Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Quantitative Mass Flows of Selected Xenobiotics in Urban Waters and Waste Water Treatment Plants

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Xenobiotics in the Urban Water Cycle

Part of the book series: Environmental Pollution ((EPOL,volume 16))

Abstract

Typical concentrations and quantitative mass flows of anthropogenic compounds (such as personal care compounds, bactericides, flame retardants, plasticizers, detergents, complexing agents, as well as mycotoxins) in waste water are compared to typical per person loads in the influents and effluents of waste water treatment plants. They are evaluated to assess their significance for the contamination of the aquatic environment. Usually the number of persons serviced by a waste water treatment plant (WWTP) is well known, as the design parameters of the WWTP heavily rely on the per person usage of water and the per person emissions of nutrients as well as organic carbon. It is the intention to use these basic data together with concentrations from some waste water treatment plants to make assessments on emissions from WWTPs, for which only basic design parameters are available. These data can be used for predictions of waste water contamination concerning pollutant loads and concentrations for waste water treatment plants that have not undergone extensive monitoring. The relevance of the respective pollutants for surface waters as well as sludge is demonstrated.

The focus of this chapter is on those compounds that are emitted continuously during dry weather. - No storm water issues will covered in this book chapter.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 259.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Adolfsson-Erici, M., Pettersson, M., Parkkonen, J., & Sturve, J. (2002). Triclosan, a commonly used bactericide found in human milk and in the aquatic environment in Sweden. Chemosphere, 46, 1485–1489.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahel, M., Giger, W., & Koch, M. (1994). Behaviour of alkylphenol polyethoxylate surfactants in the aquatic environment - I. Occurrence and transformation in sewage treatment. Water Research, 28, 1131–1142.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andresen, J. A., Muir, D., Ueno, D., Darling, C., Theobald, N., & Bester, K. (2007). Emerging pollutants in the North Sea and Lake Ontario. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 26, 1081–1089.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Apfelthaler, A., Bicker, W., Lämmerhofer, M., Sulyok, M., Krska, R., Lindner, W., et al. (2008). Retention pattern profiling of fungal metabolites on mixed-mode reversed-phase/weak anion exchange stationary phases in comparison to reversed-phase and weak anion exchange separation materials by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation-tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 1191, 171–181.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Artola-Garicano, E., Brokent, I., Damen, K., Jager, T., & Vaes, W. H. J. (2003). Sorption kinetics and mircobial biodegradation activity of hydrophobic chemicals in sewage sludge: Model and measurements based on free concentrations. Environmental Science and Technology, 37, 116–122.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bacaloni, A., Cavaliere, C., Faberi, A., Foglia, P., Samperi, R., & Lagana, A. (2005). Determination of isoflavones and coumestrol in river water and domestic wastewater sewage treatment plants. Analytica Chimica Acta, 531, 229–237.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Balmer, M. E., Poiger, T., Droz, C., Romanin, K., Bergqvist, P.-A., Müller, M. D., et al. (2004). Occurance of methyl-triclosan, a transformation product of the bactericide triclosan, in fish from various lakes from Switzerland. Environmental Science and Technology, 38, 390–395.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bester, K. (2003). Triclosan in sewage plants -balances and monitoring data. Water Research, 37, 3891–3896.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bester, K. (2004). Retention characteristics and balance assessment for two polycyclic musk fragrances (HHCB and AHTN) in a typical German sewage treatment plant. Chemosphere, 57, 863–870.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bester, K. (2005a). Fate of triclosan and triclosan-methyl in sewage treatment plants and surface waters. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 49, 9–18.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bester, K. (2005b). Polycyclic musks in the Ruhr catchment area - Transports, discharges of wastewater, and transformations of HHCB, AHTN, and HHCB-lactone. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 7, 43–51.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bester, K. (2007). Personal care compounds in the environment. Weinheim: VCH-Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bester, K., Hüffmeyer, N., Schaub, E., & Klasmeier, J. (2008a). Surface water concentrations of the fragrance compound OTNE in Germany-a comparison between data from measurements and models. Chemosphere, 73, 1366–1372.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bester, K., Klasmeier, J., & Kupper T. (2008b). Emissions of OTNE (Iso-E-super) mass flows in sewage treatment plants. Chemosphere, 71, 2003–2010.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bester, K., Scholes, L., Wahlberg, C., & McArdell, C. (2008c). Sources and flows of xenobiotics in urban water cycles - An overview on current knowledge and data gaps. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus, 8, 407–423.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bitsch, N., Dudas, C., Körner, W., Failing, K., Biselli, S., Rimkus, G., et al. (2001). Estrogenic activity of musk fragrances detected by the E-screen assay human MFC-7 cells. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 43, 257–264.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blom, A., Ekman, E., Johannisson, A., Norrgren, L., & Pesonen, M. (1998). Effects of xenoestrogenic environmental pollutants on the proliferation of a human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7). Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 34, 306–310.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Breinholt, V., & Larsen, J. C. (1998). Detection of weak estrogenic flavonoids using a recombinant yeast strain and a modified MCF7 cell proliferation assay. Chemical Research in Toxicology, 11, 622–629.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bucheli, T. D., Erbs, M., Hartmann, N., Vogelgsang, S., Wettstein, F. E., & Forrer, H. R. (2005). Estrogenic mycotoxins in the environment. Mitteilungen aus Lebensmitteluntersuchung und Hygiene, 96, 386–403.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bucheli, T. D., Wettstein, F. E., Hartmann, N., Erbs, M., Vogelgsang, S., Forrer, H. R., et al. (2008). Fusarium mycotoxins: Overlooked aquatic micropollutants? Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 56, 1029–1034.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cancilla, D. A., Baird, J. C., Geis, S., & Corsi, S. R. (2003a). Studies of the environmental fate and effect of aircraft deicing fluids: Detection of 5-methyl-1H-benzotriazole in fatheadminnows (P. promelas). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 22, 134–138.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cancilla, D. A., Baird, J. C., & Rosa, R. (2003b). Detection of aircraft deicing additives in groundwater and soil samples from Fairchild Air Force Base, a small to moderate user of deicing fluids. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 70, 868–875.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cancilla, D. A., Martinez, J., & Van Aggelen, G. C. (1998). Detection of aircraft deicing/antiicing fluid additives in a perched water monitoring well at an international airport. Environmental Science and Technology, 32, 3834–3835.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • CAST. (2003). Mycotoxins: Risks in plant, animal and human systems (Task Force Report No. 139). Ames, IA: Council for Agricultural Science and Technology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Castegnaro, M., Canadas, D., Vrabcheva, T., Petkova-Bocharova, T., Chernozemsky, I. N., & Pfohl-Leszkowicz, A. (2006). Balkan endemic nephropathy: Role of ochratoxins A through biomarkers. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research, 50, 519–529.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chelule, P. K., Gqaleni, N., Dutton, M. F., & Chuturgoon, A. A. (2001). Exposure to rural and urban populations in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa, to fumonisin B1 in maize. Environmental Health Perspectives, 109, 253–256.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Choi, S. Y., Ha, T. Y., Ahn, J. Y., Kim, S. R., Kang, K. S., Hwang, I. K., et al. (2008). Estrogenic activities of isoflavones and flavones and their structure-activity relationships. Planta Medica, 74, 25–32.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, D. B., & Lloyd, A. S. (2004). Dietary exposure estimates of isoflavones from the 1998 UK total diet study. Food Additives and Contaminants, 21, 305–316.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Corsi, S. R., Zitomer, D. H., Field, J. A., & Cancilla, D. A. (2003). Nonylphenol ethoxylates and other additives in aircraft deicers, antiicers, and waters receiving airport runoff. Environmental Science and Technology, 37, 4031–4037.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cotterchio, M., Boucher, B. A., Kreiger, N., Mills, C. A., & Thompson, L. U. (2008). Dietary phytoestrogen intake - lignans and isoflavones - and breast cancer risk (Canada). Cancer Cause Control, 19, 259–272.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dalais, F. S., Rice, G. E., Wahlqvist, M. L., Hsu-Hage, B. H. H., & Wattanapenpaiboon, N. (1998). Urinary excretion of isoflavonoid phytoestrogens in Chinese and Anglo-Celtic populations in Australia. Nutrition Research, 18, 1703–1709.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de Kleijn, M. J. J., van der Schouw, Y. T., Wilson, P. W. F., Adlercreutz, H., Mazur, W., Grobbee, D. E., et al. (2001). Intake of dietary phytoestrogens is low in postmenopausal women in the United States: The Framingham study. Journal of Nutrition, 131, 1826–1832.

    Google Scholar 

  • deWitt, C. A. (2002). An overview of brominated flame retardants in the environment. Chemosphere, 46, 583–624.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • EC (European Commission). (2003). Directive 2003/53/EC. Official Journal of the European Union, L178, 24–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • EC (European Parliament and Council). (2001). Decision No 2455/2001/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 November 2001 establishing the list of priority substances in the field of water policy and amending Directive 2000/60/EC. Official Journal of the European Union, L331, 1–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • EC (European Parliament and Council). (2008). Directive 2008/105/EC of the European Parliament and Council, of 16 December on Environmental Quality Standards in the Field of Water Policy Amending and Subsequently Repealing Council Directives 82/176/EEC, 83/513/EEC, 84/156/EEC, 84/491/EEC, 86/280/EEC and Amending Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council. Official Journal of the European Union, L348, 84–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • ECB (European Chemicals Bureau). (2002). European Union Risk Assessment Report, 4-nonylphenol (branched) and nonylphenol, 2nd priority list (Vol. 10, Publication 20387 EN). Ispra, Italy: ECB.

    Google Scholar 

  • ECB (European Chemicals Bureau). (2007). Draft risk assessment report on 2,2’,6,6’-tetrabromo-4,4’-isopropylidenediphenol (Tetrabromobisphenol A). Ispra, Italy: ECB.

    Google Scholar 

  • EEC (European Council Directive). (1976). Water pollution by discharges of certain dangerous substances (76/464/EEC). Official Journal of the European Union, L129, 23–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • EU (Directive of the European Parliament and the Council). (2000). Establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy (2000/60/EC). Official Journal of the European Union, L327, 1–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • EU (European Union). (2008). Risk assessment Report 80: Bis (2-Ethylhexyl) phthalate DEHP. Ispra, Italy: Institute for Health and Consumer Protection.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farre, M., Kuster, M., Brix, R., Rubio, F., de Alda, MJL.,Barcelo, D. (2007) Comparative study of an estradiol enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry for part-per-trillion analysis of estrogens in water samples, J. Chromatogr. A, 1160, 166–175

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fletcher, R. J. (2003). Food sources of phyto-oestrogens and their precursors in Europe. British Journal of Nutrition, 89, S39-S43.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gautschi, M., Bajgrowicz, J. A., & Kraft, P. (2001). Fragrance chemistry -milestones and perspectives. Chimia, 55, 379–387.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Giger, W., Schaffner, C., & Kohler, H. P. E. (2006). Benzotriazole and tolyltriazole as aquatic contaminants. 1. Input and occurrence in rivers and lakes. Environmental Science and Technology, 40, 7186–7192.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert, J., Brereton, P., & MacDonald, S. (2001). Assessment of dietary exposure to ochratoxin A in the UK using a duplicate diet approach and analysis of urine and plasma samples. Food Additives and Contaminants, 18, 1088–1093.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gong, Y. Y., Torres-Sanchez, L., Lopez-Carrillo, L., Peng, J. H., Sutcliffe, A. E., White, K. L., et al. (2008). Association between tortilla consumption and human urinary fumonisin B1 levels in a Mexican population. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention, 17, 688–694.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grace, P. B., Taylor, J. I., Low, Y. L., Luben, R. N., Mulligan, A. A., Botting, N. P., et al. (2004). Phytoestrogen concentrations in serum and spot urine as biomarkers for dietary phytoestrogen intake and their relation to breast cancer risk in European prospective investigation of cancer and nutrition-norfolk. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention, 13, 698–708.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halden, R. U., & Paull, D. H. (2005). Co-occurrence of triclocarban and triclosan in US water resources. Environmental Science and Technology, 39, 1420–1426.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hartmann, N., Erbs, M., Forrer, H. R., Vogelgsang, S., Wettstein, F. E., Schwarzenbach, R. P., et al. (2008a). Occurrence of zearalenone on fusarium graminearum infected wheat and maize fields in crop organs, soil and drainage water. Environmental Science and Technology, 42, 5455–5460.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hartmann, N., Erbs, M., Wettstein, F. E., Hörger, C. C., Vogelgsang, S., Forrer, H. R., et al. (2008b). Environmental exposure to estrogenic and other myco- & phytotoxins. Chimia, 62, 364–367.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hartmann, N., Erbs, M., Wettstein, F. E., Schwarzenbach, R. P., & Bucheli, T. D. (2007). Quantification of estrogenic mycotoxins at the ng/L level in aqueous environmental samples using deuterated internal standards. Journal of Chromatography A, 1138, 132–140.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hutchins, A. M., Lampe, J. W., Martini, M. C., Campbell, D. R., & Slavin, J. L. (1995). Vegetables, fruits, and legumes - Effect on urinary isoflavonoid phytoestrogen and lignan excretion. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 95, 769–774.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). (2000). Safety evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants. Zearalenone. WHO Food Additives Series 44. From http://www.inchem.org/documents/jecfa/jecmono/v44jec14.htm.

  • Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). (2001). Safety evaluation of certain mycotoxins in food. Deoxynivalenol, HT-2 and T-2 toxin. FAO Food and Nutrition Paper 74. From http://www.inchem.org/documents/jecfa/jecmono/v47je01.htm.

  • Kang, J., Price, WE., Hick, LA. (2006) Simultaneous determination of isoflavones and lignans at trace levels in natural waters and wastewater samples using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry, Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 20, 2411–2418

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kirk, P., Patterson, R. E., & Lampe, J. (1999). Development of a soy food frequency questionnaire to estimate isoflavone consumption in US adults. Journal of American Dietetic Association, 99, 558–563.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kolpin, D. W., Furlong, E. T., Meyer, M. T., Thurman, E. M., Zaugg, S. D., Barber, L. B., et al. (2002). Pharmaceutical, hormones and other organic wastewater contaminants in US: Streams 1999–2000. A national reconnaissance. Environmental Science and Technology, 36(6), 1202–1211.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lagana, A., Bacaloni, A., De Leva, I., Faberi, A., Fago, G., & Marino, A. (2004). Analytical methodologies for determining the occurrence of endocrine disrupting chemicals in sewage treatment plants and natural waters. Analytica Chimica Acta, 501, 79–88.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lagana, A., Fago, G., Marino, A., & Santarelli, D. (2001). Development of an analytical system for the simultaneous determination of anabolic macrocyclic lactones in aquatic environmental samples. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 15, 304–310.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lampe, J. W. (2003). Isoflavonoid and lignan phytoestrogens as dietary biomarkers. Journal of Nutrition, 133, 956S-964S.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lampe, J. W., Gustafson, D. R., Hutchins, A. M., Martini, M. C., Li, S., Wahala, K., et al. (1999). Urinary isoflavonoid and lignan excretion on a Western diet: Relation to soy, vegetable, and fruit intake. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention, 8, 699–707.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, J., Lee, B. C., Ra, J. S., Cho, J., Kim, I. S., Chang, N. I., et al. (2008). Comparison of the removal efficiency of endocrine disrupting compounds in pilot scale sewage treatment processes. Chemosphere, 71, 1582–1592.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindström, A., Buerge, I. J., Poiger, T., Bergqvist, P.-A., Müller, M. D., & Buser, H.-R. (2002). Occurrence and environmental behaviour of the bactericide triclosan and its methyl derivative in surface waters and in wastewater. Environmental Science and Technology, 36, 2322–2329.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, Z. S., Wolff, M. S., & Moline, J. (2005). Analysis of environmental biomarkers in urine using an electrochemical detector. Journal of Chromatography B, 819, 155–159.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Loyo-Rosales, J. E., Rice, C. P., & Torrents, A. (2007). Fate of octyl- and nonylphenol ethoxylates and some carboxylated derivatives in three American wastewater treatment plants. Environmental Science and Technology, 41(19), 6815–6821.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manach, C., Williamson, G., Morand, C., Scalbert, A., & Remesy, C. (2005). Bioavailability and bioefficacy of polyphenols in humans. I. Review of 97 bioavailability studies. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 81, 230S-242S.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manique, R., Pena, A., Lino, C. M., Molto, J. C., & Manes, J. (2008). Ochratoxin A in the morning and afternoon portions of urine from Coimbra and Valencian populations. Toxicon, 51, 1281–1287.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Månsson, N., Sörme, L., Wahlberg, C., & Bergbäck, B. (2008). Sources of alkylphenols and alkylphenol ethoxylates in wastewater - A substance flow analysis in Stockholm, Sweden. Water Air and Soil Pollution: Focus, 8, 445–456.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marklund, A., Andersson, B., & Haglund, P. (2005). Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in Swedish sewage treatment plants. Environmental Science and Technology, 39, 7423–7429.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McArdell, C. S., Ort, C., Hoehn, E., Schaffner, C., & Giger W. (2010). Benzotriazole and tolyltriazole as aquatic contaminants. 2. Persistent tracers from dishwasher detergents to groundwater. In preparation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meky, F. A., Turner, P. C., Ashcroft, A. E., Miller, J. D., Qiao, Y. L., Roth, M. J., et al. (2003). Development of a urinary biomarker of human exposure to deoxynivalenol. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 41, 265–273.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, J., & Bester, K. (2004). Organophosphate flame retardants and plasticisers in wastewater treatment plants. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 6, 599–605.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meylan, W. M., & Howard, P. H. (1991). Bond contribution method for estimating Henry’s law constants. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 10, 1283–1293.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moors, S., Blaszkewicz, M., Bolt, H. M., & Degen, G. H. (2007). Simultaneous determination of daidzein, equol, genistein and bisphenol A in human urine by a fast and simple method using SPE and GC-MS. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 51, 787–798.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nakata, H. (2005). Occurrence of synthetic musk fragrances in marine mammals and sharks from Japanese coastal waters. Environmental Science and Technology, 39, 3430–3434.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • NICAS (National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme). (2002). Full public report on habanolide. Canberra, Australia: National health and Safety Commission, from http://www.nicnas.gov.au/publications/CAR/new/sn/snFULLR/sn0000FR/sn10FR.pdf

