Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Neuropsychological Evaluation

  • Chapter
The Spastic Forms of Cerebral Palsy

Abstract

The study of cognitive and neuropsychological functions in children with cerebral palsy (CP) is relevant both from a theoretical and a practical point of view. From the theoretical standpoint, an analytical documentation of cognitive development and of the neuropsychological patterns associated with the different clinical forms of CP is important for advancing our knowledge on the relations between neurobiological substrate and function. From the practical point of view, a comprehensive cognitive and neuropsychological evaluation represents the starting point for view, a comprehensive cognitive and neuropsychological evaluation represents the starting point for defining the rehabilitation program.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abercrombie MLJ, Gardiner PA, Hansen E et al (1964) Visual perceptual and visuomotor impairment in physically handicapped children. Percept Mot Skills 18:561–625

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aicardi J, Bax M (1998) Cerebral palsy. In: Aicardi J (ed) Disease of the nervous system in childhood-second edition. MacKeith Press, London pp. 210–239

    Google Scholar 

  • Akshoomoff NA, Stiles J (1996) The influence of pattern type on children’s block design performance. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2:392–402

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Akshoomoff NA, Feroleto CC, Doyle RE, Stiles J (2002) The impact of early unilateral brain injury on perceptual organization and visual memory. Neuropsychologia 40:539–561

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association (2000) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edition revised, American Psychiatric Association, Washington DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Andersen GL, Irgens LM, Haagaas I et al (2008) Cerebral palsy in Norway: prevalence, subtypes and severity. Eur J Paed Neurology 12:4–13

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson J, Braddick O (2007) Visual and viuoccognitive development in children born very prematurey. In: von Hofsten C, Rosander K (eds) From action to cognition. Progress in Brain Research, vol. 1 64:123–149

    Google Scholar 

  • Ballantyne AO, Scarvie Km, Trauner D (1994) Verbal and performance IQ patterns in children after perinatal stroke. Dev Psychol 10:39–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Banich MT, Levine CS, Hongkeun K, Huttenlocher P (1990) The effects of developmental factors on IQ in hemiplegic children. Neuropsychologia 28:35–47.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barnett A L, Guzzetta A, Mercuri E et al (2004) Can the Griffits scales predict neuromotor and perceptual-motor impairment in term infants with neonatal encephalopathy. Arch Dis Child 89:637–643

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bates E, Camaioni L, Volterra V (1975) The acquisition of performatives prior to speech. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 21:205–226

    Google Scholar 

  • Bates E, Roe K (2001) Language development in children with unilateral brain injury. In: Nelson CA, Monica L (eds) Handbook of developmental cognitive neuroscience. MIT Press, Cambridge (Ma) pp 281–308

    Google Scholar 

  • Bates E, Thal D, Aram D et al (1997) From first words to grammar in children with focal brain injury. Dev Neuropsychol 13:275–343

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bates E, Vicari S, Trauner D (1999) Neural mediation of language development: perspectives from lesion studies of infants and children. In: Tager-Flushberg H (ed) Neurodevelopmental disorders. MIT Press, Cambridge (Ma) pp 533–581

    Google Scholar 

  • Bax M, Tydeman C, Flodmark O (2006) Clinical and MRI correlates of cerebral palsy: the european cerebral palsy study. JAMA 296:1602–1608

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beckung E, Hagberg G (2002) Neuroimpairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions in children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 44:309–316

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beery KE (2000) VMI Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration.

    Google Scholar 

  • Booth JR, Macwhinney B, Thulborn KR (1999) Functional organization of activation patterns in children: whole brain fMRI imaging during three different cognitive tasks. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 23:669–682

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bova SM, Fazzi E, Giovenzana A et al (2007) The development of visual object recognition in school-age children. Dev Neuropsychol 31:79–102

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Braddick O, Atkinson J (2007) Development of brain mechanisms for visual global processing and object segmentation. In von Hofsten C, Rosander K (eds) From action to cognition. Progress in Brain Research, vol. 164: 151–168, Elsevier Amsterdam

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Brizzolara D, Chilosi A, De Nobili GL, Ferretti G (1984) Neuropsychological assessment of a case of early right hemiplegia: qualitative and quantitative analysis. Percept Mot Skills 59:1007–1010

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brizzolara D, Pecini C, Brovedani P et al (2002) Timing and type of congenital brain lesion determine different patterns of language lateralization in hemiplegic children. Neuropsychologia 40:620–632

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carlesimo GA, Fadda L, Caltagirone C (1993) Basic mechanisms of constructional apraxia in unilateral brain-damaged patients: role of visuo-perceptual and executive disorders. Clin Exp Neuropsychol 15:342–58

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carlsson G (1997) Memory for words and drawings children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy. Scand J Psychol 38:265–73

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carlsson M, Hagberg G, Olsson I (2003) Clinical and aetiological aspects of epilepsy in children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 45:371–376

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carlsson M, Olsson I, Beckung E (2008) Behavior in children with cerebral palsy with and without epilepsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 50:784–789

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chilosi AM, Cipriani P, Bertuccelli B et al (2001) Early cognitive and communication development in children with focal brain lesions J Child Neurol 16:309–16

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chilosi AM, Cipriani P, Pecini C et al (2008) Acquired focal brain lesions in childhood: Effects on development and reorganization of language. Brain Lang 106:211–225

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chilosi AM, Pecini C, Cipriani P et al (2005) Atypical language lateralization and early development in children with focal brain lesions. Dev Med Child Neurol 47:725–730

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chiron C, Jambaqué I, Nabbout R et al (1997) The right hemisphere is dominant in human infants. Brain 120:1057–65

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cioni G, Bertuccelli B, Boldrini A et al (2000) Correlation between visual function, neurodevelopmental outcome, magnetic resonance imaging findings in infants with periventricular leucomalacia. Arc Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 82:F134–140

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cioni G, Brizzolara D, Ferretti G et al (1998) Visual information processing in infants with focal brain lesions. Exp Brain Res 123:95–101

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cioni G, Di Paco M, Bertuccelli B et al (1997) MRI findings and sensori motor development in infants with bilateral spastic cerebral palsy. Brain Dev 19:245–253

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cioni G, Paolicelli PB, Sordi C, Vinter A (1993) Sensorimotor development in cerebral-palsied infants assessed with Uzgiris-Hunt scales. Dev Med Child Neurol 35:1055–1066

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cioni G, Sales B, Paolicelli PB et al (1999) MRI and clinical characteristics of children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy. Neuropediatrics 30:249–255

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dahlgren Sandberg A, Hjelmquist E (1997) Language and literacy in nonvocal children with cerebral palsy. Reading and Writing: an interdisciplinary Journal 9:107–133

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dall’Oglio AM, Bates E, Volterra V et al (1994) Early cognition, communication and language in children with focal brain injury. Dev Med Child Neurol 36 1076–1098

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Damasio H, Damasio AR (1989) Lesion analysis in neuropsychology. Oxford University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dax M (1865) Lesions de la moitié gauche de l’encéphale coincidant avec l’oubli des signes de la pensée. Gaz Hebd Med Chirurg 2:259–262

    Google Scholar 

  • Decarie TG (1969) A study of the mental and emotional development of the Thalidomide child. In: Foss FM (ed) Determinants of infant behaviour, vol. 4. Methuen, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Drotar D, Mortimer J, Patricia A, Fagan JF (1989) Recognition memory as a method of assessing intelligence of an infant with quadriplegia. Dev Med Child Neurol 31:391–397

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Enkelaar L, Ketelaar M, Gorter JW (2008) Association betwen motor and mental functioning in toddlers with cerebral palsy. Dev Neuroriabil 11:276–82

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Evans P, Elliott M, Alberman E, Evans S (1985) Prevalence and disabilities in 4 to 8 year olds with cerebral palsy. Arch Dis Child 60:940–945

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fagan JF, Shepherd PA (1991) The Fagan test of infant intelligence — Manual. Infantest Corporation, Cleveland

    Google Scholar 

  • Fawer CL, Besnier S, Forcada M et al (1995) Influence of perinatal developmental and environmental factors on cognitive abilities of preterm children without major impairments at 5 years. Early Hum Dev 43:151–164

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fazzi E, Bova SM, Uggetti C et al (2004) Visual-perceptual impariment in children with periventricular leukomalacia. Brain Dev 26:506–12

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fedrizzi E, Anderloni A, Bono R et al (1998) Eye movement disorders and visual-perceptual impairment in diplegic children born preterm: a clinical evaluation. Dev Med Child Neurol 40:682–688

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fedrizzi E, Inverno M, Botteon G et al (1993) The cognitive development of children born pretern and affected by spastic diplegia. Brain Dev 15:428–432

