The realization that the radiation pressure force of laser light, although miniscule in absolute terms, can potentially generate quite large accelerations in microscopic particles, prompted Arthur Ashkin to experimentally demonstrate its manifestations [1]. This proved seminal in developing the field of optical trapping and manipulation. Small particles ranging from tens of micrometers down to atomic dimensions have since been optically trapped, thus encompassing lengthscales with multidisciplinary interest in biology, chemistry, medicine and physics. A single-beam optical trap finds utility in a wide range of inter-disciplinary research and is a practical tool for the measurement of interaction forces and manipulation of cells, sub-cellular structures and individual DNA-molecules [2, 3, 4], as well as in the assembly of microstructures on the micro- and nano-scale [5]. With all the applications of a single beam trap, it becomes exciting to envision a multi-beam system that can, for example, trap and manipulate an array of particles simultaneously yet independently. The multiple beams can drive processes in parallel or work in concert towards a common end such as in the assembly of microdevices, or the synchronous actuation of a complex microstructure. This highlights the need to generate multiple optical traps where the shape, size, position and intensity of each trap can be controlled individually and preferably manipulated in real-time.
The previous chapters have established the capacity of the generalized phase contrast approach to arbitrarily shape light laterally. Thus, GPC can naturally enable optical trapping systems and imbibe them with both the ability to create independently controllable optical traps and the flexibility to simultaneously render, in real time, arbitrary dynamics for these traps. The main advantage of the GPC approach lies in its encoding simplicity, where each point in the trapping plane maps to a unique point in the programmable modulator. In this chapter, we illustrate various systems to showcase the flexibility and versatility facilitated by this point-wise mapping scheme in optical trapping and micromanipulation. It is remarkable that the generalized formulation of GPC, which allows phase contrast to go beyond its traditional small-scale phase assessment, can also become an enabling tool for interactive microscopy where the user not only passively observes a microscopic system but also can dynamically manipulate it.
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(2009). GPC-Based Programmable Optical Micromanipulation. In: Generalized Phase Contrast. Springer Series in Optical Sciences, vol 146. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2839-6_8
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