  • Nylund, K., Haglund, M., Berggren, D., Kierkegaard, A., Allan, A., Aplund, L., et al. (2002). Brominated flame retardants in sludge (in Swedish) (Rep. no. 5188). Swedish EPA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ort, C., Schaffner, C., Gujer, W., Giger, W. (2005). Modeling stochastic load variations in sewer systems. Water Science and Technology, 52(5), 113–122.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ospar (Oslo and Paris Commission for the protection of the Environment of the North East Atlantic). (2004). Musk xylene and other musks, hazardous substances series.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pawlowski, S., Ternes, T. A., Bonerz, M., Rastall, A. C., Erdinger, L., & Braunbeck, T. (2004). Estrogenicity of solid phase-extracted water samples from two municipal sewage treatment plant effluents and river Rhine water using the yeast estrogen screen. Toxicology In Vitro, 18, 129–138.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pena, A., Seifrtova, M., Lino, C., Silveira, I., & Solich, P. (2006). Estimation of ochratoxin A in portuguese population: New data on the occurrence in human urine by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 44, 1449–1454.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reiner, J. L., & Kannan, K. (2006). A survey of polycyclic musks in selected household commodities from the United States. Chemosphere, 62, 867–873.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ricklund, N., Kierkegaard, A., & McLachlan, M. (2008a). An international survey of decabromodiphenyl ethane (deBDethane) and decabromodiphenyl ether (decaBDE) in sewage sludge samples. Chemosphere, 73, 1799–1804.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ricklund, N., Kierkegaard, A., McLachlan, M., & Wahlberg, C. (2008b). Mass balance of decabromodiphenyl ethane and decabromodiphenyl ether in a WWTP. Chemosphere, 74, 389–394.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ritchie, M. R., Morton, M. S., Deighton, N., Blake, A., & Cummings, J. H. (2004). Plasma and urinary phyto-oestrogens as biomarkers of intake: Validation by duplicate diet analysis. British Journal of Nutrition, 91, 447–457.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenblom, J. (2005). Akzo Nobel Surface Chemistra AB, personal communication.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rothwell, J. A., Day, A. J., & Morgan, M. R. A. (2005). Experimental determination of octanol-water partition coefficients of quercetin and related flavonoids. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53, 4355–4360.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rowland, I., Faughnan, M., Hoey, L., Wahala, K., Williamson, G., & Cassidy, A. (2003). Bioavailability of phyto-oestrogens. British Journal of Nutrition, 89, S45-S58.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmid, P., Kohler, M., Gujer, E., Zennegg, M., & Lanfranchi, M. (2007). Persistent organic pollutants, brominated flame retardants and synthetic musks in fish from remote alpine lakes in Switzerland. Chemosphere, 67, 16–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • SCOOP. (2003). Collection of occurrence data of Fusarium toxins in food and assessment of dietary intake by the population of the EU member states. SCOOP TASK 3.2.10. Directorate-General Health and Consumer Protection. From http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/scoop/task3210.pdf.

