Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Biochemical Plant Defenses Against Herbivores

From Poisons to Spices

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
All Flesh Is Grass

Part of the book series: Cellular Origin, Life in Extreme Habitats and Astrobiology ((COLE,volume 16))

Abstract

Fossil evidences from some of the earliest terrestrial communities indicate that insect herbivory began near the close of the Silurian, around 420 million years ago (MYA), by early insects with primitive piercing and sucking mouthparts (Labandeira, 1998). During the Early Permian (∼280 MYA), plant foliar feeding and skeletonization evolved on some seed-bearing plants. Approximately 200 MY later, specialized associations between plants and their insect herbivores, such as feeding by hispine Chrysomelid beetles on ginger, occurred in the late Cretaceous (Wilf et al., 2000). Many arthropods living prior to the Jurassic (∼200 MYA) were polyphagous, but shifts in arthropod feeding from polyphagy to specialized ­oligophagous feeding and subsequently monophagy occurred ­during this period. The occurrence of plant alkaloid and terpenoid metabolites at a ­similar point in the fossil record suggests that plants began to actively evolve these compounds for defensive purposes. These compounds, along with the phenolics, are collectively known as defensive allelochemicals or antiherbivory compounds (Whittaker, 1970).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Altpeter, F., Diaz, I., McAuslane, H., Gaddour, K., Carbonero, P. and Vasil I.K. (1999) Increased insect resistance in transgenic wheat stably expressing trypsin inhibitor CMe. Mol. Breed. 5: 53–63.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Applebaum, S.W., Harpaz, B.I. and Bondi, A. (1964) Comparative studies on proteolytic enzymes of Tenebrio molitor L. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 11: 85–103.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Assabgui, R.A., Arnason, J.T. and Hamilton, R.I. (1995) Field evaluations of hydroxamic acids and antibiosis factors in elite maize inbreds to the western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 88: 1482–1493.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, A. A., Stipanovic, R.D., Howell, C.R. and Fryxell, P. R. (1975) Antimicrobial terpenoids of Gossypium: Hemigossypol, 6-methoxygossypol and 6-deoxyhemigossypol. Phytochemistry 14: 225–234.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bergvinson, D.J. (1997) Windows of maize resistance, In: J.A. Mihm (ed.) Insect Resistant Maize: Recent Advances and Utilization, Proceedings of an International Symposium, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Mexico, D. F., 1994, CIMMYT, El Batan, Mexico, pp. 117–126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bergvinson D.J., Arnason J.T. and Pietrzak, L.N. (1994) Localization and quantification of cell wall phenolics in European corn borer resistant and susceptible maize inbreds. Can. J. Bot. 72: 1243–1249.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berlandier, F.A. (1996) Alkaloid level in narrow-leafed lupin, Lupinus angustifolius, influences green peach aphid reproductive performance. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 79: 19–24.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Birch, A.N.E., Geoghegan, I.E., Majerus, M.E.N., McNicol, J.W.C., Hackett, A., Gatehouse, A.M.R. and Gatehouse, J.A. (1999) Tri-trophic interactions involving pest aphids, predatory 2-spot ­ladybirds and transgenic potatoes expressing snowdrop lectin for aphid resistance. Mol. Breed. 5: 75–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Birk, Y. (1985) The Bowman–Birk inhibitor. Trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor from soybeans. Int. J. Peptide Protein Res. 25: 113–131.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boland, W., Hopke, J. and Piel, J. (1998) Biosynthesis of jasomates, In: P. Schreier, M. Herderich, H.-U. Humpf and W. Schwab (eds.) Natural Product Analysis; Chromotography, Spectroscopy, Biological Testing. Friedr. Vieweg, Braunschweig/Wiesbaden. pp. 255–269.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bordasch, R.P. and Berryman, A.A. (1977) Host resistance to the fir engraver beetle, Scolytus ventralis (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). 2. Repellency of Abies grandis resins and some monoterpenes. Can. Entomol. 109: 95–100.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bowels, D.J. (1990) Defense-related proteins in higher plants. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 58: 837–907.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowman, D.E. (1944) Fractions derived from soybeas and navy beans which retard tryptic digestion of casein. Proc. Soc. Exp. Physiol. Med. 57: 139–140.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boyko, E.V., Smith, C.M., Vankatappa, T., Bruno, J., Deng, Y., Starkey, S.R. and Klaahsen, D. (2006) The molecular basis of plant gene expression during aphid invasion: Wheat Pto- and Pti-like sequences modulate aphid-wheat interaction. J. Econ. Entomol. 99: 1430–1445.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Broadway, R.M. and Duffey, S.S. (1986) Plant proteinases inhibitors mechanism of action and effect on the growth and digestive physiology of larval Heliothi zea and Spodoptera exigua. J. Insect Physiol. 32: 827–834.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Calatayud, P.A., Rahbé, Y., Delobel, B., Khuong-Huu, F., Tertuliano, M. and Le Rü, B. (1994) ­Influence of secondary compounds in the phloem sap of cassava on expression of antibiosis towards the mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 72: 47–57.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cantot, P. and Papineau, J. (1983) Discrimination of lupine with low alkaloid content by adult Sitona lineatus L. Agronomie. 