Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The History of Selective Decontamination of the Digestive Tract

  • Chapter
Selective Digestive Tract Decontamination in Intensive Care Medicine: a Practical Guide to Controlling Infection

Abstract

In the 1950s the scope of the infection problem in hospitals changed. The introduction and widespread use of chemotherapeutic and antibiotic agents resulted in profound changes in the character of infections and microorganisms that were encountered. Deaths from community-acquired infection with gram-positive pathogens such as S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes and S. aureus became less common, while the proportion of deaths attributable to hospital-acquired infections with aerobic gram-negative bacilli (AGNB) became manifest. These so-called nosocomial infections became increasingly prevalent in that period, especially in patients whose severe underlying disease was ameliorated by improving medical therapy. Infections due to AGNB became a frequent cause of death in patients treated for leukaemia or non-Hodgkin lymphoma, renal transplantation patients and patients on mechanical ventilation. In the 1960s and 1970s the frequency of nosocomial infections continued to be a problem despite the introduction of new broad-spectrum antibiotics. It became evident that it was not hospitalisation in itself that predisposed patients to infection; rather, the hospitalised patient was an “altered host” with enhanced susceptibility to infection. Feingold [1], in 1970, described two main reasons for higher susceptibility to infection: conditions impairing cellular or humoral defence mechanisms against infection, such as leukopenia, defective function of leucocytes, Hodgkin’s disease and immunosuppressive therapy, and conditions compromising the mechanical defence barriers such as urinary and intravenous catheters, surgical wounds, burns and tracheostomy.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Feingold DS (1970) Hospital-acquired infections. N Engl J Med 283:1384–1391

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Eickhoff TC, Brachmann PS, Bennett JV et al (1969) Surveillance of nosocomial infections in community hospitals. I. Surveillance methods, effectiveness and initial results. J Infect Dis 120:305–317

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Daschner FD, Frey P, Wolff G et al (1982) Nosocomial infections in intensive care wards: a multi-centre prospective study. Intensive Care Med 8:5–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Northey D, Adess ML, Hartsuck JM et al (1974) Microbiological surveillance in surgical intensive care unit. Surg Gynecol Obstet 139:321–325

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Fry DE, Pearlstein L, Fulton RL et al (1980) Multiple organ system failure (the role of uncontrolled infection). Arch Surg 115:136–140

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Goris RJA, Draaisma J (1982) Causes of death after blunt trauma. J Trauma 22:141–146

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Johanson WG, Pierce AK, Sanford JP (1969) Changing pharyngeal bacterial flora of hospitalised patients. Emergence of Gram-negative bacilli. N Engl J Med 281:1137–1140

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. van der Waaij D (1992) History of recognition and measurement of colonization resistance of the digestive tract as an introduction to selective gastro-intestinal decontamination. Epidemiol Infect 109:315–326

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Vollaard EJ, Clasener HAL (1994) Colonization resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 335:409–414

    Google Scholar 

  10. Safar P, Grenvik A (1977) Organisation and physician education in critical care medicine. Anaesthesiology 47:82–95

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Schimpff SC, Miller RM, Polakavetz S et al (1974) Infection in the severely traumatized patient. Ann Surg 179:352–357

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Schimpff SC (1981) Surveillance cultures. J Infect Dis 144:81–84

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Schimpff SC, Young VM, Greene WH et al (1972) Origin of infection in acute non-lymphocytic leukaemia. Significance of hospital acquisition of potential pathogens. Ann Intern Med 77:707–714

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. van Saene HKF, Stoutenbeek CP, Miranda DR et al (1983) A novel approach to infection control in the intensive care unit. Acta Anaesth Belg 34:193–209

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Storey P (1954) Proteus infections in hospital. J Pathol Bacteriol 68:55–62

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Stoutenbeek CP, van Saene HKF, Miranda DR et al (1983) A new technique of infection prevention in the intensive care unit by selective decontamination of the digestive tract. Acta Anaesth Belg 34:209–221

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Stoutenbeek CP, van Saene HKF, Miranda DR et al (1984) The effect of selective decontamination of the digestive tract on colonization and infection rate in multiple trauma patients. Intensive Care Med 10:185–192

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Stoutenbeek CP, van Saene HKF, Miranda DR et al (1987) The effect of oropharyngeal decontamination using topical non-absorbable antibiotics on the incidence of nosocomial respiratory tract infections in multiple trauma patients. J Trauma 27:357–364

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Schweinburg FB, Seligman AM, Fine J (1950) Transmural migration of intestinal bacteria. N Engl J Med 242:747–751

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Berg RD, Garlington AW (1979) Translocation of certain indigenous bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract to the mesenteric lymph nodes and other organs in a gnotobiotic mouse model. Infect Immun 23:403–411

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Bodey GP, Buckley M, Sathe YS et al (1966) Quantitative relationships between circulating leucocytes and infection in patients with acute leukaemia. Ann Intern Med 64:328–340

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Fine J, Frank ED, Rutenberg SH et al (1959) The bacterial factor in traumatic shock. N Engl J Med 260:214–216

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Johanson WG, Pierce AK, Sanford JP et al (1972) Nosocomial respiratory tract infections with Gram-negative bacilli. The significance of colonization of the respiratory tract. Ann Intern Med 77:701–706

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. van Saene HKF, Stoutenbeek CP (1987) Selective decontamination. J Antimicrob Chemother 20:462–465

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Levine AS, Siegel SE, Schreiber AD et al (1973) Protected environments and prophylactic antibiotics. A prospective controlled study of their utility in the therapy of acute leukaemia. N Engl J Med 288:477–483

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Storring RA, Jameson B, McElwain TJ et al (1977) Oral non-absorbed antibiotics prevent infection in acute non-lymphoblastic leukaemia. Lancet II:837–840

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Kurrle E, Dekker AW, Gaus W et al (1986) Prevention of infection in acute leukaemia: A prospective randomised study on the efficacy of two different drug regimens for antimicrobial prophylaxis. Infection 14:226–232

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Hoeprich PD (1970) The polymyxins. Med Clin North Am 54:1257–1265

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Lepper MH, Kofman S, Blatt N et al (1954) Effect of eight antibiotics used simply and in combination on the tracheal flora following tracheotomy in poliomyelitis. Antibiot Chemother 4:829–843

    Google Scholar 

  30. Kuipers JS (1975) Combinations of antimicrobial agents. I. The in vitro sensitivity of 100 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to polymyxin B, colistin, carbenicillin, gentamicin and doxycycline and to various combinations of these antibiotics. Arch Chir Neerl 27:257–270

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Neu HC (1976) Tobramycin: an overview. J Infect Dis 134:S3–S19

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. van Saene JJM, van Saene HKF, Stoutenbeek CP et al (1985) Influence of faeces on the activity of antimicrobial agents used for decontamination of the alimentary canal. Scand J Infect Dis 17:295–300

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Mulder JG, Wiersma WE, Welling GW et al (1984) Low dose oral tobramycin treatment for selective decontamination of the digestive tract: a study in human volunteers. J Antimicrob Chemother 13:495–504

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Bodey GP, Pan T (1980) Absorption of tobramycin after chronic oral administration. Curr Ther Res 28:394–401

    Google Scholar 

  35. Klastersky J, DeBusscher L, Weerts D et al (1974) Use of oral antibiotics in protected units environment: clinical effectiveness and role in the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains. Pathol Biol 22:5–12

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. van Saene HKF, Damjanovic V, Pizer B et al (1999) Fungal infections in ICU. J Hosp Infect 41:337–340

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Miles MR, Olsen L, Rogers A (1977) Recurrent vaginal candiasis. Importance of an intestinal reservoir. JAMA 238:1836–1837

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Bodey GP (1969) The effect of amphotericin B on the fungal flora in faeces. Clin Pharmacol Ther 10:675–680

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Hofstra W, de Vries-Hospers HG, van der Waaij D (1979) Concentrations of nystatin in faeces after oral administration of various doses of nystatin. Infection 7:166–170

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Hofstra W, de Vries-Hospers HG, van der Waaij D (1982) Concentrations of amphotericin B in faeces and blood of healthy volunteers after oral administration of various doses. Infection 10:233–277

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Ramos B, Taylor N, Sarginson RE et al (2007) Enteral antimicrobials do not protect against acquisition and subsequent carriage of Staphylococcus aureus in a paediatric ICU using SDD. Epidemiol Infect [submitted for publication]

    Google Scholar 

  42. Walsh B, Salzmann M, Gaunt N et al (1985) Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Lancet II:219–220

    Google Scholar 

  43. Stoutenbeek CP, Miranda DR, van Saene HKF (1982) A new technique for infection prevention in the intensive care unit. Abstract, Proceedings of the 6th European Congress of Anaesthesiology. Anaesthesia: 56, abstract 98

    Google Scholar 

  44. van Saene JJM, Stoutenbeek CP, van Saene HKF (1992) Faecal endotoxin in human volunteers. Microb Ecol Health Dis 5:179–184

    Google Scholar 

  45. van Saene HKF, Stoutenbeek CP, Faber-Nijholt R et al (1992) Selective decontamination of the digestive tract contributes to the control of disseminated intra-vascular coagulation in severe liver impairment. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 4:436–442