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Foreman N, Fielder A, Minshell C et al (1997) Visual search perception and visual-motor skill in “healthy” children born at 27–32 weeks gestation. J Exp Child Psychol 64:27–41

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frampton I, Yude C, Goodman R (1998) The prevalence and correlates of specific learning difficulties in a representative sample of children with hemiplegia. Br J Educ Psychol 68:39–51

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frith U, Vargha-Khadem F (2001) Are there sex differences in the brain basis of literacy related skills? Evidence from reading and spelling impairments after early unilateral brain damage. Neuropsychologia 39:1485–1488

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goodman R, Yude C (1996) IQ and its predictors in childhood hemiplegia. Dev Med Child Neurol 38:881–890

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goodman R, Yude C (2000) Emotional, behavioral and social consequences. In: Neville B, Goodman R (eds) Congenital hemiplegia: clinics in developmental medicine. Mac Keith Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Goyen TA, Lui K, Woods M (1998) Visual-motor visual perceptual and fine motor outcomes in very-low birthweight children at 5 years. Dev Med Child Neurol 40:76–81

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Griffiths R (1984) The abilities of young children. The Test Agency Lmt, Bucks

    Google Scholar 

  • Grill-Spector K, Golarai G, Gabrieli J (2008) Developmental neuroimaging of the human ventral visual cortex. Trends Cogn Sci 12:152–62

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gunn A, Cory E, Atkinson J et al (2002) Dorsal and ventral stream sensitivity in normal development and hemiplegia. Neuroreport 7:843–847

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guzzetta A, Cioni G, Cowan F, Mercuri E (2001a) Visual disorders in children with brain lesions: 1. Maturation of visual function in infants with neonatal brain lesions: correlation with neuroimaging. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 5:107–114

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guzzetta A, Mazzotti S, Tinelli F et al (2006) Early assessment of visual information processing and neurological outcome in preterm infants. Neuropediatrics 37:278–85

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guzzetta A, Mercuri E, Cioni G (2001b) Visual disorders in children with brain lesions: 2. Visual impairment associated with cerebral palsy. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 5:115–119

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guzzetta A, Pecini C, Biagi L et al (2008) Language organization in left perinatal stroke. Neuropediatrics 39:157–163

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hadjipanayis A, Hadjichristodoulou C, Youroukos S (1997) Epilepsy in patients with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 39:659–663

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hagberg B, Hagberg G, Olow I, van Wendt L (1975) The changing panorama of cerebral palsy in Sweden 1954–1970 II: Analysis of the various syndromes. Acta Paediatr Scand 64:193–200

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harding CG, Golinkoff RM (1979) The origins of intentional vocalizations in prelinguistic infants. Child Dev 50:33–40

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hehner B (1982) Blissymbols for use. Blissymbolic Communication Institute, Toronto

    Google Scholar 

  • Heller SL, Heier LA, Watts R (2005) Evidence of cerebral organization following perinatal stroke demonstrated with fMRI and DTI tractography. Clin Imaging 29:283–287

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hertz-Pannier L, Gaillard WD, Mott SH et al (1997) Noninvasive assessmento of language domincance in children and adolescnets with functional MRI: a preliminar stud. Neurology 48:1003–1012

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hood B, Atkinson J (1990) Sensory visual loss and cognitive deficits in the selective attentional system of normal infants and neurologically impaired children. Dev Med Child Neurol 32:1067–1077

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hughdal K, Carlsson G (1994) Dichotic listening and focused attention in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 16:84–92

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Humphreys P, Deonandan R, Whiting S et al (2007) Factors associated with epilepsy in children with periventricular leukomalacia. J Child Neurol 22:598–605

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Inverno M, Anderloni A, Bruzzone MG et al (1994) Visuo-perceptual disorders in spastic diplegic children born preterm: correlation with MRI findings In: Fedrizzi E, Avanzini G, Crenna P (eds) Motor development in children. John-Libbey and Co Ltd, London pp 173–179

    Google Scholar 

  • Ipata AE, Cioni G, Bottai P et al (1994) Acuity card testing with cerebral palsy related to magnetic resonance images, mental levels and motor abilities. Brain Dev 16:195–203

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Isaacs E, Christie D, Vargha-Khadem F, Mishkin M (1996) Effects of hemispheric side of injury, age at injury and presence of seizure disorder on functional ear and hand asymmetries in hemiplegic children. Neuropsychologia 34:127–137

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Isaacs EB, Edmonds CJ, Chong WK et al (2003) Cortical anomalies associated with visuospatial processing deficits. Ann Neurol 53:768–773

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ito J, Saijo H, Araki A et al (1996) Assessment of visuoperceptual disturbance in children with spastic diplegia using measurements of the lateral ventricles on cerebral MRI. Dev Med Child Neurol 38:496–502

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jongmans M, Mercuri E, Henderson S et al (1996) Visual function of prematurely born children with and without perceptual-motor difficulties. Early Hum Dev 45:73–82

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kirk A, Kertesz A (1989) Hemispheric contributions to drawing. Neuropsychologia 27:881–886

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koeda T, Takeshita K (1992) Visuo-perceptual impairment and cerebral lesions in spastic diplegia with preterm birth. Brain Dev 14:239–244

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Korkman M, Mikkola K, Ritari N et al (2008) Neurocognitive test profiles of extremely low birth weight fiveyear-old children differ according to neuromotor status. Dev Neuropsychol 33:637–55

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Korkman M, von Wendt L (1995) Evidence of altered dominance in children with congenital spastic hemiplegia. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 1:261–270

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kwong KL, Wong SN, So KT (1998) Epilepsy in children with cerebral palsy. Pediatr Neurol 19:31–36

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lansdell H (1969) Verbal and nonverbal factors in right-hemisphere speech: relation to early neurological history. J Comp Physiol Psychol 69:734–738

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larroque B, Ancel PY, Marret S et al (2008) Neurodevelopmental disabilities and special care of 5-year-old children born before 33 weeks of gestation (the EPIPAGE study): a longitudinal cohort study. Lancet 371:813–820

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Laurent-Vannier A, Chevignard M, Pradat-Diehl P et al (2006) Assessment of unilateral spatial neglect in children using the Teddy Bear Cancellation Test. Dev Med Child Neurol 48:120–5

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lenneberg E (1967) Biological foundations of language. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Levine MN (1989) Leiter International Performance Scale: a handbook. Stoelting Co, Wood Dale, Ill

    Google Scholar 

  • Levine SC, Huttenlocher P, Banich MT, Duda E (1987) Factors affecting cognitive functioning of hemiplegic children. Dev Med Child Neurol 29:27–35

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lidzba K, Staudt M, Wilke M, Krageloh-Mann I (2006a) Visuospatial deficits in patients with early left-hemispheric lesions and functional reorganization of language: consequence of lesion or reorganization? Neuropsychologia 44:1088–1094

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lidzba K, Staudt M, Wilke M et al (2006b) Lesion induced right-hemispheric language and organization of non verbal functions. Neuroreport 17:929–933

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liegeois F, Connelly A, Cross JH et al (2004) Language reorganization in children with early-onset of the left hemisphere: an fMRI study. Brain 127:1229–1236

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Manly T, Robertson IH, Anderson V, Nimmo-Smith V (1999) TEA-Ch Test of everyday attention for children manual. Thames Valley Test Company Limited, Bury St Edmunds England

    Google Scholar 

  • McCall RB, Carriger MS (1993) A meta-analysis of infant habituation and recognition memory performance as predictors of later IQ. Child Dev 64:57–79

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McDermott S, Coker AL, Mani S et al (1996) A population-based study of behavior problems in children with cerebral palsy. Pediatr Psychol 21:447–463

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mercuri E, Haataja L, Guzzetta A et al (1999) Visual function in full term infants with brain lesions: correlation with neurologic and developmental status at 2 years of age. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal. Ed 80:F99–104

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer M (1969) Frog where are you? Dial Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Milner AD, Goodale MA (2008) Two visual systems re-viewed. Neuropsychologia 46:774–85

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morrone MC, Guzzetta A, Tinelli F et al (2008) Inversion of perceived direction of motion caused by spatial undersampling in two children with periventricular leukomalacia. J Cogn Neurosci 20:1094–106

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muter V, Taylor S, Vargha-Khadem FA (1997) Longitudinal study of early intellectual development in hemiplegic children. Neuropsychologia 35:289–298

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nass R, de Coudres Peterson H, Koch D (1989) Differential effects of congenital left and right brain injury on intelligence. Brain Cogn 9:258–266

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nass R, Sadler AE, Sidtis JJ (1992) Differential effects of congenital versus acquired unilateral brain injury on dichotic listening performance. Neurology 42:1960–1965

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Orsini A, Grossi D, Capitani E et al (1987) Verbal and spatial immediate memory span: Normative data from 1355 adults and 1112 children. Ital J Neurol Sci 8:539–548

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pagliano E, Fedrizzi E, Erbetta A et al (2007) Cognitive profiles and visuoperceptual abilities in preterm and term spastic diplegic children with periventricular leukomalacia. J Child Neurol 22:282–8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parkes J, White-Koning M, Dickinson HO et al (2008) Psychological problems in children with cerebral palsy: a cross-sectional European study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 49:405–13

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pharoah POD, Cooke T, Johnson MA et al (1998) Epidemiology of cerebral palsy in England and Scotland 1984–1989. Archives Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 79:21–25

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pirila S, van der Meere J, Korhonen P et al (2004) A retrospective neurocognitive study in children with spastic diplegia. Dev Neuropsychol 26:679–90

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reilly JS, Bates EA, Marchman VA (1998) Narrative discourse in children with early focal brain injury. Brain Lang 61:335–375

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ressel V, Wilke M, Lidzba K et al (2008) Increases in language lateralization in normal children as observed using magnetoencephalography. Brain Lang 106:167–176

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Riddoch JM, Humphreys GW (1993) BORB Birmingham Object Recognition Battery Lawerence. Erlbaum Associates Ldt, Hove UK

    Google Scholar 

  • Riva D, Cazzaniga L (1986) Late effects of unilateral brain lesions sustained before and after age one. Neuropsychologia 4:423–428

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson CC, Rosenberg S (1987) A strategy for assessing infants with motor impairments. In: Uzgiris IC, Hunt J, Mc V (eds) Infant performance and experience: new findings with the Ordinal Scales. University of Illinois Press, Urbana, Ill

    Google Scholar 

  • Rose SA (1983) Differential rates of visual information processing in full-term and preterm infants. Child Dev 54:1189–1198

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rose SA, Feldman JF, McCarton CM, Wolfson J (1988) Information processing in sevenmonthold infants as a function of risk status. Child Dev 59:589–603

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roth SC, Baudin J, Pezzani-Goldsmith M et al (1994) Relation between neurodevelopmental status of very preterm infants at one and eight years. Dev Med Child Neurol 36:1049–1062

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roth SC, Wyatt J, Baudin J et al (2001) Neurodevelopental status at 1 year predicts neuropsychiatric oucome at 14–15 years of age in very preterm infants. Early Hum Dev 65:81–89

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sabbadini M, Bonanni R, Carlesimo GA, Caltagirone C (2001) Neuropsychological assessment of patients with severe neuromotor and verbal disabilities. J Intellect Disabil Res 45:169–179

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sabbadini M, Carlesimo Ga, Aucoin C et al (1998) La valutazione delle competenze cognitive del paziente con grave disabilità neuromotoria e verbale: l’esperienza di una paziente con paralisi cerebrale infantile. Giorn Neuropsich Età Evol 18:111–122

    Google Scholar 

  • Schatz J, Craft S, White D et al (2001) Inhibition of return in children with perinatal brain injury. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 7:275–284

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schenk-Rootlieb AJF, van Nieuwenhuizen O, van der Graaf Y et al (1992) The prevalence of cerebral visual disturbance in children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 34:473–480

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sigurdardottir S, Eiriksdottir A, Gunnarsdottir E et al (2008) Cognitive profile in young Icelandic children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 50:357–362

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Slater A (1995) Individuai differences in infancy and later IQ. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 36:69–112

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Springer JA, Binder JR, Hammeke TA et al (1999) Language dominance in neurologically normal and epilepsy subjects: a functional MRI study. Brain 122:2033–2046

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Staudt M, Grodd W, Niemann G et al (2001) Early left periventricular brain lesions induce right hemispheric organization of speech. Neurology 57:122–125

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Staudt M, Lidzba K, Grodd W et al (2002) Right-hemispheric organization of language following early left sided brain lesions: functional MRI topography. Neuroimage 16:954–967

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stella G, Biolcati C (2003) La valutazione neuropsicologica dei bambini con danno neuromotorio. In: Bottos N (ed) Paralisi cerebrale infantile Piccin, Padova, pp 55–61

    Google Scholar 

  • Stern RA, Singer EA, Duke LM et al (1994) The Boston Qualitative Scoring System for the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure: description and interrater reliability. Clin Neuropsychol 8:309–322

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stiers P, De Cock P, Vandenbussche E (1999) Separating visual perception and non-verbal intelligence in children with early brain injury. Brain Dev 21:397–406

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stiers P, van den Hout B, Haers M et al (2001) The variety of visual perceptual impairments in preschool children with perinatal brain injury. Brain Dev 23:333–348

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stiers P, Vanderkelen R, Vanneste G et al (2002) Visual-perceptual impairment in a random sample of children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 44:370–82

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stiles J (2001) Neural plasticity and cognitive development. Dev Neuropsychol 18:237–272

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stiles J, Moses P, Roe K et al (2003) Alternative brain organization after prenatal cerebral injury: convergent fMRI and cognitive data. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 9:604–622

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stiles J, Nass R (1991) Spatial grouping activity in young children with congenital right or left hemisphere brain injury. Brain Cogn 15:201–222

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stiles J, Stern C, Trauner D, Nass R (1996) Developmental change in spatial grouping activity among children with early focal brain injury: evidence from a modeling task. Brain Cogn 34:56–62

    Google Scholar 

  • Surman G, Newdick H, Johnson A (2003) Cerebral palsy rates among low-birthweight infants fell in the 1990s. Dev Med Child Neurol 45:456–462

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sussova J, Seidl Z, Faber J (1990) Hemiparetic forms of cerebral palsy in relation to epilepsy and mental retardation. Dev Med Child Neurol 32:792–795

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Szaflarski JP, Holland SK, Schmithorst WJ, Byars AW (2006) fMRI study of language lateralization in children and adults. Human Brain Mapping 27:2020–212

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Temple C, Coleman N (2000) Children’s performance on the visual objects and space perception battery (VOSP). Clin Neuropsychological Assessment 3:193–208

    Google Scholar 

  • Teuber HL (1975) Effects of focal brain injury on human behaviour. In: Tower DB (ed) The nervous system. Raven Press, New York, pp 311–353

    Google Scholar 

  • Thal DJ, Marchman VA, Stiles J et al (1991) Early lexical development in children with focal brain injury. Brain Lang 40:491–527

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tillema JM, Byars AW, Jacola LM (2008) Cortical reorganization of language functioning following perinatal left MCA stroke: Brain Lang 105:99–111

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Uvebrant P (1988) Hemiplegic cerebral palsy: aetiology and outcome. Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl 345:1–100

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Uzgiris IC (1983) Organization of sensorimotor intelligence. In: Lewis M (ed) Origins of intelligence. Plenum Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Uzgiris IC, Hunt J, Mc V (1975) Assessment in infancy: ordinal scales of psychological development. University of Illinois Press, Urbana

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Braeckel K, Butcher PR, Geuze RH et al (2008) Less efficient elementary visuomotor processes in 7-to 10-year-old preterm-born children without cerebral palsy: an indication of impaired dorsal stream processes. Neuropsychology 22:755–764

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vargha-Khadem F, Isaacs E, Van Der Werf S et al (1992) Development of intelligence and memory in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy. Brain 115:315–329

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vicari S, Albertoni A, Chilosi AM et al (2000) Plasticity and reorganization during language development in children with early brain injury. Cortex 36:31–46

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vicari S, Stiles J, Stern C, Resca A (1998) Spatial grouping activity in children with early cortical and subcortical lesions. Dev Med Child Neurol 40:90–94

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Warrington EK, James M (1993) The visual object and space perception battery. Bury, St Edmunds: Thames Valley Test Company

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiklund LM, Uvebrant P (1991) Hemiplegic cerebral palsy: correlation between CT morphology and clinical findings. Dev Med Child Neurol 33:512–23

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Woods BT (1983) Is the left hemisphere specialized for language at birth? Trends Neurosci 6:115–117

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yokochi K (2000) Reading of Kana (phonetic symbols for syllables) in Japanese children with spastic diplegia and periventricular leucomalacia. Brain Dev 22:13–15

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Stella Maris Scientific Institute, Pisa

    Daniela Brizzolara, Paola Brovedani & Giovanni Ferretti

  2. Division of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa

    Daniela Brizzolara

Authors
  1. Daniela Brizzolara
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Paola Brovedani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Giovanni Ferretti
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer-Verlag Italia

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Brizzolara, D., Brovedani, P., Ferretti, G. (2010). Neuropsychological Evaluation. In: The Spastic Forms of Cerebral Palsy. Springer, Milano. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-1478-7_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-1478-7_8

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Milano

  • Print ISBN: 978-88-470-1477-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-88-470-1478-7

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation