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Chapter 10 C4 Photosynthesis and Temperature

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C4 Photosynthesis and Related CO2 Concentrating Mechanisms

Part of the book series: Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration ((AIPH,volume 32))

Summary

C4 plants perform poorly at low temperature, in contrast to C3 vegetation. As a consequence, low ­numbers of C4 species occur at high latitude, high elevation, and during cooler growing seasons. The mechanisms explaining the poor performance of C4 species in colder climates have not been clearly identified. Early physiological perspectives indicate that C4 species fail at low temperature due to either low quantum yield of the C4 relative to the C3 pathway, or enzyme lability in the C4 cycle, most notably at PEP regeneration by pyruvate-Pi dikinase (PPDK). Alternatively, recent phylogenetic surveys show that all C4 lineages originated from C3 ancestors adapted to warm climates, indicating the failure of most C4 species in colder environments could reflect prior heat adaptation within their respective evolutionary lineages. Numerous C4 species have independently evolved cold tolerance; these plants allow for examination of C4 photosynthesis at low temperature without complications from chilling injury. Relative to ecologically-similar C3 species, chilling-adapted C4 species have similar or slightly reduced photosynthetic capacities below 10°C and, after cold acclimation, show no chilling lability of PPDK, PEP carboxylase or other enzymes of the C4 cycle. Cold-adapted C4 species have enhanced photoprotective capacity at low ­temperature as indicated by greater levels of antioxidants and carotenoid pigments. Rubisco capacity is similar to gross CO2 assimilation rate below 20°C in cold-adapted C4 species, indicating it is an important limitation on C4 photosynthesis at cool temperature. Acclimation and adaptation of C4 species to the cold does not overcome the apparent Rubisco limitation. It is likely that a ceiling on carbon gain by insufficient Rubisco capacity at low temperature may be a leading trait that maladapts the C4 pathway to cold regions of the earth.

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Abbreviations

A :

– Net CO2 assimilation rate;

Ci :

– Intercellular partial pressure of CO2;

Ca :

– Ambient partial pressure of CO2;

PEPC:

– Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase;

PPDK:

– Pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase;

Rubisco:

– Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase.

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Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful for support from their national funding agencies, the Canadian Natural Science and Engineering Council (NSERC) which funded RF Sage and DS Kubien, and The Scientific and Technological Research Council of ­Turkey (TÜBİTAK) grant no: 106O384 to F. Kocacinar. We also thank Ms. Debbie Tam for technical assistance with the the work that was originally generated by the authors.

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  1. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, M5S3B2, Canada

    Rowan F. Sage

  2. Faculty of Forestry, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Merkez, 46100, Kahramanmaras, Turkey

    Ferit Kocacinar

  3. Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, 10 Bailey Dr., Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada

    David S. Kubien

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  1. School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India

    Agepati S. Raghavendra

  2. Dept. Botany, University of Toronto, Willcocks Street 25, Toronto, M5S 3B2, Ontario, Canada

    Rowan F. Sage

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Sage, R.F., Kocacinar, F., Kubien, D.S. (2010). Chapter 10 C4 Photosynthesis and Temperature. In: Raghavendra, A., Sage, R. (eds) C4 Photosynthesis and Related CO2 Concentrating Mechanisms. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration, vol 32. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9407-0_10

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