3: 937–940.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, M.-S. (2008) Inducible direct plant defense against insect herbivores: a review. Insect Sci. 15: 101–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, M.S., Johnson, B., Wen, L., Muthukrishnan, S., Kramer, K.J., Morgan, T.D. and Reeck, G.R. (1992) Rice cystatin-bacterial expression, purification, cysteine proteinase inhibitory activity and insect growth suppressing activity of a truncated form of the protein. Protein Expr. Purif. 3: 41–49.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cole, R.A. (1984) Phenolic acids associated with the resistance of lettuce cultivars to the lettuce root aphid. Ann. Appl. Biol. 105: 129–145.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cole, R.A. (1985) Relationship between the concentration of chlorogenic acid in carrot roots and the incidence of carrot fly larval damage. Ann. Appl. Biol. 106: 211–217.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dabrowski, Z.T. and Rodriguez, J.G. (1971) Studies on resistance of strawberries to mites. 3. Preference and nonpreference responses of Tetranychus urticae and T. turkestani to essential oils of foliage. J. Econ. Entomol. 64: 387–391.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Delledonne, M., Allegro, G., Belenghi, B., Balestrazzi, A., Picco, F., Levine, A., Zelasco, S., Calligari, P. and Confalonieri, M. (2001) Transformation of white poplar (Populus alba L.) with a novel Arabidopsis thaliana cysteine proteinase inhibitor and analysis of insect pest resistance. Mol. Breed. 7: 35–42.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dimock, M.A. and Kennedy, G.G. (1983) The role of glandular trichomes in the resistance of Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum to Heliothis zea. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 33: 263–268.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ding, L.-C., Hu, C.-Y., Yeh, K.-W., Wang, P.-J. and Espelie, K.E. (1998) Development of insect-resistant transgenic cauliflower plants expressing the trypsin inhibitor gene isolated from local sweet potato. Plant Cell Rep. 17: 854–860.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doss, R.P., Luthi, R. and Hrutfiord, B.F. (1980) Germacrone, a sesquiterpene repellent to obscure root weevil from Rhododendron edgeworthii. Phytochem. 19: 2379–2380.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dreyer, D.L. and Jones, K.C. (1981) Feeding deterrency of flavonoids and related phenolics towards Schizaphis graminum and Myzus persicae: Aphid feeding deterrents in wheat. Phytochem. 20: 2489–2493.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dreyer, D.L., Reese, J.C. and Jones, K.C. (1981) Aphid feeding deterrents in sorghum. Bioassay, ­isolation and characterization. J. Chem. Ecol. 7: 273–283.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Edmonds, H.S., Gatehouse, L.N., Hilder, V.A. and Gatehouse, J.A. (1996) Theinhibitory effects of the cysteine proteinases inhibitor, oryzacystatin, on digestive proteases and on larval survival and development of the southern corn rootworm (Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi). Entomol. Exp. Appl. 78: 83–94.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eigenbrode, S.D., Trumble, J.T. and White, K.K. (1996) Trichome exudates and resistance to beet armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Lycopersicon hirsutum f. typicum accessions. Environ. Entomol. 25: 90–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elliger, C.A., Zinkel, D.F. Chan, B.G. and Waiss, A.C. Jr. (1976) Diterpene acids as larval growth inhibitors. Experientia. 32: 1364–1366.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, D.C., Kogan, M. and Paxton, J.D. (1990) Effect of glyceollin, a soybean phytoalexin, on feeding of three phytophagous beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae): Dose versus response. Environ. Entomol. 19: 1278–1282.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fitches, E., Gatehouse, A.M.R. and Gatehouse, J.A. (1997) Effects of snowdrop lectin (GNA) delivered via artificial diet and transgenic plants on the development of tomato moth (Lacanobia oleracea) larvae in laboratory and glasshouse trials. J. Insect Physiol. 43: 727–739.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frey, M., Stettner, C., Pare, P.W., Schmelz, E.A., Tumlinson, J.H. and Gierl, A. (2000) An herbivore elicitor activates the gene for indole emission in maize. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 97: 14801–14806.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gatehouse, A.M.R. and Boulter. D. (1983) Assessment of the antimetabolic effects of trypsin-inhibitors from cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and other legumes on development of the bruchid beetle Callosobruchus maculatus. J. Sci. Food Agric. 34: 345–350.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gatehouse, A.M.R., Down. R.E., Powell, K.S., Sauvion, N., Rahbe, Y., Newell, C.A., Merryweather, A., Hamilton, W.D.O. and Gatehouse, J.A. (1996) Transgenic potato plants with enhanced resistance to the peach-potato aphid Myzus persicae. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 79: 295–307.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gatehouse, A.M.R., Davison, G.M., Newell, C.A., Merryweather, A., Hamilton, W.D.O., Burgess, E.P.J., Gilbert, R.J.C. and Gatehouse, J.A. (1997) Transgenic potato plants with enhanced resistance to the tomato moth, Lacanobia oleracea: Growth room trials. Mol. Breed. 3: 49–63.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gerhold, D.L., Craig, R. and Mumma, R.O. (1984) Analysis of trichome exudate from mite-resistant geraniums. J. Chem. Ecol. 10: 713–722.