Skip to main content

Meteorology

  • Chapter
Drought Assessment

Abstract

The climate system as a whole is an extremely complex mix of different subsystems all interacting with each oth er on a wide range of time and space scales, e.g. the atmosphere, oceans, ice masses and the biosphere. The potential for variability from year to year and decade to decade, therefore, is very high. Given this high level of ‘internal’ variability, the significance or even the reality of possible external influences from sunspots, phases of the moon and so on, remains highly questionable on time scales shorter than millennia. The multi-disciplinary approach of the problem requires appreciation level knowledge of the rainfall processes that involve many of the countries disseminate rainfall, temperature and forecast information of the day in print (newspapers), visual (television) and audio (radio) media, internet (web site) and SMS (Short Message Services through mobile telephone). The people whose activities are related to weather such as farmers, agriculturists, farm extension workers and others anxiously wait for information with a view to prepare themselves on a regular basis. The cloud information is taken from the satellite images (coarse ground resolution), temperature and rainfall (installation points) and their forecast is based along with other weather-related parameters. Hence, there is a need to understand the cloud and their rainfall probability in deciding whether to irrigate now or wait for a day and the necessary resources to be arranged at field level.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adler, R.F. and Negri, AJ. (1988). A satellite infrared technique to estimate tropical convective and stratiform rainfall. J. Applied Meteorology, 27, pp. 30–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barrett, E.C., D’Souza, G., Power, C.H. and Kidd, C. (1988). Towards trispectral satellite rainfall monitoring algorithms. Proceeding of Tropical Precipitation Measurements International Symposium, Tokyo, Japan, NASS/NASDA, (eds) Then, J.S., Fugono, J. and A. Depak, Hampton, pp. 285–292.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrett, E.C. and Curtis, MJ. (1992). Satellite rainfall monitoring: An overview. Remote Sensing Reviews, 11, pp. 23–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, AJ., Brinkley, T.R., Lamont, B. and Laughlin, GP. (2000). Exceptional Circumstances: A case study in the application of climate information to decision making. In: Proceedings of Cli-manage conference held on 23–25 October 2000. Albury, NSW.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffith, C.G., Woodley, W.L., Grube, D.W., Stout, MJ. and Sikdar, D.N. (1978). Rain estimation from geosynchronous satellite imagery — Visible and infrared studies. Mon. Weather: Rev., 106, pp.1153–1171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grody, N.C. (1984). Precipitation monitoring overland from satellite by microwave radiometry, presented at 1984 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS’84), Strasbourg, France. ESA SP-215, pp. 417–423.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laughlin, GP., Heping Zuo, Walcott, J. and Bugg, A.L. (2003). The rainfall reliability wizard — A new tool to rapidly analyze spatial rainfall reliability with examples. Environmental Modelling and Software, 18, pp. 49–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levizzani, V., Schmetz, J., Lutz, H.J., Kerkmann, J., Alberoni, P.P. and Cervino, M. (2001). Precipitation estimations from geostationary orbit and prospects for Meteos at Second Generation. Meteorological Applications, 8, pp. 23–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levizzani, V. (2003). Satellite rainfall estimations: New perspectives for meteorology and climate from the EURAINSAT project. Annals of Geophysics, 46, pp. 363–372.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu Quanwei (1996). The application of remote sensing in rainfall monitoring. Helsinki University of Technology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, J. and Theon, J.S. (1991). The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and its role in studies of climate variations. Presented at the 1991 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS’91), June 3–6,1991, Espoo, Finland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sulochana, Gadgil, Rajeevan, M. and Nanjundiah, R. (2005). Monsoon prediction — Why yet another failure? Current Science, 88(9), pp.1389–1400.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodley, W.L., Griffith, C.G., Griffin, J.S. and Stroomatt. S.C. (1980). The inference of GATE convective rainfall from SMS-I imagery. J. Applied Meteorology, 19, pp. 338–408.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xu, L.X., Gao, X., Sorooshian, S., Arkin, P.A. and Imam, B. (1999a). A microwave infrared threshold technique to improve the GOES precipitation index. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 38, pp. 569–579.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xu, L.X., Sorooshian, S., Gao, X. and Gupta, H. (1999b). A cloud-patch technique for identification and removal of no-rain cloud s from satellite infrared imagery. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 38, pp.1170–1181.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Further Reading

  • Ahrens, Donald C. (2003). Meteorology today — An introduction to weather, climate and the environment. Thomson and Brooks/Cole, Australia, pp. 542.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ann Welch (1973). Pilots’ weather — A flying manual. John Murray (Publishers) Ltd, London, pp. 268.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cagle, M.W. and Halpine, C.G. (1970). A pilot’ s Meteorology. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, pp. 407.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clausen, B. and Pearson, C.P. (1995). Regional frequency analysis of annual maximum stream flow drought. Journal of Hydrology, 137, pp.111–130.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferraro, R.R., Grody, N.C. and Marks, G.F. (1994). Effects of surface conditions on rain identification using the DMS P-SSM/I. Remote Sensing Review, 11, pp. 195–210.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham Sumner (1988). Precipitation — Process and analysis. John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp. 454.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hom, D.H. (1989). Characteristics and spatial variability of droughts in Idaho. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, ASCE, 115(1), pp.123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, V. and Panu, U. (1997). Predictive assessment of severity of agricultural droughts based on agro-c1imatic factors. Journal of The American Water Resources Association, 33(6), pp.1255–1264.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, V. and Panu, U. (1997). On application of pattern recognition in drought classification. Annual Conference of CSCE, pp. 71–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lohani, V.K. and Loganathan, G.V. (1997). An early warning system for drought management using Palmer Drought Severity Index. Nordic Hydrology, 29(1), pp. 21–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oliver, H. (1961). Irrigation and climate. Edward Arnold Limited, London, pp. 250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Palmer, W.C. (1965). Meteorological drought. Research paper no. 45, US Weather Bureau, Washington DC Feb., pp. 58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pant, P.S. (1981). Medium-range forecasting of monsoon rains. In: J. Lighthill and R.P. Pearce (eds), Monsoon Dynamics, Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pisharoty, P.R. (1981). Sea-surface temperature and the monsoon. In: J. Lighthill and R.P. Pearce (eds), Monsoon Dynamics, Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma, T.C. (2000). Drought parameters in relation to truncation level. Hydrological Processes, 14, pp.127–128.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sin, H. and Salas, J.D. (2000). Regional drought analysis based on neural networks. ASCE. J Hydrological Engineering, 5(2), pp.145–155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yevjevich, Y., Hall, W.A. and Salas, J.D. (1978). Drought research needs. Water Resources Publication, Colorado.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Capital Publishing Company

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Nagarajan, R. (2009). Meteorology. In: Drought Assessment. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2500-5_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics