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Air Quality Measurements

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Technical Challenges of Multipollutant Air Quality Management

Abstract

Air quality measurements are essential supporting elements of current and future air quality management practice. Current measurement programs range from monitoring networks designed to determine regulatory compliance to specialized field observations for supporting process research. Under a risk- and results-based air quality management system, current monitoring protocols will require serious rethinking, especially if the measure of regulatory compliance shifts from achieving broad-scale ambient concentration goals to determining the risk of exposure to ambient pollutants. If risk reduction becomes the compliance metric, information on ambient concentration fields will be required at the spatial and temporal scales needed for determining exposure. These scales are much finer than is currently required for monitoring broad-scale ambient concentrations. This kind of information cannot be obtained using brute force measurement methods. This chapter reviews current capabilities of ambient measurement networks and methods, and it discusses the kinds of changes that will be required to achieve various levels of risk-based, results-oriented air quality management.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Health scientists have pressed for shorter time resolution of ambient data, but their analyses are limited by recording of health markers, such as mortality and morbidity. These appear to be on the scale of days and longer. Thus hourly averaging appears to be primarily a concern for characterizing dynamics of atmospheric processes, and perhaps acute response to short term exposures.

  2. 2.

    Air toxics listed for Canada and Mexico differ from those adopted in the United States as HAPs. They also are defined in the List of Terms.

  3. 3.

    The ARIES VOC data are long term and have been collected between 1999 and 2008 in Atlanta, GA for basic speciation, and for integrating into epidemiological studies of air quality in the city.

  4. 4.

    Since the late 1990s, reliable measurements of NOy have been reported for a number of sites in recent NOAA campaigns (e.g., Parrish and Fehsenfeld 2000), and in the Southern Oxidant Study (SOS) research. Since the late 1990s, long-term measurement of NOy has taken place in the southeastern SEARCH network (e.g., Hansen et al. 2003).

  5. 5.

    A 2010 proposed U.S. SO2 standard targets a 1-h daily maximum between 50–100 ppbv based on a three-year average of the 99th percentile (4th highest concentration), vacating the existing 24-h and annual NAAQS.

  6. 6.

    Exercises for monitoring network design, setting specific goals and using observations and modeling have been done in both urban and regional settings (e.g., California monitoring system, including the Los Angeles area), and studies such as the sulfate regional experiment (Mueller et al. 1982; Hidy 1982) and later the MATEX (e.g., Hidy et al. 1985), The San Joaquin Valley Air Quality Study (Blumenthal and Watson 1994); the SEARCH (Hansen et al. 2003) and the EMEFS experiment. (e.g., Hansen 1989). This approach underlies the idealized NCore design as well (e.g., http://4cleanair.org/Scheffe-Gilroy.pdf [accessed April 2009]).

  7. 7.

    While the details of combined outdoor, indoor and activity-based measurements are not discussed in this chapter, progress toward development of reliable exposure metrics with ambient observations is needed. Special studies aimed at exposure models will be required to achieve Levels 3 and 4, as outlined in Chaps. 3 and 5.

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Acknowledgments

We acknowledge the following contributing authors: Beatriz Cardenas, Tom Dann, Jake Hales, George M. Hidy, Ana Patricia Martinez, Luisa T. Molina, Jason O’Brien, Armando Retama, Elizabeth Vega, Robert Vet, and Jeff West.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T W Alexander Drive, Mail Code: C304-01, 27711, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA

    Richard D. Scheffe

  2. Environment Canada, 4905 Dufferin St., M3H5T4, Downsview, Ontario, Canada

    Jeffrey R. Brook

  3. Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, University at Albany CESTM, 251 Fuller Road, 12203, Albany, NY, USA

    Kenneth L. Demerjian

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  1. Richard D. Scheffe
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  2. Jeffrey R. Brook
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  3. Kenneth L. Demerjian
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Correspondence to Richard D. Scheffe .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Envair/Aerochem, Evergreen Drive 6, Placitas, 87043, New Mexico, USA

    George M. Hidy

  2. Environment Canada, Dufferin Street 4905, Downsview, M3H5T4, Ontario, Canada

    Jeffrey R. Brook

  3. , Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, University at Albany CESTM, Fuller Road 251, Albany, 12203, New York, USA

    Kenneth L. Demerjian

  4. Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Molina Center for Energy and the Environment, Holiday Court 3252, La Jolla, 92037, California, USA

    Luisa T. Molina

  5. Columbia Research and Education Associat, Pasco, 99301, Washington, USA

    William T. Pennell

  6. US Environmental Protection Agency, USEPA Mailroom, Research Triangle Park, 27711, North Carolina, USA

    Richard D. Scheffe

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Scheffe, R.D., Brook, J.R., Demerjian, K.L. (2011). Air Quality Measurements. In: Hidy, G., Brook, J., Demerjian, K., Molina, L., Pennell, W., Scheffe, R. (eds) Technical Challenges of Multipollutant Air Quality Management. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0304-9_10

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