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gershenzon, J., Rossiter, M., Mabry, T. J., Rogers, C.E., Blust, M. H. and Hopkins, T. L. (1985) Insect antifeedant terpenoids in wild sunflower. A possible source of resistance to the sunflower moth, In: P.A. Hedin (ed.) Bioregulators for Pest Control. ACS Symposium Series 276, American ­Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp. 433–446.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorz, H.J., Haskins, F.A. and Manglitz, G.R. (1972) Effect of coumarin and related compounds on blister beetle feeding in sweetclover. J. Econ. Entomol. 65: 1632–1635.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graham, J., Gordon, S.C. and McNicol, R.J. (1997) The effect of the CpTi gene in strawberry against attack by vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus F., Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Ann. Appl. Biol. 131: 133–139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grazzini, R.A., Hesk, D., Yerger, E., Cox-Foster, D., Medford, J., Craig, R. and Mumma, R.O. (1995) Distribution of anacardic acids associated with small pest resistance among cultivars of Pelargonium x hortorum. J. Am. Hort. Soc. 120: 343–346.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guo, Z., Weston, P.A. and Snyder, J.C. (1993) Repellency to two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, as related to leaf surface chemistry of Lycopersicon hirsutum accessions. J. Chem. Ecol. 19: 2965–2579.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guo, B. Z., Widstrom, N.W., Wiseman, B.R., Snook, M.E., Lynch, R.E. and Plaisted, D. (1999) ­Comparison of silk maysin, antibiosis to corn earworm larvae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and silk browning in crosses of dent x sweet corn. J. Econ. Entomol. 92: 746–753.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gutiérrez, C. and Castañera, P. (1986) Efecto de los tejidos de maíz con alto y bajo contenido en DIMBOA sobre la biologia del taladro Sesamia nonagrioides Lef. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Investigaciones Agrarias: Producción y Protección vegetal 1: 109–119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halitschke, R., Kessler, A., Kahl, J., Lorenz, A. and Baldwin, I.T. (2000) Ecophysiological comparison of direct and indirect defenses in Nicotiana attenuata. Oecologia 124: 408–417.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haltischke, R., Schittko, U., Pohnert, G. Boland, W. and Baldwin, I.T. (2001) Molecular interactions between the specialist herbivore Manduca sexta (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae) and its natural host Nicotiana attenuata. III. Fatty amino-acid conjugates in herbivore oral secretions are necessary and sufficient for herbivore-specific plant responses. Plant Physiol. 125: 711–717.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hawthorne, D.J., Shapiro, J.A., Tingey, W.M. and Mutschler, M.A. (1992) Trichome-borne and artificially applied acylsugars of wild tomato deter feeding and oviposition of the leafminer Liriomyza trifolii. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 65: 65–73.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hedin, P.A., Parrott, W.L. and Jenkins, J.N. (1992) Relationships of glands, cotton square terpenoid aldehydes, and other allelochemicals to larval growth of Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: ­Noctuidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 85: 359–364.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hedin, P.A., Davis, F.M. and Williams, W.P. (1993) 2-hydroxy-4,7-dimethoxy-1, 4-benzoxazin-3-one (N -)-ME-DIMBOA), a possible toxic factor in corn to the southwestern corn borer. J. Chem. Ecol. 19: 531–542.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hill, M.P., Hulley, P.E., Allsopp, J. and Vanharmelen, G. (1997) Glandular trichomes on the exotic Solanum sisymbriifolium Lamarck (Solanaceae): Effective deterrents against an indigenous South African herbivore. Afr. Entomol. 5: 41–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Houseman, J., Campos, F., Thie, N.M.P., Philogène, B.J.R., Atkinson, J., Morand, P. and Arnason, J.T. (1992) Effect of the maize-derived compounds DIMBOA and MBOA on growth and digestive processes of European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 85: 669–674.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ishimoto, M. and Kitamura, K. (1989) Growth inhibitory effects of an α-amylase inhibitor from kidney bean, Phaseolus vulgaris (L.) on three species of bruchids (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Appl. Entomol. Zool. 24: 281–286.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ishimoto, M., Sato, T., Chrispeels, M.J. and Kitamura, K. (1996) Bruchid resistance of transgenic azuki bean expressing seed alpha-amylase inhibitor of common bean. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 79: 309–315.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jonasson, T. and Olsson, K. (1994) The influence of glycoalkoloids, chlorogenic acid and sugars on the susceptibility of potato tubers to wireworm. Pot Res. 37: 205–216.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaloshian, I. (2004) Gene-for-gene disease resistance: bridging insect pest and pathogen defence. J. Chem. Ecol. 30: 2419–2438.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kanrar, S., Venkateswari, J., Kirti, P.B. and Chopra, V.L. (2002) Transgenic Indian mustard ­(Brassica juncea) with resistance to the mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi Kalt.). Plant Cell Rep. 20: 976–981.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kazan, K. and Manners, J. M. (2008) Jasmonate signaling: Toward an integrated view. Plant Physiol. 146: 1459–1468.