    Google Scholar 

  46. van Saene JJM, Stoutenbeek CP, van Saene HKF et al (1996) Reduction of the intestinal endotoxin pool by three different SDD regimens in human volunteers. J Endotoxin Res 3:337–343

    Google Scholar 

  47. Greenfield S, Teres D, Bushnell LS et al (1973) Prevention of gram-negative bacillary pneumonia using aerosol polymyxin as prophylaxis. I. Effect on the colonization pattern of the upper respiratory tract of seriously ill patients. J Clin Invest 52:2935–2940

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Klick JM, Du Moulin GC, Hedley-Whyte J et al (1975) Prevention of gram-negative bacillary pneumonia using polymyxin aerosol prophylaxis. II. Effect on the incidence of pneumonia in seriously ill patients. J Clin Invest 55:514–519

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Feeley TW, Du Moulin GC, Hedley-Whyte J et al (1975) Aerosol polymyxin and pneumonia in seriously ill patients. N Engl J Med 293:471–475

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Johanson WG (1989) Infection prevention by selective decontamination in intensive care. Intensive Care Med 15:417–419

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Bodey GP (1981) Antibiotic prophylaxis in cancer patients: regimens of oral, nonabsorbable antibiotics for prevention of infection during induction of remission. Rev Infect Dis 3[Suppl]:S259–S268

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Jordan HV, De Paola PF (1974) Effect of a topically applied 3% vancomycin gel on Streptococcus mutans on different tooth surfaces. J Dent Res 53:115–120

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Borthen L. Heimdahl A, Nord CE (1988) Effect of topical administration of vancomycin versus chlorhexidine on a-hemolytic streptococci in oral cavity. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 66:304–309

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. de Vries-Hospers HG, van der Waaij D (1978) Amphotericin B concentrations in saliva after application of 2% amphotericin B in Orabase. Infection 6:3–15

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Dever LL, Johanson WG (1993) An update on selective decontamination of the digestive tract. Curr Opin Infect Dis 6:744–750

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Johanson WG, Seidenfeld JJ, de los Santos R et al (1988) Prevention of nosocomial pneumonia using topical and parenteral antimicrobial agents. Am Rev Respir Dis 137:265–272

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Fine J, Frank H, Schweinburg F et al (1952) The bacterial factor in traumatic shock. Ann N Y Acad Sciences 55:429–445.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Ketchel SJ, Rodriguez V (1978) Acute infections in cancer patients. Semin Oncol 5:167–179

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Rodriguez V, Whitecar JP, Bodey GP (1969) Therapy of infections with the combination of carbenicillin and gentamicin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 9:386–390

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Stoutenbeek CP (1989) The role of systemic antibiotic prophylaxis in infection prevention in intensive care by SDD. Infection 17:418–421

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Alcock SR (1990) Short-term parenteral antibiotics used as a supplement to SDD regimens. Infection 13[Suppl 1]:S14–S18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Kaiser AB (1986) Antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgery. N Engl J Med 315:1129–1138

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Fox MA, Sarginson RE, Zandstra DF et al (2005) Comment on “Risk factors for late-onset ventilator-associated pneumonia in trauma patients receiving selective digestive decontamination” by Leone et al. Intensive Care Med 31:999

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Stoutenbeek CP, van Saene HKF, Zandstra DF (1996) Prevention of multiple organ system failure by selective decontamination of the digestive tract in multiple trauma patients. In: Faist E, Baue AE, Schildberg FW (eds). The immune consequences of trauma, shock and sepsis-mechanisms and therapeutic approach. Lengerich: Pabst Science Publishers, pp 1055–1066

    Google Scholar 

  65. Krom RAF (1986) Liver transplantation at the Mayo clinic. Mayo Clin Proc 61:278–282

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. van der Waaij D, Sluiter HJ (1986) Luchtweginfecties bij patiënten in afdelingen voor intensieve behandeling; pathogenese en preventie. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 130:854–858

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. van Saene HKF, Stoutenbeek CP (1986) Luchtweginfecties bij patiënten in afdelingen voor intensieve behandeling; pathogenese en preventie. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 130:1291

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. van der Waaij D (1987) Selective decontamination of the digestive tract in surgical intensive care units. Intensive Care World 4:44–47

    Google Scholar 

  69. Miranda DR, Langrehr D (1988) The control of Gram-negative bacterial infection in the ICU. (Recent advances in critical care medicine, no 3) Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, pp 135–157

