Abstract
The genesis of the term stress is closely associated with research in the psychological and biological disciplines (e.g. Shanteau & Dino, 1993). Generally, stress is a difficult concept to define. Early definitions varied in the extent to which they emphasized the responses of the individual, or the situations that caused disruptions of ongoing behaviour and functioning (Evans & Cohen, 1987). Appley and Trumbull (1967), McGrath (1970) and Mason (1975) have summarized several objections to each of these approaches to defining stress. Stress is best considered as a complex rubric reflecting a dynamic, recursive relationship between environmental demands, individual and social resources to cope with those demands, and the individual’s appraisal of that relationship (Evans & Cohen, 1987). A stress-inducing factor is called a stressor. Stress is a manifestation of a stressor within a system. Four general types of environmental stressors have been identified in psychological theory: cataclysmic events, stressful life events, daily hassles, and ambient stressors (Baum, Singer, & Baum, 1982; Cambell, 1983; Lazarus & Cohen, 1977.)
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Acknowledgements
The implemented study is one of the partial outputs of the research project of the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs of the Czech Republic (No 1 J 008/04-DP1). The authors are grateful for the support.
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Anděl, J., Balej, M., Oršulák, T. (2010). Environmental Stressors as an Integrative Approach to Landscape Assessment. In: Anděl, J., Bičík, I., Dostál, P., Lipský, Z., Shahneshin, S. (eds) Landscape Modelling. Urban and Landscape Perspectives, vol 8. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3052-8_3
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