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, M.T. and Curry, J. P. (1991) The influence of phenolic compounds on the suitability of three Salix species as hosts for the willow beetle Phratora vulgatissima. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 61: 25–32.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kempema, L.A., Xinping, C., Holzer, F.M. and Walling, L.L. (2007) Arabidopsis transcriptome changes in response to phloem-feeding silverleaf whitefly nymphs. Similarities and distinctions in responses to aphids. Plant Physiol. 143: 850–865.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kendall, D. A, Hunter, T., Arnold, G.M., Liggitt, J., Morris, T. and Wiltshire, C.W. (1996) Susceptibility of willow clones (Salix spp.) to herbivory by Phyllodecta vulgatissima (L.) and Galerucella lineola (Fab.) (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). Ann. Appl. Biol. 129: 379–390.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, G. G. and Yamamoto, R. T. (1979) A toxic factor causing resistance in a wild tomato to the tobacco hornworm and some other insects. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 26: 121–126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, A, and Baldwin, I.T. (2002) Plant responses to insect herbivory: The emerging molecular analysis. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 53: 299–328.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khan, Z. R. and Saxena, R. C. (1985) Effect of steam distillate extract of a resistant rice variety on feeding behavior of Nephotettix virescens (Homoptera: Cicadellidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 78: 562–566.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan, Z. R. and Saxena, R. C. (1986) Effect of steam distillate extracts of resistant and susceptible rice cultivars on behavior of Sogatella furcifera (Homoptera: Delphacidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 79: 928–935.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klun, J.A., Tipton C.L. and Brindlley, T.A. (1967) 2,4-Dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1, 4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIMBOA), an active agent in the resistance of maize to the European corn borer. J. Econ. Entomol. 60: 1529–1533.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klun, J.A., Guthrie, W.D., Hallauer, A.R. and Russell, W.A. (1970) Genetic nature of the concentration of 2,4-dihydroxy -7-methoxy 2H-1, 4 benzoxazin-3 (4H)-one and resistance to the European corn borer in a diallel set of eleven maize inbreds. Crop Sci. 10: 87–90.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kombargi, W.S., Michelakis, S.E. and Petrakis, C.A. (1998) Effect of olive surface waxes on oviposition by Bactocera oleae (Diptera: Tephritidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 91: 993–998.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kreitner, G.L. and Sorensen, E.L. (1979) Glandular trichomes on Medicago species. Crop Sci. 19: 380–384.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kubo, I., Matsumoto, T. and Klocke, J.A. (1984) Multichemical resistance of the conifer Podocarpus gracilion (Podocarpaceae) to insect attack. Chem. Ecol. 10: 547–560.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, S. and Singh, R. (1998) Inheritance of tannin in relation to shootfly resistance in sorghum. Cereal Res. Commun. 26: 271–273.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Labandeira, C.C. (1998) Early history of arthropod and vascular plant associations. Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 26: 329–377.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lane, H.C. and Schuster, M.F. (1981) Condensed tannins of cotton leaves. Phytochemistry 20: 425–427.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lattanzio, V., Arpaia, S., Cardinali, A., Di Venere, D. and Linsalata, V. (2000) Role of endogenous flavonoids in resistance mechanism of Vigna to aphids. J. Agric. Food Chem. 48: 5316–5320.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lecardonnel, A., Chauvin, L., Jouanin, L., Beaujean, A., Prevost, G. and Sangwan-Norreel, B. (1999) Effects of rice cystatin I expression in transgenic potato on Colorado potato beetle larvae. Plant Sci. 140: 71–79.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, J.E., Vogt, T., Hause B. and Lëbler, M. (1997) Methyl jasmonate induces an O-methyltransferase in barley. Plant Cell Physiol. 38: 851–862.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, S.I., Lee, S.-H., Koo, J.C., Chun, H.J., Lim, C.O., Mun, J.H., Song, Y.H. and Cho, M. J. (1999) Soybean Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (SKTI) confers resistance to the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stal) in transgenic rice. Mol. Breed. 5: 1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leple, J.C., Bonadebottino, M., Augustin, S., Pilate, G., Letan, V.D., Delplanque, A., Cornu, D. and Jouanin, L. (1995) Toxicity to Chrysomela tremulae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) of transgenic poplars expressing a cysteine proteinase inhibitor. Mol. Breed. 1: 319–328.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leszczynski, B., Tjallingii, W.F., Dixon, A.F.G. and Swiderski, R. (1995) Effect of methoxyphenols on grain aphid feeding behaviour. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 76: 157–162.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li, Y., Zou, J., Li, M., Bilgin, D.D., Vodkin, L.O., Hartman, G.L., and Clough, S.J. (2008) Soybean defense responses to the soybean aphid. New Phytol. 179: 185–195.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liang, C., Brookhart, G., Feng, G.H., Reeck, G.R. and Kramer, K. J. (1991) Inhibition of digestive proteinases of stored grain Coleoptera by oryzacystatin a cystein proteinase inhibitor from rice seed. FEBS Lett. 278: 139–142.