Abstract
Local methods for the description of electron correlation in ground and electronically excited states of molecules, as implemented in the MOLPRO system of ab initio programs, are reviewed. Recent improvements in the performance of the local method resulting from an implementation of the density-fitting technique for all electron-repulsion integrals are discussed. Local fitting approximations lead to linear scaling of CPU time and disk space with molecular size, and allow for a significant increase of the size of molecules and basis sets that can be treated by the local MP2, CCSD, and CCSD(T) ab initio methods. Recent extensions of these methods to open-shell systems, as well as the inclusion of explicitly correlated terms are described. It is demonstrated that the latter lead to a drastic improvement of the accuracy of local methods. A local treatment of electron excitations within the EOM-CCSD and CC2 theories, as well as a local description of first- and second-order molecular properties are also discussed. Finally, we present some illustrative applications of the outlined methods.
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Notes
- 1.
The molecular size can be measured by e.g. the number of atoms or the number of correlated electrons.
- 2.
- 3.
In MOLPRO, the threshold \(T_\textrm{BP}=1-\delta\) is used, i.e. 0.980, 0.985, and 0.990 for double, triple, and quadruple zeta basis sets.
- 4.
Optionally, in LMP2 one can introduce as a further class called “distant pairs”, for which the two-electron integrals are approximated by multipole approximations [25, 27]. However for LCCSD calculations this saves little time and is not recommended. This approximation will therefore not be further discussed in the current article.
- 5.
Another possibility of removing linear dependencies consists in eliminating individual basis functions from the domains. In this case the functions which have the largest coefficients in the eigenvectors of \(\textbf{S}^{(ij)}\) corresponding to small eigenvalues are removed. However, this is less satisfactory since it is sometimes difficult to select the deleted functions so that the symmetry of the molecule is not disturbed and that the wave function remains invariant to rotations of the molecule.
- 6.
A strictly spin-adapted theory can be obtained by projecting out the spin-contamination as described for partially spin-restricted coupled cluster theory in Ref. [94]; the differences of the results to standard RMP2 are usually negligibly small.
- 7.
Only electronic states dominated by single excitations can be obtained reliably with EOM-CCSD for molecules containing more than 2 electrons. Electronic states dominated by double excitations are also formally available, but their accuracy is questionable.
- 8.
The Davidson refreshment procedure consists of a selection of the best approximation for a desired vector and the removal of all other vectors from the small Davidson space. It is usually performed when the dimension of this space reaches some maximum allowed value.
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Korona, T., Kats, D., Schütz, M., Adler, T.B., Liu, Y., Werner, HJ. (2011). Local Approximations for an Efficient and Accurate Treatment of Electron Correlation and Electron Excitations in Molecules. In: Zalesny, R., Papadopoulos, M., Mezey, P., Leszczynski, J. (eds) Linear-Scaling Techniques in Computational Chemistry and Physics. Challenges and Advances in Computational Chemistry and Physics, vol 13. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2853-2_14
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