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Chapter 11 Transport Processes: Connecting the Reactions of C4 Photosynthesis

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C4 Photosynthesis and Related CO2 Concentrating Mechanisms

Part of the book series: Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration ((AIPH,volume 32))

Summary

The C4 cycle requires immense metabolite fluxes. The spatial separation of initial carbon fixation by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and entry in the photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle through Rubisco requires metabolites to shuttle not only between cells but also across intracellular membranes. C4 photosynthesis is a highly compartmentalized process. Atmospheric CO2 is fixed into C4 acids (photosynthetic carbon assimilation, PCA) in one tissue and C4 acids donate CO2 to Rubisco in another (photosynthetic carbon reduction, PCR). PCA occurs in chloroplasts and cytosol; PCR occurs in ­chloroplasts, and depending on the subtype of C4 photosynthesis may involve the mitochondria and cytosol. Intercellular transport likely occurs symplastically but the intracellular transport processes across the organellar membranes are at least in part mediated by specific transport proteins. These transport processes are of particular interest because metabolites have to be transported at the rate of carbon assimilation; each carbon which is shuttled as a C4 acid necessitates distinct transport processes as does the C3 acid which returns to recycle the initial carbon acceptor. Currently, it is not fully understood how the organellar membranes accommodate the high volume and velocity of the necessary flux. This chapter will review the different types of C4 cycle reactions and the transport processes required for each sub-type based on the localization of the enzymes involved in the C4 cycle. For each transport process the current knowledge about the transport proteins involved is stated in detail, including discussion of candidate transport proteins characterized in C3 systems. Finally, novel strategies for identifying and characterizing molecular candidates for transport proteins and their importance for engineering a C4 cycle in C3 crop plants are described.

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Abbreviations

2-OG:

2-Oxoglutarate

3-PGA:

3-­Phosphoglycerate

AAC:

ATP ADP carrier

DHAP:

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate

DIC:

Dicarboxylate carrier

DiT:

Dicarboxylate translocator

DTC:

Di- and tricarboxylate carrier

MCF:

Mitochondrial carrier family

MDH:

Malate dehydrogenase

NAD-ME:

NAD-malic enzyme

NADP-ME:

NADP-malic enzyme

OAA:

Oxaloacetate

PCA:

Photosynthetic carbon assimilation

PCR:

Photosynthetic carbon reduction

PEP:

Phosphoenolpyruvate

PEPC:

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase

PPT:

Phosphoenolpyruvate phosphate translocator

PPDK:

PEP phosphate dikinase

PEP-CK:

PEP carboxykinase

Rubisco:

Ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase

TPT:

Triose-phosphate phosphate translocator

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Acknowledgments

Work in the authors’ lab is supported by grants of the National Science Foundation (USA) and the German Research Foundation (DFG, Germany). AB is grateful to the Barnett-Rosenberg Foundation and the Deutsche Studienstiftung for financial support. The authors wish to thank Dr. R. Sage and two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on improving the manuscript.

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  1. Institut für Biochemie der Pflanzen, Heinrich Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany

    Andrea Bräutigam & Andreas P. M. Weber

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  1. Andrea Bräutigam
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  2. Andreas P. M. Weber
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Correspondence to Andreas P. M. Weber .

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  1. School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India

    Agepati S. Raghavendra

  2. Dept. Botany, University of Toronto, Willcocks Street 25, Toronto, M5S 3B2, Ontario, Canada

    Rowan F. Sage

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Bräutigam, A., Weber, A.P.M. (2010). Chapter 11 Transport Processes: Connecting the Reactions of C4 Photosynthesis. In: Raghavendra, A., Sage, R. (eds) C4 Photosynthesis and Related CO2 Concentrating Mechanisms. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration, vol 32. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9407-0_11

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