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, S.Y.H., Trumble, J.T. and Kumanoto, J. (1987) Activity of volatile compounds in glandular trichomes of Lycopersicon species against two insect herbivores. J. Chem. Ecol. 13: 837–850.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, X., Bai, J., Huang, L., Zhu, L., Liu, X., Weng, N., Reese, J.C., Harris, M., Stuart, J.J. and Chen, M.-S. (2007) Gene expression of different wheat genotypes during attack by virulent and avirulent Hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor) larvae. J. Chem. Ecol. 33: 2171–2194.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Loughrin, J. H., Manukian, A., Heath, R.A. and Tumlinson, J.H. (1995) Volatiles emitted by different cotton varieties damaged by feeding beet armyworm larvae. J. Chem. Ecol. 21: 1217–1227.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luczynski, A., Isman, M.B., Raworth, D.A. and Chan, C.K. (1990) Chemical and morphological factors of resistance against the twospotted spider might in beach strawberry. J. Econ. Entomol. 83: 564–569.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lukefahr, M.J. and Martin, D.F. (1966) Cotton-plant pigments as a source of resistance to the bollworm and tobacco budworm. J. Econ. Entomol. 59: 176–179.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Macedo, M.L.R., Fernandes, K.V.S., Sales, M.P. and Xavier-Filho, J. (1995) Purification and some properties of storage proteins (vicilins) from cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) seeds which are susceptible and resistant to the bruchid beetle Callosobruchus maculatus. Brazil. J. Med. Biol. Res. 28: 183–190.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Macedo, M.L.R., de Castro, M.M., and das Gracas Machado Freire, M. (2004) Mechanisms of the insecticidal action of TEL (Talisia esculenta Lectin) against Callosobruchus maculates (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 56: 84–96.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Machuka, J., Van Damme, E.J.M., Peumans, W.J. and Jackai, L.E.N. (1999) Effect of plant lectins on larval development of the legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 93: 179–187.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malakar, R. and Tingey, W.M. (2000) Glandular trichomes of Solanum berthaultii and its hybrid with potato deter oviposition and impair growth of potato tuber moth worm. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 94: 249–257.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manuwoto, S., Scriber, J.M., Hsia, M.T. and Sunarjo, P. (1985) Antibiosis/antixenosis in tulip tree and quaking aspen leaves against the polyphagous southern armyworm, Spodoptera eridania. Oecologia. 67: 1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maqbool, S., Riazuddin, B.S., Loc, N.T.A., Gatehouse, M.R., Gatehouse, J.A. and Christou, P. (2001) Expression of multiple insecticidal genes confers broad resistance against a range of different rice pests. Mol. Breed. 7: 85–93.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matsumoto, Y.A. (1962) A dual effect of coumarin, olfactory attraction and feeding inhibition on the vegetable weevil adult, in relation to the uneatability of sweet clover leaves. Jap. J. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 6: 141–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • McAuslane, H.J., Alborn, H.T. and Toth, J.P. (1977) Systemic induction of terpenoid aldehydes in ­cotton pigment glands by feeding of larval Spodoptera exigua. J. Chem. Ecol. 23: 2861–2879.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCall, P.J., Turlings, T.C.J., Loughrin, J., Proveaux, A.D. and Tumlinson, J.H. (1994) Herbivore-induced volatile emission from cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) seedlings. J. Chem. Ecol. 20: 3039–3050.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meisner, J., Zur, M., Kabonci, E. and Ascher, K.R.S. (1977) Influence of gossypol content of leaves of different cotton strains on the development of Spodoptera littoralis larvae. J. Econ. Entomol. 70: 714–716.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mewis I., Appel, H.M., Hom, A., Raina, R. and Schultz, J.C. (2005) Major signaling pathways ­modulate Arabidopsis glucosinolate accumulation and response to both phloem-feeding and chewing insects. Plant Physiol. 138: 1149–1162.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Minney, B.H.P., Gatehouse, A.M.R., Dobie, P., Dendy, J., Cardona, C. and Gatehouse, J.A. (1990) Biochemical bases of seed resistant to Zabrotes subfasciatus (bean weevil) in Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean), a mechanism for arcelin toxicity. J. Insect Physiol. 36: 757–767.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mochizuki, A., Nishizawa, Y., Onodera, H., Tabei, Y., Toki, S., Habu, Y., Ugaki, M. and Ohashi, Y. (1999) Transgenic rice plants expressing a trypsin inhibitor are resistant against rice stem borers, Chilo supressalis. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 93: 173–178.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mohan, P., Singh, P., Narayanan, S.S. and Ratan, R. (1994) Relation of gossypol- gland density with bollworm incidence and yield in tree cotton (Gossypium arboretum). Indian J. Agr. Sci. 64: 691–696.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moraes, R.A., Sales, M.P., Pinto, M.S.P., Silva, L.B., Oliveira, A.E.A., Machado, O.L.T., Fernandes, K.V.S. and Xavier-Filho, J. (2000) Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) seed coat phaseolin is detrimental to the cowpea weevil (Callosobruchus maculatus). Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 33: 191–198.