  • Seinen, W., Lemmen, J. G., Pieters, R. H. H., Verbruggen, E. M. J., & van der Burg, B. (1999). AHTN and HHCB show weak estrogenic - but no uterotrophic activity. Toxicology Letters, 111, 161–168.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shephard, G. S., Van der Westhuizen, L., & Sewram, V. (2007). Biomarkers of exposure to fumonisin mycotoxins: A review. Food Additives and Contaminants, 24, 1196–1201.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simonich, S. L., Begley, W. M., Debaere, G., & Eckhoff, W. S. (2000). Trace analysis of fragrance materials in wastewater and treated wastewater. Environmental Science and Technology, 34, 959–965.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simonich, S. L., Federle, T. W., Eckhoff, W. S., Rottiers, A., Webb, S., Sabaliunas, D., et al. (2002). Removal of fragrance materials during US and European wastewater treatment. Environmental Science and Technology, 36, 2839–2847.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singer, H., Müller, S., Tixier, C., & Pillonel, L. (2002). Triclosan: Occurrence and fate of a widely used biocide in the aquatic environment: Field measurements in wastewater treatment plants, surface waters, and lake sediments. Environmental Science and Technology, 36, 4998–5004.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spengler, P. (2001). Identifizierung und Quantifizierung von Verbindungen mit östrogener Wirkung im Abwasser. Ph.D. Thesis, Institut für Siedlungswasserbau, Wassergüte und Abfallwirtschaft, Universität Stuttgart, Germany.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spengler, P., Korner, W., & Metzger, J. W. (2001). Substances with estrogenic activity in effluents of sewage treatment plants in southwestern Germany. 1. Chemical analysis. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 20, 2133–2141.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sweco Viak. (2007). Nationwide screening of WFD priority substances. Screening report 2007:1. Client Swedish Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved January 21, 2009, from http://www.naturvardsverket.se/upload/02_tillstandet_i_miljon /Miljoovervakning/rapporter/miljogift/rapport_vattendirektivsamnen.pdf.

  • Ternes, T. A., Eggert, T., & Meisenheimer, M. (2001). Pflanzliche hormonell wirksame Stoffe in der aquatischen Umwelt und deren Verhalten bei der Trinkwasseraufbereitung. Abschlussbericht. ESWE-Institut für Wasserforschung und Wassertechnologie GmbH, Wiesbaden, Germany.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ternes, T. A., Herrmann, N., Bonerz, M., Knacker, T., Siegrist, H., & Joss, A. (2004). A rapid method to measure the solid-water distribution coefficient (K-d) for pharmaceuticals and musk fragrances in sewage sludge. Water Research, 38, 4075–4084.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thuresson, K. (2006). Substance flow analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the City of Stockholm 2005 (in Swedish) (Report). Retrieved January 30, 2009, from www.stockholm.se/nyagifter.

  • Thuresson, M., & Haapaniemi, U. (2005). Slam från avloppsreningsverk. Mängder, kvalitet samt användning i Stockholms län under perioden 1981 till 2003 (Sludge from waste water treatment plants. Amounts, quality and use in Stockholm county during the period 1981 to 2003, in Swedish). Länsstyrelsen Stockholms Län, Report 2005:10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thuvander, A., Möller, T., Barbieri, H. E., Jansson, A., Salomonsson, A. C., & Olsen, M. (2001). Dietary intake of some important mycotoxins by the Swedish population. Food Additives and Contaminants, 18, 696–706.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, P. C., Burley, V. J., Rothwell, J. A., White, K. L. M., Cade, J. E., & Wild, C. P. (2008a). Deoxynivalenol: Rationale for development and application of a urinary biomarker. Food Additives and Contaminanis, 25, 864–871.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, P. C., Rothwell, J. A., White, K. L. M., Gong, Y., Cade, J. E., & Wild, C. P. (2008b). Urinary deoxynivalenol is correlated with cereal intake in individuals from the United Kingdom. Environmental Health Perspectives, 116, 21–25.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Valenta, H. (1998). Chromatographic methods for the determination of ochratoxin A in animal and human tissues and fluids. Journal of Chromatography A, 815, 75–92.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Valentin-Blasini, L., Blount, B. C., Caudill, S. P., & Needham, L. L. (2003). Urinary and serum concentrations of seven phytoestrogens in a human reference population subset. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology, 13, 276–282.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Valentin-Blasini, L., Sadowski, M. A., Walden, D., Caltabiano, L., Needham, L. L., & Barr, D. B. (2005). Urinary phytoestrogen concentrations in the U.S. population (1999–2000). Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology, 15, 509–523.

    Google Scholar 

  • van der Schouw, Y. T., Kreijkamp-Kaspers, S., Peeters, P. H. M., Keinan-Boker, L., Rimm, E. B., & Grobbee, D. E. (2005). Prospective study on usual dietary phytoestrogen intake and cardiovascular disease risk in western women. Circulation, 111, 465–471.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Erp-Baart, M. A. J., Brants, H. A. M., Kiely, M., Mulligan, A., Turrini, A., Sermoneta, C., et al. (2003). Isoflavone intake in four different European countries: The VENUS approach. British Journal of Nutrition, 89, S25-S30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Voutsa, D., Hartmann, P., Schaffner, C., & Giger, W. (2006). Benzotriazoles, alkylphenols and bisphenol A in municipal wastewaters and in the Glatt river, Switzerland. Environmental Science and Pollution Research (online), 1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, S., & Reemtsma, T. (2006). Discharge of three benzotriazole corrosion inhibitors with municipal wastewater and improvements by membrane bioreactor treatment and ozonation. Environmental Science and Technology, 40, 7193–7199.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, B. A., Smith, V. H., DeNoyelles, F., & Larive, C. K. (2003). Effects of three pharmaceutical and personal care products on natural freshwater algal assemblages. Environmental Science and Technology, 37, 1713–1719.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolff, M. S., Teitelbaum, S. L., Windham, G., Pinney, S. M., Britton, J. A., Chelimo, C., et al. (2007). Pilot study of urinary biomarkers of phytoestrogens, phthalates, and phenols in girls. Environmental Health Perspectives, 115, 116–121.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xie, Z., Ebinghaus, R., Floser, G., Caba, A., & Ruck, W. (2008). Occurrence and distribution of triclosan in the German Bight (North Sea). Environmental Pollution, 156, 1190–1195.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamamoto, S., Sobue, T., Sasaki, S., Kobayashi, M., Arai, Y., Uehara, M., et al. (2001). Validity and reproducibility of a self-administered food-frequency questionnaire to assess isoflavone intake in a Japanese population in comparison with dietary records and blood and urine isoflavones. Journal of Nutrition, 131, 2741–2747.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zand, R. S. R., Jenkins, D. J. A., & Diamandis, E. P. (2000). Steroid hormone activity of flavonoids and related compounds. Breast Cancer Research Treatments, 62, 35–49.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zielonka, J., Gebicki, J., & Grynkiewicz, G. (2003). Radical scavenging properties of genistein. Free Radical Biology & Medicine, 35, 958–965.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zinedine, A., Soriano, J. M., Molto, J. C., & Manes, J. (2007). Review on the toxicity, occurrence, metabolism, detoxification, regulations and intake of zearalenone: An oestrogenic mycotoxin. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 45, 1–18.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This study would have not been published without the motivating discussions in the meetings of COST Action 636 (Xenobiotics in the urban water cycle).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Aalborg University, Sohngaardsholmsvej 57, 9000, Aalborg, Denmark

    Kai Bester

  2. Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland

    Christa S. McArdell

  3. Waste Water Treatment Department, Development & Investment, Stockholm Water Co, SE-106 36, Stockholm, Sweden

    Cajsa Wahlberg

  4. Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon Research Station ART, Reckenholzstrasse 191, CH-8046, Zurich, Switzerland

    Thomas D. Bucheli

Authors
  1. Kai Bester
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Christa S. McArdell
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Cajsa Wahlberg
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Thomas D. Bucheli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kai Bester .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cyprus, Kallipoleos 75, Nicosia, 1678, Cyprus

    Despo Fatta-Kassinos

  2. Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Aalborg University, Sohngaardsholmsvej 57, Aalborg, 9000, Denmark

    Kai Bester

  3. Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University Medical Center Freiburg, Bresisacher Straße 115b, Freiburg, D 79106, Germany

    Klaus Kümmerer

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Bester, K., McArdell, C.S., Wahlberg, C., Bucheli, T.D. (2010). Quantitative Mass Flows of Selected Xenobiotics in Urban Waters and Waste Water Treatment Plants. In: Fatta-Kassinos, D., Bester, K., Kümmerer, K. (eds) Xenobiotics in the Urban Water Cycle. Environmental Pollution, vol 16. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3509-7_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation