Abstract
The European Union (EU) institutions and Member States could be forgiven for giving a collective sigh of relief on 1 December 2009 when the decade-long process of constitutional reform of the EU finally reached its end. The entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon, born from the ashes of the abandoned Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe, was a pivotal moment in the history of the European integration process and its external relations. But, as with any major constitutional change, its entry into force posed as many questions for the future of the EU as it gave responses to the need for the EU to have a new Treaty in the first place. If the political elites responsible for the text of the Treaty are allowed their sigh of relief, then the citizens of Europe (if not the world) should also be permitted to wonder why the Treaty took so long and what the point of it all was.
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Notes
- 1.
Shaw 2011, 583.
- 2.
Hill 1993
- 3.
- 4.
European Security Strategy: A Secure Europe in a Better World, Brussels, 12 December 2003, as complemented by the High Representative’s Report on the Implementation of the European Security Strategy—Providing Security in a Changing World, doc. 17104/08 (S407/08), 11 December 2008, endorsed by the European Council, Presidency Conclusions, doc. 17271/08 (CONCL 5), 12 December 2008.
- 5.
Cardwell, French and White 2009.
- 6.
Laïdi 2008, 4.
- 7.
See, for example, Joint Communication to the European Council, the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions—A Partnership for Democracy and Shared Prosperity with the Southern Mediterranean, COM (2011) 200.
- 8.
Koutrakos 2011, 236.
- 9.
Council Decision 2010/427/EU of 26 July 2010 establishing the organisation and functioning of the European External Action Service, OJ 2010 L 201/30.
- 10.
See, in particular, Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions ‘Towards a comprehensive European international investment policy’, Brussels 7.7.2010, COM (2010) 343; Proposal for a regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing transitional arrangements for bilateral investment agreements between Member States and third countries, Brussels 7.7.2010, COM (2010) 344.
- 11.
See, for example, Commission (2010) Strategy for the effective implementation of the Charter of Fundamental Rights by the European Union, COM (2010) 573.
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Cardwell, P.J. (2011). EU External Relations Law and Policy in the Post-Lisbon Era. In: Cardwell, P. (eds) EU External Relations Law and Policy in the Post-Lisbon Era. T.M.C. Asser Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-823-1_1
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