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moran, P.J. and Thompson, G.A. (2001) Molecular responses to aphid feeding in Arabidopsis in ­relation to plant defense pathways. Plant Physiol. 125: 1074–1085.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morrissey, J.P. and Osbourn, E.A. (1999) Fungal resistance to plant antibiotics as a mechanism of pathogenesis. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 63: 708–724.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ni, X., Quisenberry, S.S., Heng-Moss, T., Markwell, J., Sarath, G., Klucas, R. and Baxendale, F. (2001) Oxidative responses of resistant and susceptible cereal leaves to symptomatic and nonsymptomatic cereal aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) feeding. J. Econ. Entomol. 94: 743–751.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nutt, K.A., Allsopp, P.G., McGhie, T.K., Shepherd, K.M., Joyce, P.A., Taylor, G.O., McQualter, R.B. and Smith G.R. (1999) Transgenic sugarcane with increased resistance to canegrubs. Proc. Aust. Soc. Sugar Cane Technol. 21: 171–176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ortego, F., Ruiz, M. and Castanera, P. (1998) Effect of DIMBOA on growth and digestive physiology of Sesamia nonagrioides (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae. J. Insect Physiol. 44: 95–101.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Park, S.J., Huang, Y.H. and Ayoubi, P. (2006) Identification of expression profiles of sorghum genes in response to greenbug phloem-feeding using cDNA subtraction and microarray analysis. Planta 223: 932–947.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perttunen, V. (1957) Reactions of two bark beetle species, Hylurgops palliatus Gyll. and H. asteaster Payk. (Col., Scoytidae) to the terpene alpha-pinene. Ann. Entomol. Fenn. 23: 101–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Powell, K.S., Gatehouse, A.M.R., Hilder, V.A. and Gatehouse, J.A. (1993) Antimetabolic effects of plant lectins and plant and fungal enzymes on the nymphal stages of two important rice pests, Nilaparvata lugens and Nephotettix cinciteps. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 66: 119–126.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Powell, K.S., Spence, J., Bharathi, M., Gatehouse, J.A., and Gatehouse, A.M.R. (1998) Immunohistochemical and developmental studies to elucidate the mechanism of action of the snow drop lectin on the rice brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stal). J. Insect Physiol. 44: 529–539.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raffa, K.F. and Smelley, E.B. (1995) Interaction of pre-attack and induced monoterpene oncentrations in host conifer defense against bark beetle-fungus complexes. Oecologia. 102: 285–295.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rahbé, Y., Deraison, C., Bonade-Bottino, M. et al. (2003a) Effects of the cysteine protease inhibitor oryzacystatin (OC-I) on different aphids and reduced performance of Myzus persicae on OC-I expressing transgenic oilseed rape. Plant Sci. 164: 441–450.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rahbé, Y., Ferrasson, E., Rabesona, H. and Quillien, L. (2003b) Toxicity to the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum of anti-chymotrypsin isoforms and fragments of Bowman-Birk protease inhibitors from pea seeds. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 33: 299–306.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ranger, C.M. and Hower, A. A. (2001) Glandular morphology from a perennial alfalfa clone resistant to the potato leafhopper. Crop Sci. 41: 1427–1434.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao, K.V., Rathore, K.S., Hodges, T.K., Fu, X., Stoger, E., Sudhakar, D., Williams, S., Christou, P., Bharathi, M., Bown, D.P., Powell, K.S., Spence, J., Gatehouse, A.M.R. and Gatehouse, J.A. (1998) Expression of snowdrop lectin (GNA) in transgenic rice plants confers resistance to rice brown planthopper. Plant J. 15: 469–477.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, J.F., Klun, J.A., Guthrie, W.D. and Brindley, T.A. (1982) European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) leaf feeding resistance: DIMBOA bioassays. J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 55: 357–364.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, C.E., Gershenzon, J., Ohno, N., Mabry, T.J., Stipanovic, R.D. and Kreitner, G.L. (1987) ­Terpenes of wild sunflowers (Helianthus): An effective mechanism against seed predation by larvae of the sunflower moth, Homoeosoma electellum (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Environ. Entomol. 16: 586–592.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rose, R.L., Sparks, T.C. and Smith, C.M. (1988) Insecticide toxicity to larvae of the soybean looper and the velvetbean caterpillar (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) as influenced by feeding on resistant soybean (PI227687) leaves and coumestrol. J. Econ. Entomol. 81: 1288–1294.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, G.B., Sutherland, O.R.W., Hutchins, R.F.N. and Christmas, P.E. (1978) Vestitol: A phytoalexin with insect feeding-deterrent activity. J. Chem. Ecol. 4: 571–579.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sales, M.P., Macedo, M.L.R. and Xavier-Filho, J. (1992) Digestibility of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) ­vicilins by pepsin, papain and bruchid midgut proteinases. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 103B: 945–950.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salzman, R.A., Brady, J.A., Finlayson, S.A., Buchanan, C.D., Summer, E.J., Sun, F., Klein, P.E., Klein, R.R., Pratt, L.H., Cordonnier-Pratt, M-M. and Mullet, J.E. (2005) Transcriptional profiling of sorghum induced by methyl jasmonate, salicylic acid, and aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid reveals cooperative regulation and novel gene responses. Plant Physiol. 138: 352–368.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saxena, R. C. and Okech, S.H. (1985) Role of plant volatiles in resistance of selected rice varieties to brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stal) (Homptera: Delphacidae). J. Chem. Ecol. 11: 1601–1616.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmeltz, E.A., Alborn, H.T., Banchio, E. and Tumlinson, J. H. (2003) Quantitaive relationships between induced jasmonic acid levels and volatile emission in Zea mays during Spodoptera exigua herbivory. Planta 216: 665–673.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schroeder, H.E., Gollasch, S., Moore, A., Tabe, L.M., Craig, S., Hardie, D.C., Spencer, D., Higgins, T.J.V. and Chrispeels, M.J. (1995) Bean alpha-amylase inhibitor confers resistance to the pea ­weevil (Bruchus pisorum) in transgenic peas (Pisum sativum L). Plant Physiol. 107: 1233–1239.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Setamou, M., Bernal, J.S., Legaspi, J.C., Mirkov, T.E. and Legaspi, B.C. Jr. (2002) Evaluation of lectin-expressing transgenic sugarcane against stalkborers (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae): effects on life history parameters. J. Econ. Entomol. 95: 469–477.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shade, R.E., Thompson, T.E. and Campbell, W.R. (1975) An alfalfa weevil resistance mechanism detected in Medicago. J. Econ. Entomol. 68: 399–404.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shade, R.E., Doskocil, M.J. and Maxon, N.P. (1979) Potato leafhopper resistance in glandular-haired alfalfa species. Crop Sci. 19: 287–289.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinden, S.L., Sanford, L.L., Cantelo, W.W. and Deahl, K.L (1986) Leptine glycoalkaloids and resistance to the Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Solanum chalcoense. ­Environ. Entomol. 15: 1057–1062.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, C.M. (2005) Plant Resistance to Arthropods – Molecular and Conventional Approaches. Springer, The Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, C.M. and Boyko, E.V. (2007) Mini review: the molecular bases of plant resistance and defense responses to aphid feeding: current status. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 122: 1–16.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stevenson, P.C., Anderson, J.C., Blaney, W.M. and Simmonds, M.J.S. (1993) Developmental inhibition of Spodoptera litura (Fab.) larvae by a novel caffeoylquinic acid from the wild groundnut, Arachis paraguariensis (Chod et Hassl.). J. Chem. Ecol. 19: 2917–2933.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stipanovic, R.D., Bell, A.A., O’Brien, D.H. and Lukefahr, M.J. (1977) Heliocide H2: An insecticidal sesquiterpenoid from cotton (Gossypium). Tetrahedron Lett. 6: 567–570.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stoger, E., Williams, S., Christou, P., Down, R.E. and Gatehouse J.A. (1999) Expression of the insecticidal lectin from snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis agglutinin; GNA) in transgenic wheat plants: effects on predation by the grain aphids Sitobion avaenae. Mol. Breed. 5: 65–73.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stotz, H.U., Koch, T., Biedermann, A., Weniger, K., Boland, W. and Mitchell-Olds T. (2002) Evidence for regulation of resistance in Arabidodpsis to Egyptian cotton worm by salicylic and jasmonic acid signaling pathways. Planta 214: 648–652.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sutherland, O.R.W., Hutchins, R.F.N. and Greenfield, W.F. (1982) Effects of lucerne saponins and Lotus condensed tannins on survival of grass grubs, Costelytra zealandica. N. Z. J. Zool. 9: 511–514.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tingey, W.M. (1991) Potato glandular trichomes defensive activity against insect attack, In: P. A. Hedin (ed.) Naturally Occurring Pest Bioregulators. ACS Symposium Series 449, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp. 126–135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Triebe, D.C., Meloan, C.E. and Sorensen, E.L. (1981) The chemical identification of the glandular hair exudate for Medicago scutellata. 27th Alfalfa Improvement Conference. ARM-NC-19. p. 52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tuomi, J. (1992) Toward integration of plant defense theories. Trend. Ecol. Evol. 7: 365–367.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, J.G., Ellis, C. and Devoto, A. (2002) The jasmonate signal pathway. Plant Cell. 14: 153–164.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Damme, E.J.M., Peumans, W.J., Barre, A. and Rouge, P. (1998) Plant lectins: A composite of several distinct families of structurally and evolutionary related proteins with diverse biological roles. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 17: 575–692.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van de Ven, W.T.G., LeVesque, C.S., Perring, T.M. and Walling, L.L. (2000) Local and systemic changes in squash gene expression in response to silverleaf whitefly feeding. Plant Cell. 12: 1409–1423.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Voelckel, C., Weisser, W.W. and Baldwin, I.T. (2004) An analysis of plant–aphid interactions by different microarray hybridization strategies. Mol. Ecol. 13: 3187–3195.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waiss, A.C, Jr., Chan, B.G., Elliger, C.A., Wiseman, B.R., McMillian, W.W., Widstrom, N.W., Zuber, M.S. and Keaster, A.J. (1979) Maysin, a flavone glycoside from corn silks with antibiotic activity toward corn earworm. J. Econ. Entomol. 72: 256–258.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, S.F., Ridsdill-Smith, T.J. and Ghisalberti, E.L. (1998) Role of isoflavonoids in resistance of subterranean clover trifoliates to redlegged earth mite, Halotydeus destructor. J. Chem. Ecol. 24: 2089–2100.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang,Y., Braman, K., Robacker, C.D. and Latimer, J.G. (1999) Composition and variability of ­epicuticular lipids of azaleas and their relationship to azalea lace bug resistance. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 124: 239–244.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watt, A.D., Leather, S.R. and Forrest, G.I. (1991) The effect of previous defoliation of pole-stage lodgpole pine on plant chemistry, and on the growth and survival of pine beauty moth (Panolis flammea) larvae. Oecologia. 86: 31–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whittaker, R.H. (1970) The biochemical ecology of higher plants, In: E. Sondheimer and J. B. Simeone (eds.) Chemical Ecology. Academic, New York, pp. 43–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilf, P., Labandeira, C.C., Kress, W.J., Staines, C.L., Windsor, D.M., Allen, A.L. and Johnson, K.R. (2000) Timing the radiations of leaf beetles: Hispines on gingers from latest Cretaceous to recent. Science 289: 291–294.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, W.G., Kennedy, G.G., Yamamoto, R.T., Thacker, J.D. and Bordner, J. (1980) 2-tridecanone: A naturally occurring insecticide from the wild tomato Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum. ­Science 207: 888–889.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wink, M. (1993) The role of quinolizidine alkaloids in plant-insect interactions. In: E.A. Bernays (ed.) Insect-Plant Interactions, Volume IV. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 131–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiseman, B.R. and Snook, M.E. (1995) Effect of corn silk age on flavone content and development of corn earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae. J. Econ. Entomol. 88: 1795–1800.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiseman, B.R., Gueldner, R.C., Lynch, R.E. and Severson, R.F. (1990) Biochemical activity of centipedegrass against fall armyworm larvae. J. Chem. Ecol. 16: 2677–2690.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woodhead, S. (1982) p-hydroxybenzaldehyde in the surface wax of sorghum: its importance in seedling resistance to acridids. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 31: 296–302.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woodhead, S. and Cooper-Driver, G. (1979) Phenolic acids and resistance to insect attack in Sorghum bicolor. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 7: 309–310.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xavier-Filho, J., Sales, M.P., Fernandes, K.V.S. and Gomes, V.M. (1996) The resistance of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) seeds to the cowpea weevil (Callosobruchus maculatus) is due to the association of variant vicilins (7S storage proteins) to chitinous structures in the insect’s midgut. Arq. Biol. Technol. 39: 693–699.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xie, Y., Arnason, J.T., Philogene, B.J.R., Olechowski, H.T. and Hamilton, R.I. (1992) Variation of hydroxamic acid content in maize roots in relation to geographic origin of maize germplasm and resistance to western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 85: 2478–2485.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu, D., Xue, Q., McElroy, D., Mawal, Y., Hilder, V.A. and Wu, R. (1996) Consititutive expression of a cowpea trypsin inhibitor gene, CpTi, in transgenic rice plants confers reistance to two major rice insect pests. Mol. Breed. 2: 167–173.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yan, F.M., Xu, C.G., Li, S.G., Lin, C.S. and Li, J.H. (1995) Effects of DIMBOA on several enzymatic systems in Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenee). J. Chem. Ecol. 21: 2047–2056.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yan, F., Liang, X. and Zhu, X. (1999) The role of DIMBOA on the feeding of Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenee) (Lep., Pyralidae). J. Appl. Entomol. 123: 49–53.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yeh, K.-W., Lin, M.-I., Tuan, S.-J., Chen, Y.-M., Lin, C.-Y. and Kao, S.-S. (1997). Sweet potato ­(Ipomoea batatas) trypsin inhibitors expressed in transgenic tobacco plants confer resistance against Spodoptera litura. Plant Cell Rep. 16: 696–699.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yencho, G. C., Renwick, J.A.A, Steffens, J.C. and Tingey, W.M. (1994) Leaf surface extracts of ­Solanum berthaultii Hawkes deter Colorado potato beetle feeding. J. Chem. Ecol. 20: 991–1007.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshida, M., Cowgill, S.E. and Wightman, J.A. (1995) Mechanism of resistance to Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in chickpea: The role of oxalic acid in leaf exudate as an antibiotic factor. J. Econ. Entomol. 88: 1783–1786.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, 66506-4004, Kansas, USA

    C. Michael Smith

Authors
  1. C. Michael Smith
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to C. Michael Smith .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. , The Mina & Everard Goodman Fac. of Life, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 52900, Israel

    Zvy Dubinsky

  2. University of Jerusalem, Mevo Hadas 20, Efrat, 90435, Israel

    Joseph Seckbach

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Smith, C.M. (2010). Biochemical Plant Defenses Against Herbivores. In: Dubinsky, Z., Seckbach, J. (eds) All Flesh Is Grass. Cellular Origin, Life in Extreme Habitats and Astrobiology, vol 16. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9316-5_13

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation