proton auroras observed at the equatorward edge of the duskside auroral oval. Geophys Res Lett 14:660–663
Ono Y, Nosé M, Christon SP, Lui ATY (2009) The role of magnetic field fluctuations in nonadiabatic acceleration of ions during depolarization. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2008JA013918
Onsager TG, Chan AA, Fei Y, Elkington SR, Green JC, Singer HJ (2004) The radial gradient of relativistic electrons at geosynchronous orbit. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2003JA010368
Onsager TG, Green JC, Reeves GD, Singer HJ (2007) Solar wind and magnetospheric conditions leading to abrupt loss of outer radiation belt electrons. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2006JA011708
Østgaard N, Mende SB, Frey HU, Gladstone GR, Lauche H (2003) Neutral hydrogen density profiles derived from geocoronal imaging. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2002JA009749
Oya H, Ono T (1987) Stimulation of plasma waves in the magnetosphere using satellite JIKIKEN (EXOS B) Part II: plasma density across the plasmapause. J Geomagn Geoelectr 39:591–607
Ozeke LG, Mann IR (2008) Energization of radiation belt electrons by ring current ion driven ULF waves. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2007JA012468
Park CG (1970) Whistler observations of the interchange of ionization between the ionosphere and the protonosphere. J Geophys Res 75:4249–4260
Park CG (1974) Some features of plasma distribution in the plasmasphere deduced from Antarctic whistlers. J Geophys Res 79:169–173
Parker EN (1957) Newtonian development of the dynamical properties of ionized gases of low density. Phys Rev 107:924–933
Paulikas GA, Blake JB (1979) Effects of the solar wind on magnetospheric dynamics: energetic electrons at the synchronous orbit. In: Olson WP (ed) Quantitative modeling of magnetospheric processes. AGU, Washington, DC, pp 180–202
Perry KL, Hudson MK, Elkington SR (2005) Incorporating spectral characteristic of Pc5 waves into three-dimensional radiation belt modeling and the diffusion of relativistic electrons. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2004JA010760
Peterson WK, Doering JP, Potemra TA, McEntire RW, Bostrom CO (1977) Conjugate photoelectron fluxes observed on Atmosphere Explorer C. Geophys Res Lett 4:109–112
Peymirat C, Richmond AD, Kobea AT (2000) Electrodynamic coupling of high and low latitudes: simulations of shielding/overshielding effects. J Geophys Res 105:22991–23003
Phaneuf RA, Janev RK, Pindzola MS (1987) Atomic data for fusion, vol. V, Collisions of carbon and oxygen ions with electrons, H, H2 and He. Technical Report ORNL–6090/V5, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN
Pickett JS, Grison B, Engebretson MJ, Dan douras I, Masson A, Adrian ML, Decreau PME, Cornilleau-Wehrlin N, Constantinescu D (2010) Cluster observations of EMIC triggered emissions in association with Pc1 waves near Earth's plasmapause. Geophys Res Lett 37:L09104. doi:10.1029/2010GL042648
Pollock CJ et al (2001) First medium energy neutral atom (MENA) Images of Earth's magnetosphere during substorm and storm‐time. Geophys Res Lett 28:1147–1150
Pulkkinen TI, Ganushkina NYu, Baker DN, Turner NE, Fennell JF, Roeder J, Fritz TA, Grande M, Kellett B, Kettmann G (2001) Ring current ion composition during solar minimum and rising solar activity: polar/CAMMICE/MICS results. J Geophys Res 106:19131–19147
Quinn JM, McIlwain CE (1979) Bouncing ion clusters in the Earth’s magnetosphere. J Geophys Res 84:7365–7370
Quinn JM, Johnson RG (1982a) Composition measurements of warm equatorially trapped ions near geosynchronous orbit. Geophys Res Lett 9:777–780
Quinn JM, Southwood DJ (1982) Observations of parallel ion energization in the equatorial region. J Geophys Res 87:10536–10540
Rairden RL, Frank LA, Craven JD (1986) Geocoronal imaging with dynamics explorer. J Geophys Res 91:13613–13630
Rasmussen CE, Guiter SM, Thomas SG (1993) A two-dimensional model of the plasmasphere: refilling time constants. Planet Space Sci 41:35–43
Reeves GD (2007) Radiation belt storm probes: a new mission for space weather forecasting. Space Weather. doi:10.1029/2007SW000341
Reeves GD, Henderson MG, McLachlan PS, Belian RD, Friedel RHW, Korth A (1996) Radial propagation of substorm injections, In: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Substorms, Versailles, France, 12–17 May 1996. Eur. Space Agency Spec. Publ., ESA SP–389, pp 579–584
Reeves G, Friedel R, Belian R, Meier M, Henderson M, Onsager T, Singer H, Baker D, Li X, Blake J (1998) The relativistic electron response at geosynchronous orbit during the January 1997 magnetic storm. J Geophys Res 103:17559–17570
Reeves GD, McAdams KL, Friedel RHW, O’Brien TP (2003) Acceleration and loss of relativistic electrons during geomagnetic storms. Geophys Res Lett. doi:10.1029/2002GL016513
Reiff PH, Spiro RW, Hill TW (1981) Dependence of polar cap potential drop on interplanetary parameters. J Geophys Res 86:7639–7648
Reinisch BW, Moldwin MB, Denton RE, Gallagher DL, Matsui H, Pierrard V, Tu J (2009) Augmented empirical models of plasmaspheric density and electric field using IMAGE and CLUSTER Data. Space Sci Rev 145:231–261
Richards PG, Torr DG (1985) Seasonal, diurnal, and solar cyclical variations of the limiting H+ flux in the Earth’s topside ionosphere. J Geophys Res 90:5261–5268
Roeder JL, Fennell JF, Grande M, Livi S, Sheldon R (1999) Ring current response to interplanetary magnetic cloud events. Phys Chem Earth, Part C: Solar Terr Planet Sci 24:83–87
Roederer JG (1970) Dynamics of geomagnetically trapped radiation. Springer, New York, NY
Roelof EC (1989) Remote sensing of the ring current using energetic neutral atoms. Adv Space Res 9:195–203
Roelof EC, Skinner AJ (2000) Extraction of ion distributions from magnetospheric ENA and EUV images. Space Sci Rev 91:437–459
Rostoker G, Skone S, Baker DN (1998) On the origin of relativistic electrons in the magnetosphere associated with some geomagnetic storms. Geophys Res Lett 25:3701–3704
Rowe JF Jr (1974) Magnetic activity variations of the nighttime E region at Arecibo. Radio Sci 9:175–182
Rowland D, Wygant J (1998) Dependence of the large-scale, inner magnetospheric electric field on geomagnetic activity. J Geophys Res 103:14959–14964
Rozanov E, Callis L, Schlesinger M, Yang F, Andronova N, Zubov V (2005) Atmospheric response to NOy source due to energetic electron precipitation. Geophys Res Lett. doi:10.1029/2005GL023041
Russell CT, McPherron RL (1973) Semiannual variation of geomagnetic activity. J Geophys Res 78:92–108
Sagawa E, Yau AW, Whalen BA, Peterson WK (1987) Pitch angle distributions of low-energy ions in the near-Earth magnetosphere. J Geophys Res 92:12241–12254
Saito S, Miyoshi Y, Seki K (2010) A split in the outer radiation belt by magnetopause shadowing: test particle simulations. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2009JA014738
Sakaguchi K, Shiokawa K, Ieda A, Miyoshi Y, Otsuka Y, Ogawa T, Connors M, Donovan EF, Rich FJ (2007) Simultaneous ground and satellite observations of an isolated proton arc at subauroral latitudes. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2006JA012135
Sakaguchi K, Shiokawa K, Miyoshi Y, Otsuka Y, Ogawa T, Asamura K, Connors M (2008) Simultaneous appearance of isolated aurora arcs and Pc1 geomagnetic pulsations at subauroral latitudes. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2007JA012888
Sandanger M, Søraas F, Aarsnes K, Oksavik K, Evans DS (2007) Loss of relativistic electrons: evidence for pitch angle scattering by electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves excited by unstable ring current protons. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2006JA012138
Sandel BR, Denton MH (2007) Global view of refilling of the plasmasphere. Geophys Res Lett. doi:10.1029/2007GL030669
Sandel BR, Goldstein J, Gallagher DL, Spasojevic M (2003) Extreme ultraviolet imager observations of the structure and dynamics of the plasmasphere. Space Sci. Rev 109:25–46
Sandel BR, King RA, Forrester WT, Gallagher DL, Broadfoot AL, Curtis CC (2001) Initial results from the IMAGE Extreme Ultraviolet Imager. Geophys Res Lett. doi:10.1029/2001GL012885
Santolik O, Gurnett DA, Pickett JS, Parrot M, Cornilleau-Wehrlin N (2003) Spatio-temporal structure of storm-time chorus. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2002JA009791
Sarris TE, Li X, Temerin M (2006) Simulating radial diffusion of energetic (MeV) electrons through a model of fluctuating electric and magnetic fields. Ann Geophys 24:1–16
Sarris TE, Loto’aniu TM, Li X, Singer HJ (2007) Observations at geosynchronous orbit at a persistent Pc5 geomagnetic pulsation and energetic electron flux modulations. Ann Geophys 25:1653–1667
Schulz M (1991) The magnetosphere. In: Jacobs JA (ed) Geomagnetism. Academic, London, pp 87–293
Schulz M, Koons HC (1972) Thermalization of colliding ion streams beyond the plasmapause. J Geophys Res 77:248–254
Schulz M, Lanzerotti LJ (1974) Particle diffusion in the radiation belts. Sprinter, Heidelberg, Germany
Scime EE, Keesee AM Jahn J, Kline JL, Pollock CJ, Thomsen MF (2002) Remote ion temperature measurements of Earth’s magnetosphere: medium energy neutral atom (MENA) images. Geophys Res Lett. doi:10.1029/2001GL013994
Sckopke N (1966) A general relation between the energy of trapped particles and the disturbance field near the Earth. J Geophys Res 71:3125–3135
Seki K, Miyoshi Y, Summers D, Meredith NP (2005) Comparative study of outer-zone relativistic electrons observed by Akebono and CRRes. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2004JA010655
Selesnick RS, Blake JB (2000) On the source location of radiation belt electrons. J Geophys Res 105:2607–2624
Selesnick RS, Looper MD, Mewaldt RA (2007) A theoretical model of the inner proton radiation belt. Space Weather. doi:10.1029/2006SW000275
Senior C (1991) Solar and particle contributions to auroral height integrated conductivities from EISCAT data: a statistical study. Ann Geophys 9:449–460
Senior C, Sharber JR, de la Beaujardière O, Heelis RA, Evans DS, Winningham JD, Sugiura M, Hoegy WR (1987) E and F region study of the evening sector auroral oval: a Chatanika/Dynamics Explorer 2/NOAA 6 comparison. J Geophys Res 92:2477–2494
Sergeev VA, Sazhina EM, Tsyganenko NA, Lundblad JÅ, Søraas F (1983) Pitch-angle scattering of energetic protons in the magnetotail current sheet as the dominant source of their isotropic precipitation into the nightside ionosphere. Planet Space Sci 31:1147–1155
Sergeev VA, Malkov M, Mursula K (1993) Testing the isotropic boundary algorithm method to evaluate the magnetic field configuration in the tail. J Geophys Res 98:7609–7620
Sergeev VA, Shukhtina MA, Rasinkangas R, Korth A, Reeves GD, Singer HJ, Thomsen MF, Vagina LI (1998) Event study of deep energetic particle injections during substorm. J Geophys Res 103:9217–9234
Sheldon RB, Spence HE, Fennell JF (1998) Observation of the 40 keV field-aligned ion beams. Geophys Res Lett 25:1617– 16i20
Shinbori A, Ono T, Iizima T, Kumamoto A (2004) SC related electric and magnetic field phenomena observed by the Akebono satellite inside the plasmasphere. Earth Planet Space 56:269–282
Shprits YY, Thorne RM, Friedel R, Reeves GD, Fennell J, Baker DN, Kanekal SG (2006) Outward radial diffusion driven by losses at magnetopause. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2006JA011657
Shprits Y, Kondrashov D, Chen Y, Thorne R, Ghil M, Friedel R, Reeves G (2007) Reanalysis of relativistic radiation belt electron fluxes using CRRES satellite data, a radial diffusion model, and a Kalman filter. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2007JA012579.
Shprits YY, Elkington SR, Meredith NP, Subbotin DA (2008a) Review of modeling of losses and sources of relativistic electrons in the outer radiation belt I: radial transport. J Atmos Solar-Terr Phys 70:1679–1693
Shprits YY, Subbotin DA, Meredith NP, Elkington SR (2008b) Review of modeling of losses and sources of relativistic electrons in the outer radiation belt II: local acceleration and loss. J Atmos Solar-Terr Phys 70:1694–1713
Shprits YY, Subbotin DA, Ni B (2009) Evolution of electron fluxes in the outer radiation belt computed with the VERB code. J Geophys Res 114. doi:10.1029/2008JA013784.
Singh N, Horwitz JL (1992) Plasmasphere refilling: recent observations and modeling. J Geophys Res 97:1049–1079
Siscoe GL, Crooker NU, Siebert KD (2002) Transpolar potential saturation: roles of region 1 current system and solar wind ram pressure. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2001JA009176
Sitnov MI, Tsyganenko NA, Ukhorskiy AY, Brandt PC (2008) Dynamical data-based modeling of the storm-time geomagnetic field with enhanced spatial resolution. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2007JA013003
Smith PH, Hoffman RA (1973) Ring current particle distributions during the magnetic storms of December 16–18:1971. J Geophys Res 78:4731–4737
Smith PH, Bewtra NK (1976) Dependence of the charge exchange lifetimes on mirror latitude. Geophys Res Lett 3:689–692
Smith JP, Thomsen MF, Borovsky JE, Collier M (1999) Solar wind density as a driver for the ring current in mild storms. Geophys Res Lett 26:1797–1800
Sojka J, Schunk R, Johnson J, Waite J, Chappell C (1983) Characteristics of Thermal and suprathermal ions associated with the dayside plasma trough as measured by the dynamics explorer retarding ion mass spectrometer. J Geophys Res 88:7895–7911
Song P, Russell C (1992) Model of the formation of the low-latitude boundary layer for strongly northward interplanetary magnetic field. J Geophys Res 97:1411–1420
Song XT, Gendrin R, Caudal G (1988) Refilling process in the plasmasphere and its relation to magnetic activity. J Atmos Terr Phys 50:185–195
Song P, DeZeeuw DL, Gombosi TI, Groth CPT, Powell KG (1999) A numerical study of solar wind-magnetosphere interaction for northward interplanetary magnetic field. J Geophys Res 104:28361–28378
Southwood DJ, Dungey JW, Etherington RJ (1969) Bounce resonant interaction between pulsations and trapped particles. Planet Space Sci 17:349–361
Spasojevic M, Thomsen MF, Chi PJ, Sandel BR (2005) Afternoon subauroral proton precipitation resulting from ring current-plasmasphere interaction. In: Burch J, Schulz M, Spence H (eds) Inner magnetosphere interactions: new perspective from imaging. doi: 10.1029/159GM12. AGU, Washington DC
Spence HE, Kivelson MG (1993) Contributions of the low-latitude boundary layer to the finite width magnetotail convection model. J Geophys Res 98:15487–15496
Spence HE, Kivelson MG, Walker RJ, McComas DJ (1989) Magnetospheric plasma pressures in the midnight meridian: observations from 2.5 to 35 RE. J Geophys Res 94:5264–5272
Spiro RW, Wolf RA (1984) Electrodynamics of convection in the inner magnetosphere. In: Potemra TA (ed) Magnetospheric currents. Geophysical monograph series, vol 28. AGU, Washington, DC, p 248
Spiro RW, Heelis RA, Hanson WB (1979) Rapid subauroral ion drifts observed by Atmospherics Explorer C. Geophys Res Lett 6:657–660
Spiro RW, Wolf RA, Fejer BG (1988) Penetration of high-altitude-electric-field effects to low latitudes during SUNDIAL 1984. Ann Geophys 6:39–49
Stüdemann W et al (1987) The May 2–3:1986 magnetic storm: first energetic ion composition observations with the MICS instrument on Viking. Geophys Res Lett 14:455–458
Subbotin D, Shprits Y, Ni B (2010) Three-dimensional VERB radiation belt simulations including mixed diffusion. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2009JA015070.
Sugiura M (1964) Hourly values of equatorial Dst for IGY. In: Berkner LV(eds) Annals of the International Geophysical Year, 35. Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp 9–45
Sugiura M, Ledley B, Skillman T, Heppner J (1971) Magnetospheric-field distortions observed by Ogo 3 and 5. J Geophys Res 76:7552–7565
Summers D (2005) Quasi-linear diffusion coefficients for field-aligned electromagnetic waves with applications to the magnetosphere. J Geophys Res 110. doi:10.1029/2005JA011159
Summers D, Ma C (2000) Rapid acceleration of electrons in the magnetosphere by fast-mode MHD waves. J Geophys Res 105:15887–15895
Summers D, Thorne RM (2003) Relativistic electron pitch-angle scattering by electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves during geomagnetic storms. J Geophys Res 108. doi:10.1029/2002JA009489
Summers D, Thorne RM, Xiao F (1998) Relativistic theory of wave-particle resonant diffusion with application to electron acceleration in the magnetosphere. J Geophys Res 103:20487–20500
Summers D, Thorne RM, Xiao F (2001) Gyroresonant acceleration of electrons in the magnetosphere by superluminous electromagnetic waves. J Geophys Res 106:10853–10868
Summers D, Ni B, Meredith NP (2007) Timescales for radiation belt electron acceleration and loss due to resonant wave-particle interactions: 1. Theory. J Geophys Res 112. doi:10.1029/2006JA011801.
Søraas F, Oksavik K, Aarsnes K, Evans DS, Greer MS (2003) Storm time equatorial belt-an “image” of RC behavior. Geophys Res Lett. doi:10.1029/2002GL015636
Sørbø M, Søraas F, Aarsnes K, Oksavik K, Evans DS (2006) Latitude distribution of vertically precipitating energetic neutral atoms observed at low altitudes. Geophys Res Lett 33. doi:10.1029/2005GL025240
Takahashi K, Ukhorskiy AY (2007) Solar wind control of Pc5 pulsation power at geosynchronous orbit. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2007JA012483
Takahashi K, Ohtani S, Denton RE, Hughes WJ, Anderson RR (2008) Ion composition in the plasma trough and plasma plume derived from a combined release and radiation effects satellite magnetoseismic study. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2008JA013248
Takasaki S, Kawano H, Tanaka Y, Yoshikawa A, Seto M, Iizima M, Obana Y, Sato N, Yumoto K (2006) A significant mass density increase during a large magnetic storm in October 2003 obtained by ground-based ULF observations at L ∼ 1.4. Earth Planet Space 58:617–622
Tan LC, Fung SF, Shao X (2004) Observation of magnetospheric relativistic electrons accelerated by Pc–5 ULF waves. Geophys Res Lett. doi:10.1029/2004GL019459
Taylor HA Jr (1972) The light ion trough. Planet Space Sci 20:1593–1599
Terada N, Iyemori T, Nose M, Nagai T, Matsumoto H, Goka T (1998) Storm–time magnetic field variations observed by the ETS-VI satellite. Earth Planet Space 50:853–864
Terasawa T et al (1997) Solar wind control of density and temperature in the near-Earth plasma sheet: WIND/GEOTAIL collaboration. Geophys Res Lett 24:935–938
Thomsen M, Borovsky J, McComas D, Collier M (1998) Variability of the ring current source population. Geophys Res Lett 25:3481–3484
Thomsen MF, Borovsky JE, Skoug RM, Smith CW (2003) Delivery of cold, dense plasma sheet material into the near-Earth region. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2002JA009544
Thorne RM, Kennel CF (1971) Relativistic electron precipitation during magnetic storm main phase. J Geophys Res 76:4446–4453
Thorne RM (1977) Energetic radiation belt electron precipitation: a natural depletion mechanism for stratospheric ozone. Science 195:287–289
Thorne RM, Horne RB (1994) Energy transfer between energetic ring current H+ and O+ by electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves. J Geophys Res 99:17275–17282
Thorne RM, Horne RB (1997) Modulation of electromagnetic ion cyclotron instability due to interaction with ring current O+ during magnetic storms. J Geophys Res 102:14155–14163
Thorne RM O’Brien TP, Shprits YY, Summers D, Horne RB (2005) Timescale for MeV electron microburst loss during geomagnetic storms. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2004JA010882
Tinsley BA (1981) Neutral atom precipitation – a review. J Atmos Terr Phys 43:617–632,
Tsurutani BT, Gonzalez WD, Gonzalez ALC, Guarnieri FL, Gopalswamy N, Grande M, Kamide Y, Kasahara Y, Lu G, Mann I, McPherron R, Sorass F, and Vasyliunas V (2006) Corotating solar wind streams and recurrent geomagnetic activity: a review. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2005JA011273
Tu J, Song P, Reinisch BW, Green JL, Huang X (2006) Empirical specification of field–aligned plasma density profiles for plasmasphere refilling. J Geophys Res 111. doi:10.1029/2005JA011582
Turner NE, Baker DN, Pulkkinen TI, Roeder JL Fennell JF, Jordanova VK (2001) Energy content in the storm time ring current. J Geophys Res 106:19149–19156
Tverskaya LV, Pavlov NN, Blake JB, Selesnick RS, Fennell JF (2003) Predicting the L-position of the storm-injected relativistic electron belt. Adv Space Res 31:1039–1044
Ukhorskiy AY, Anderson BJ, Takahashi K, Tsyganenko NA (2006) Impact of ULF oscillations in solar wind dynamic pressure on the outer radiation belt electrons. Geophys Res Lett. doi:10.1029/2005GL024380
Unwin RW, Cummack CH (1980) Drift spikes: the ionospheric signature of large poleward directed electric fields at subauroral latitudes. Mem Natl Inst Polar Res 16:72 (Special Issue “IMS in Antarctica”)
Usanova ME, Mann IR, Rae IJ, Kale ZC, Angelopoulos V, Bonnell JW, Classmeier K-H, Auster HU, Singer HJ (2008) Multipoint observations of magnetospheric compression-related EMIC Pc1 waves by THEMIS and CARISMA. Geophys Res Lett. doi:10.1029/2008GL034458
Vallance Jones A (1974) Aurora D. Reidel, Norwell, MA
Vallat et al (2005) First current density measurements in the ring current region using simultaneous multi-spacecraft Cluster-FGM data. Ann Geophys 23:1849–1865
Van Allen JA, Frank LA (1959) Radiation around the earth to a radial distance of 107400 km. Nature 183:430–434
Varotsou A, Boscher D, Bourdarie S, Horne RB, Glauert SA, Meredith NP (2005) Simulation of the outer radiation belt electrons near geosynchronous orbit including both radial diffusion and resonant interaction with whistler-mode chorus waves. Geophys Res Lett. doi:10.1029/2005GL023282
Varotsou A, Boscher D, Bourdarie S, Horne RB, Meredith NP, Glauert SA, Friedel RH (2008) Three-dimensional test simulations of the outer radiation belt electron dynamics including electron-chorus resonant interactions. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2007JA012862
Vassiliadis D, Klimas AJ, Weigel RS, Baker DN, Rigler EJ, Kanekal SG, Nagai T, Fung SF, Friedel RWH, Cayton TE (2003) Structure of Earth’s outer radiation belt inferred from long-term electron flux dynamics. Geophys Res Lett. doi:10.1029/2003GL017328
Vassiliadis D, Fung SF, Klimas AJ (2005) Solar, interplanetary, and magnetospheric parameters for the radiation belt energetic electron flux. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2004JA010443
Vasyliunas VM (1970) Mathematical models of magnetospheric convection and its couplingt to the ionosphere, In: McCormac BM (ed) Particles and fields in the magnetosphere. D. Reidel, New York, NY pp. 60–71
Voiculescu M, Roth M (2008) Eastward sub-auroral ion drifts or ASAID. Ann Geophys 26:1955–1963
Walker RJ, Erickson KN, Swanson RL, Winckler JR (1976) Substorm-associated particle boundary motion at synchronous orbit. J Geophys Res 81:5541–5550
Wang C, Newman TS, Gallagher DL (2007) Plasmapause equatorial shape determination via the Minimum L Algorithm: description and evaluation. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2006JA012202
Wang H, Ridley AJ, Lühr H, Liemohn MW, Ma SY (2008) Statistical study of the subauroral polarization stream: its dependence on the cross-polar cap potential and subauroral conductance. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2008JA013529
West H Jr, Buck R, Walton J (1973) Electron Pitch Angle Distributions throughout the Magnetosphere as Observed on Ogo 5. J Geophys Res 78:1064–1081
Weimer DR (2001) An improved model of ionospheric electric potentials including substorm perturbations and application to the Geospace Environment Modeling November 24:1996, event. J Geophys Res 106:407–416
Weimer DR (2005) Improved ionospheric electrodynamic models and application to calculating Joule heating rates. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2004JA010884
Williams DJ (1981) Ring current composition and sources: an update. Planet Space Sci 29:1195–1203
Williams DJ, Arens JF, Lanzerotti LJ (1968) Observations of trapped electrons at low and high altitudes. J Geophys Res 73:5673–5696
Wolf RA (1970) Effects of ionospheric conductivity on convective flow of plasma in the magnetosphere. J Geophys Res 75:4677–4698
Wolf RA, Harel M, Spiro RW, Voigt G-H, Reiff PH, Chen C-K (1982) Computer simulation of inner magnetospheric dynamics for the magnetic storm of July 29:1977. J Geophys Res 87:5949–5962
Wygant JR, Torbert RB, Mozer FS (1983) Comparison of S3-3 polar cap potential with the interplanetary magnetic field and models of magnetospheric reconnection. J Geophys Res 88:5727–5735
Xiao F, Thorne RM, Summers D (2007) Higher-order gyroresonant acceleration of electrons by superluminous (AKR) wave modes. Planet Space Sci 55:1257–1271
Xiao F, Su Z, Zheng H, Wang S (2010a) Three-dimensional simulations of outer radiation belt electron dynamics including cross-diffusion terms. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2009JA014541
Xiao F, Su Z, Chen L, Zheng H, Wang S (2010b) A parametric study on outer radiation belt electron evolution by superluminous R-X mode waves. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2010JA015374
Yahnin AG, Yahnina TA, Frey HU (2007) Subauroral proton spots visualize the Pc1 source. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2007JA012501
Yahnina TA, Frey HU, Bösinger T, Yahnin AG (2008) Evidence for subauroral proton flashes on the dayside as the result of the ion cyclotron interaction. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2008JA013099
Yamauchi M, Lundin R, Mursula K, Marklund G, Potemra TA (1996) Dayside Pc5 pulsation detected by Viking ion data at L=4. Geophys Res Lett 23:2517–2520
Yamauchi M, Ebihara Y, Dandouras I, Rème H (2009) Dual source populations of substorm-associated ring current ions, Ann Geophys 27:1431–1438
Yao Y, Seki K, Miyoshi Y, McFadden JP, Lund EJ, Carlson CW (2008) Statistical properties of the multiple ion band structures observed by the FAST satellite. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2008JA013178
Yau AW, Beckwith PH, Peterson WK, Shelley EG (1985a) Long-term (solar cycle) and seasonal variations of upflowing ionospheric ion events at DE 1 Altitudes. J Geophys Res 90:6395–6407
Yau AW, Shelley EG, Peterson WK, Lenchyshyn L (1985b) Energetic auroral and polar ion outflow at DE 1 altitudes: magnitude, composition, magnetic activity dependence, and long-term variations. J Geophys Res 90:8417–8432
Yizengaw E, Wei H, Moldwin MB, Galvan D, Mandrake L, Mannucci A, Pi X (2005) The correlation between mid-latitude trough and the plasmapause. Geophys Res Lett. doi:10.1029/2005GL022954
Yizengaw E, Moldwin MB, Galvan D, Iijima BA, Komjathy A, Mannucci AJ (2008) Global plasmaspheric TEC and its relative contribution to GPS TEC. J Atmos Solar-Terr Phys 70:1541–1548
Yoshikawa I, Murakami G, Ogawa G, Yoshioka K, Obana Y, Taguchi M, Yamazaki A, Kameda S, Nakamura M, Kikuchi M, Kagitani M, Okano S, Miyake W (2010) Plasmaspheric EUV images seen from lunar orbit: initial results of the extreme ultraviolet telescope on board the Kaguya spacecraft. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2009JA014978
Young DT, Balsiger H, Geiss J (1982) Correlations of magnetospheric ion composition with geomagnetic and solar activity. J Geophys Res 87:9077–9096
Zaharia S, Jordanova VK, Thomsen MF, Reeves GD (2006) Self-consistent modeling of magnetic fields and plasmas in the inner magnetosphere: application to a geomagnetic storm. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2006JA011619
Zhang Y, Paxton LJ, Kozyra JU, Kil H, Brandt PC (2006) Nightside thermospheric FUV emissions due to energetic neutral atom precipitation during magnetic superstorms. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2005JA011152
Zhang Y, Paxton LJ, Zheng Y (2008) Interplanetary shock induced ring current auroras. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2007JA012554
Zhang J-C, Wolf RA, Spiro RW, Erickson GM, Sazykin S, Toffoletto FR, Yang J (2009) Rice convection model simulation of the substorm-associated injection of an observed plasma bubble into the inner magnetosphere: 2. Simulation results. J Geophys Res. doi:10.1029/2009JA014131
Zong Q-G, Wilken B (1999) Bursty energetic oxygen events in the dayside magnetosheath: geotail observations. Geophys Res Lett 26:3349–3352
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ebihara, Y., Miyoshi, Y. (2011). Dynamic Inner Magnetosphere: A Tutorial and Recent Advances. In: Liu, W., Fujimoto, M. (eds) The Dynamic Magnetosphere. IAGA Special Sopron Book Series, vol 3. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0501-2_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0501-2_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-007-0500-5
Online ISBN: 978-94-007-0501-2
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)