    Google Scholar 

  70. Hermans WF. Onder professoren (1975) Tweede druk Amsterdam De Bezige Bij ISBN 90 234 6036 7

    Google Scholar 

  71. Abele-Horn M, Dauber A, Bauernfeind A et al (1997) Decrease in nosocomial pneumonia in ventilated patients by selective oropharyngeal decontamination (SOD). Intensive Care Med 23:187–195

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Aerdts SJ, van Dalen R, Clasener HA et al (1991) Antibiotic prophylaxis of respiratory tract infection in mechanically ventilated patients. A prospective, blinded, randomized trial of the effect of a novel regimen. Chest 100:783–791

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Arnow PM, Carandang GC, Zabner R et al (1996) Randomized controlled trial of selective bowel decontamination for prevention of infections following liver transplantation. Clin Infect Dis 22:997–1003

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Barret JP, Jeschke MG, Herndon DN (2001) Selective decontamination of the digestive tract in severely burned pediatric patients. Burns 27:439–445

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Bergmans DC, Bonten MJ, Gaillard CA et al (2001) Prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia by oral decontamination: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164:382–388

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Bion JF, Badger I, Crosby HA et al (1994) Selective decontamination of the digestive tract reduces gram-negative pulmonary colonization but not systemic endotoxemia in patients undergoing elective liver transplantation. Crit Care Med 22:40–49

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Blair P, Rowlands BJ, Lowry K et al (1991) Selective decontamination of the digestive tract: a stratified, randomized, prospective study in a mixed intensive care unit. Surgery 110:303–309

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Boland JP, Sadler DL, Stewart W et al (1991) Reduction of nosocomial respiratory infections in multiple trauma patients requiring mechanical ventilation by selective parenteral and enteral antisepsis regimen (SPEAR) in the intensive care. Seventeenth international congress of chemotherapy Berlin, 1991, abstract 0465

    Google Scholar 

  79. Bouter H, Schippers EF, Luelmo SA et al (2002) No effect of preoperative selective gut decontamination on endotoxemia and cytokine activation during cardiopulmonary bypass: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Crit Care Med 30:38–43

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Brun-Buisson C, Legrand P, Rauss A et al (1989) Intestinal decontamination for control of nosocomial multi-resistant gram-negative bacilli. Ann Intern Med 110:873–881

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. de la Cal MA, Cerda E, Garcia-Hierro P et al (2005) Survival benefit in critically ill burned patients receiving selective decontamination of the digestive tract: a randomized, placebo controlled, double blind trial. Ann Surg 241:424–430

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Camus C, Bellissant E, Sebille V et al (2005) Prevention of acquired infections in intubated patients with the combination of two decontamination regimens. Crit Care Med 33:307–314

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Cerra FB, Maddaus MA, Dunn DL et al (1992) Selective gut decontamination reduces nosocomial infections and length of stay but not mortality or organ failure in surgical intensive care unit patients. Arch Surg 127:163–169

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Cockerill FR, III, Muller SR, Anhalt JP et al (1992) Prevention of infection in critically ill patients by selective decontamination of the digestive tract. Ann Intern Med 117:545–553

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Ferrer M, Torres A, Gonzalez J et al (1994) Utility of selective digestive decontamination in mechanically ventilated patients. Ann Intern Med 120:389–395

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Finch RG, Tomlinson P, Holliday M et al (1991) Selective decontamination of the digestive tract (SDD) in the prevention of secondary sepsis in a medical/surgical intensive care unit. Seventeenth International Congress of Chemotherapy, Berlin, 1991, abstract 0471

    Google Scholar 

  87. Flaherty J, Nathan C, Kabins SA et al (1990) Pilot trial of selective decontamination for prevention of bacterial infection in an intensive care unit. J Infect Dis 162:1393–1397

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Gastinne H, Wolff M, Delatour F et al (1992) A controlled trial in intensive care units of selective decontamination of the digestive tract with non-absorbable antibiotics. N Engl J Med 326:594–599

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Gaussorgues P, Salord F, Sirodot M et al (1991) Efficacité de la décontamination digestive sur la survenue des bactériémies nosocomiales chez les patients sous ventilation méchanique et recevant des betamimétiques. Réanimation Soins Intensifs Médecin d’Urgence 7:169–174

    Google Scholar 

  90. Georges B, Mazerolles M, Decun J-F, Rouge P et al (1994) Décontamination digestive sélective résultats d’une étude chez polytraumatisés. Réanimation Urgence 3:621–627

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. Gosney M, Martin MV, Wright AE (2006) The role of selective decontamination of the digestive tract in acute stroke. Age Aging 35:42–47

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Hammond JM, Potgieter PD, Saunders GL et al (1992) Double-blind study of selective decontamination of the digestive tract in intensive care. Lancet 340:5–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Hellinger WC, Yao JD, Alvarez S et al (2002) A randomized, prospective, double-blinded evaluation of selective bowel decontamination in liver transplantation. Transplantation 73:1904–1909

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Jacobs S, Foweraker JE, Roberts SE (1992) Effectiveness of selective decontamination of the digestive tract (SDD) in an ICU with a policy encouraging a low gastric pH. Clin Intensive Care 3:52–58

    Google Scholar 

  95. de Jonge E, Schultz MJ, Spanjaard L et al (2003) Effects of selective decontamination of digestive tract on mortality and acquisition of resistant bacteria in intensive care: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 362:1011–1016

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Kerver AJH, Rommes JH, Mevissen-Verhage EAE et al (1988) Prevention of colonization and infection in critically ill patients: a prospective randomized study. Crit Care Med 16:1087–1093

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Korinek AM, Laisne MJ, Nicolas MH et al (1993) Selective decontamination of the digestive tract in neurosurgical intensive care unit patients: a double-blind, randomized, placebocontrolled study. Crit Care Med 21:1466–1473

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Krueger WA, Lenhart FP, Neeser G et al (2002) Influence of combined intravenous and topical antibiotic prophylaxis on the incidence of infections, organ dysfunctions, and mortality in critically ill surgical patients: A prospective, stratified, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 166:1029–1037

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Laggner AN, Tryba M, Georgopoulos A et al (1994) Oropharyngeal decontamination with gentamicin for long-term ventilated patients on stress ulcer prophylaxis with sucralfate? Wien Klin Wochenschr 106:15–19

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Lingnau W, Berger J, Javorsky F et al (1997) Selective intestinal decontamination in multiple trauma patients: prospective, controlled trial. J Trauma 42:687–694

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Luiten EJT, Hop WCJ, Lange JF et al (1995) Controlled clinical trial of selective decontamination for the treatment of severe acute pancreatitis. Ann Surg 222:57–65

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Martinez-Pellus AE, Merino P, Bru M et al (1993) Can selective digestive decontamination avoid the endotoxemia and cytokine activation promoted by cardiopulmonary bypass? Crit Care Med 21:1684–1691

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Martinez-Pellus AE, Merino P, Bru M et al (1997) Endogenous endotoxemia of intestinal origin during cardiopulmonary bypass. Role of type of flow and protective effect of selective digestive decontamination. Intensive Care Med 23:1251–1257

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Palomar M, Alvarez-Lerma F, Jorda R et al for the Catalan study group of nosocomial pneumonia prevention (1997) Prevention of nosocomial pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients: selective decontamination versus sucralfate. Clin Intensive Care 8:228–235

    Article  Google Scholar 

  105. Pneumatikos I, Koulouras V, Nathanail C et al (2002) Selective decontamination of subglottic area in mechanically ventilated patients with multiple trauma. Intensive Care Med 28:432–437

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Pugin J, Auckenthaler R, Lew DP et al (1991) Oropharyngeal decontamination decreases incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia. A randomized, placebo-controlled, doubleblind clinical trial. JAMA 265:2704–2710

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Quinio B, Albanese J, Bues-Charbit M et al (1996) Selective decontamination of the digestive tract in multiple trauma patients. A prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Chest 109:765–772

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Rayes N, Seehofer D, Hansen S et al (2002) Early enteral supply of Lactobacillus and fibre versus selective bowel decontamination: A controlled trial in liver transplant recipients. Transplantation 74:123–128

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Rocha LA, Martin MJ, Pita S et al (1992) Prevention of nosocomial infections in critically ill patients by selective decontamination of the digestive tract. A randomised, double blind, placebo controlled study. Intensive Care Med 18:398–404

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Rodriguez-Roldan JM, Altuna-Cuesta A, Lopez A et al (1990) Prevention of nosocomial lung infection in ventilated patients: use of an antimicrobial pharyngeal nonabsorbable paste. Crit Care Med 18:1239–1242

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Rolando N, Gimson A, Wade J et al (1993) Prospective controlled trial of selective parenteral and enteral antimicrobial regimen in fulminant liver failure. Hepatology 17:196–201

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Rolando N, Wade JJ, Stangou A, Gimson AE et al (1996) Prospective study comparing the efficacy of prophylactic parenteral antimicrobials, with or without enteral decontamination, in patients with acute liver failure. Liver Transpl Surg 2:8–13

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Ruza F, Alvarado F, Herruzo R et al (1998) Prevention of nosocomial infection in a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) through the use of selective digestive decontamination. Eur J Epidemiol 14:719–727

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Sanchez GM, Cambronero Galache JA et al (1998) Effectiveness and cost of selective decontamination of the digestive tract in critically ill intubated patients. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 158:908–916

    Google Scholar 

  115. Schardey HM, Joosten U, Finke U et al (1997) The prevention of anastomotic leakage after total gastrectomy with local decontamination. A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter trial. Ann Surg 225:172–180

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Smith SD, Jackson RJ, Hannakan CJ et al (1993) Selective decontamination in pediatric liver transplants. A randomized prospective study. Transplantation 55:1306–1309

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Stoutenbeek CP, van Saene HKF, Zandstra DF (1996) Prevention of multiple organ system failure by selective decontamination of the digestive tract in multiple trauma patients. In: Faist EBAE, Schildberg FW (eds) Immune consequences of trauma, shock and sepsis. Lengerich: Pabst Science Publishers, pp 1055–1066.

    Google Scholar 

  118. Stoutenbeek CP, van Saene HKF, Little RA et al (2007) The effect of selective decontamination of the digestive tract on mortality in multiple trauma patients. Intensive Care Med 33:261–270

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Tetteroo GW, Wagenvoort JH, Castelein A et al (1990) Selective decontamination to reduce gram-negative colonization and infections after oesophageal resection. Lancet 335:704–707

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Ulrich C, Harinck-de Weerd JE, Bakker NC et al (1989) Selective decontamination of the digestive tract with norfloxacin in the prevention of ICU-acquired infections: a prospective, randomized study. Intensive Care Med 15:424–431

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Unertl K, Ruckdeschel G, Selbmann HK et al (1987) Prevention of colonization and respiratory infections in long-term ventilated patients by local antimicrobial prophylaxis. Intensive Care Med 13:106–113

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Verwaest C, Verhaegen J, Ferdinande P et al (1997) Randomized controlled trial of selective digestive decontamination in 600 mechanically ventilated patients in a multi-disciplinary intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 25:63–71

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Wiener J, Itokazu G, Nathan C et al (1995) A randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial of selective digestive decontamination in a medical, surgical intensive care unit. Clin Infect Dis 20:861–867

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Winter R, Humphreys H, Pick A et al (1992) A controlled trial of selective decontamination of the digestive tract in intensive care and its effect on nosocomial infection. J Antimicrob Chemother 30:73–87

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Zobel G, Kuttnig M, Grubbauer HM et al (1991) Reduction of colonization and infection rate during pediatric intensive care by selective decontamination of the digestive tract. Crit Care Med 19:1242–1246

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Zwaveling JH, Maring JK, Klompmaker IJ et al (2002) Selective decontamination of the digestive tract to prevent postoperative infection: a randomized placebo-controlled trial in liver transplant patients. Crit Care Med 30:1204–1209

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. McA Ledingham I, Alcock SR, Eastaway AT et al (1988) Triple regimen of selective decontamination of the digestive tract, systemic cefotaxime, and microbiological surveillance for prevention of acquired infection in intensive care. Lancet I:785–790

    Article  Google Scholar 

  128. Hünefeld G (1989) Selective digestive decolonization in long-term ventilated surgical patients. Anesthesiol Reanim 14:131–153

    Google Scholar 

  129. Konrad F, Schwalbe B, Heeg K et al (1989) Frequency of bacterial colonization and respiratory tract infections and resistance behaviour in patients subjected to long-term ventilated patients with selective decontamination of the digestive tract. Anaesthesist 38:99–109

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Nardi G, Valentinis U, Bartaletti R et al (1990) Effectiveness of topic selective digestive decontamination, without any systemic antibiotic prophylaxis, in the prevention of pulmonary infections in ICU patients. Minerva Anestesiol 56:19–26

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Sydow M, Burchardi H, Crozier TA et al (1990) Influence of selective decontamination on nosocomial infections, their causative agents and resistance to antibiotics in long-term intubated intensive care patients. Anaesth Intensivther Notfallmed 25:416–423

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Godard J, Guillaume C, Reverdy ME et al (1990) Intestinal decontamination in a polyvalent ICU. Intensive Care Med 16:307–311

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Hartenauer U, Thulig B, Diemer W et al (1991) Effect of selective flora suppression on colonization, infection, and mortality in critically ill patients: A one-year prospective consecutive study. Crit Care Med 19:463–473

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Fox MA, Peterson S, Fabri BM et al (1991) Selective decontamination of the digestive tract in cardiac surgical patients. Crit Care Med 19:1486–1490

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. McClelland P, Murray AE, Williams PS et al (1990) Reducing sepsis in severe combined acute renal and respiratory failure by selective decontamination of the digestive tract. Crit Care Med 18:935–939

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. McClelland P, Murray A, Yagoob M et al (1992) Prevention of bacterial infection and sepsis in acute severe pancreatitis. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 74:329–334

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Mackie DP, van Hertum WAJ, Schumburg T et al (1992) Prevention of infection in burns: preliminary experience with selective decontamination of the digestive tract in patients with extensive injuries. J Trauma 32:570–575

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Lipman J, Klugman K and The Baragwanath SDD Study Group (1994) A modified form of selective decontamination of the digestive tract (m SDD) in a multi-disciplinary adult and paediatric intensive care unit. Clin Intensive Care 5:Suppl 70

    Google Scholar 

  139. Riedl SE, Peter B, Geiss HK et al (2001) Microbiological and clinical effect of selective bowel decontamination trans thoracic resections of the carcinoma of the oesophagus and cardia. Chirurg 72:1160–1170

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Aitchison JM, van den Ende J, van Rensburg HCG et al (1991) Prospective study of the selective parenteral and enteral antibiotic regimen (SPEAR) in critically ill surgical patients. Seventeenth International Congress of Chemotherapy, abstract 0460

    Google Scholar 

  141. Dobb GJ, Boyle SM (1999) The effect of selective decontamination of the digestive tract (SDD) on nosocomial pneumonia and mortality in an Australian intensive care unit. Clinical intensive care poster abstract 1, 12th International Symposium on Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine

    Google Scholar 

  142. Parra ML, Arias S, de la Cal MA et al (2002) Effect of selective digestive decontamination on the nosocomial infection and multi-resistant micro-organisms incidence in critically ill patients. Med Clin (Barc) 118:361–364

    Google Scholar 

  143. Meynaar IA, van den Elzakker E, Visser C et al (2005) Cefazolin as parenteral component of selective digestive decontamination. European Congress of Intensive Care Medicine, Amsterdam. Intensive Care Med 31:S28

    Article  Google Scholar 

  144. Selective Decontamination of the Digestive Tract Trialists’ Collaborative Group (1993) Meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials of selective decontamination of the digestive tract. BMJ 307:525–532

    Google Scholar 

  145. Heyland DK, Cook DJ, Jaeschke R et al (1994) Selective decontamination of the digestive tract: an overview. Chest 105:1221–1229

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Kollef M (1994) The role of selective digestive tract decontamination on mortality and respiratory tract infections. A meta-analysis. Chest 105:1101–1108

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. D’Amico R, Pifferi S, Leonetti C et al (1998) Effectiveness of antibiotic prophylaxis in critically ill adult patients: systematic review of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 316:1275–1285

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Nathens AB, Marshall JC (1999) Selective decontamination of the digestive tract in surgical patients. A systematic review of the evidence. Arch Surg 134:170–176

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Redman R, Ludington E, Crocker M et al and the VAP Advisory Group (2001) Analysis of respiratory and non-respiratory infections in published trials of selective digestive decontamination. Intensive Care Med 27[Suppl 1]: S285

    Google Scholar 

  150. Liberati A, D’Amico R, Pifferi S et al (2004) Antibiotic prophylaxis to reduce respiratory tract infections and mortality in adults receiving intensive care. (Cochrane review; The Cochrane Library, Issue 1) Chichester, UK: Wiley

    Google Scholar 

  151. Safdar N, Said A, Lucey MR (2004) The role of selective decontamination for reducing infection in patients undergoing liver transplant: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Liver Transpl 10:817–827

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Silvestri L, van Saene HKF, Milanese M et al (2005) Impact of selective decontamination of the digestive tract on fungal carriage and infection: systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Intensive Care Med 31:898–910

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Silvestri L, van Saene HKF, Milanese M et al (2007) Selective decontamination of the digestive tract reduces bacterial bloodstream infection and mortality: systematic review of randomised, controlled trials. J Hosp Infect 65:187–203

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Vandenbroucke-Grauls CMJE, Vandenbroucke JP (1991) Effect of selective decontamination of the digestive tract on respiratory tract infections and mortality in the intensive care unit. Lancet 338:859–863

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Hurley JC (1995) Prophylaxis with enteral antibiotics in ventilated patients: selective decontamination or selective cross-infection? Antimicrob Agents Chemother 39:941–947

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. van Nieuwenhoven CA, Buskens E, van Thiel EA et al (2001) Relationship between methodological trial quality and the effects of selective digestive decontamination on pneumonia and mortality in critically ill patients. JAMA 286:335–340

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Ebner W, Kropec-Hübner A, Daschner FD (2000) Bacterial resistance and overgrowth due to selective decontamination of the digestive tract. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 19:243–247

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Rommes JH, Zandstra DF, van Saene HKF (1999) Selective decontamination of the digestive tract reduces mortality in intensive care patients. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 143:602–606

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Kerver AJH, Rommes JH, Mevissen-Verhage EAE et al (1987) Colonisation and infection in surgical intensive care patients-a prospective year. Intensive Care Med 13:347–351

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. van Furth R (1995) Infektieziekten-verleden en heden. In: van Es JC, Kleeman JN, de Leeuw PW et al (eds) Medisch Jaar 1995. Bohn, Houten Hst 15; pp 226–245

    Google Scholar 

  161. Verhoef J, Verhaege EAE, Visser MR (1993) A decade of experience with selective decontamination of the digestive tract as prophylaxis for infections in patients in the intensive care unit: what have we learned? Clin Infect Dis 17:1047–1054

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Bonten MJM (2003) Prevention of hospital-acquired pneumonia: European perspective. Infect Dis Clin N Am 17:773–784

    Article  Google Scholar 

  163. de la Cal MA, Cerda E, Garcia-Hierro P et al (2001) Pneumonia in patients with severe burns. A classification according to the concept of the carrier state. Chest 119:1160–1165

    Article  Google Scholar 

  164. de la Cal MA, Cerda E, van Saene HKF et al (2004) Effectiveness and safety of enteral vancomycin to control endemicity of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a medical/surgical intensive care. J Hosp Infect 56:175–183

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. Cerdá E, Abella A, de la Cal MA et al (2007) Enteral vancomycin controls methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus endemicity in an intensive care burn unit: a 9-year prospective study. Ann Surg 245:397–407

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  166. Gilston A (1991) Down with dogma. Intensive Crit Care Dig 10:36

    Google Scholar 

  167. Atkinson SW, Bihari DJ (1993) Selective decontamination of the gut. Does not affect survival in intensive care units. BMJ 306:286–287

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Sanderson PJ (1989) Selective decontamination of the digestive tract. Value in intensive care units not proved. BMJ 299:1413–1414

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Webb CH (2000) Selective decontamination of the digestive tract, SDD: a commentary. J Hosp Infect 46:106–109

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Conscience G, Misset B, Carlet J (1991) SDD in intensive care units: review of trials and future prospects. La letter de l’infectiologue 6:635–639

    Google Scholar 

  171. Brun-Buisson C (1993) Risk factors for nosocomial pneumonia. In: Vincent JL (ed) Yearbook of intensive care and emergency medicine 1993. Springer, Berlin; pp 273–280

    Google Scholar 

  172. Leone M, Albanese J, Antonini F et al (2003) Long-term (6-year) effect of selective digestive decontamination on antimicrobial resistance in intensive care, multiple-trauma patients. Crit Care Med 31:2090–2095

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  173. Hamer DH, Barza M (1993) Prevention of hospital-acquired pneumonia in critically ill patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 37:931–938

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Bigatello LM, Zapol WM (1996) New approaches to acute lung injury. Br J Anaesth 77:99–109

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Mayhall CG (1997) Nosocomial pneumonia. Diagnosis and prevention. Infect Dis Clin North Am 11:427–457.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Kollef MH (1999) The prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia. N Engl J Med 340:627–634

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Sadfar N, Maki DG (2002) The commonality of risk factors for nosocomial colonisation and infection with antimicrobial-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus, Gram-negative bacilli, Clostridium difficile and Candida. Ann Intern Med 136:834–844

    Google Scholar 

  178. Silvestri L, van Saene HKF, Milanese M et al (2004) Prevention of MRSA pneumonia by oral vancomycin decontamination: a randomised trial. Eur Respir J 23:921–926

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. Baltussen A, Kindler CH (2004) Citation classics in critical care medicine. Intensive Care Med 30:902–910

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  180. Liberati A, D’Amico R, Brazzi L et al (2001) Influence of methodological quality on study conclusions. JAMA 286:2544–2547

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Bonten MJM (2003) Prevention of hospital-acquired pneumonia: European perspective. Infect Dis Clin North Am 17:773–784

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  182. Bonten MJM (2002) Strategies for prevention of hospital-acquired pneumonia: oral and selective decontamination of the gastro-intestinal tract. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 23:481–488

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  183. van Saene HKF, Stoutenbeek CP, Lawin P, McA Ledingham I (eds) (1989) Infection control by selective decontamination. (Update in intensive care and emergency medicine, no 7) Springer, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  184. Carlet J, Artigas A, Bihari D et al (1992) Consensus Conference Report. The first European Consensus Conference in Intensive Care Medicine. Intensive Care Med 18:180–188

    Article  Google Scholar 

  185. van Saene HKF, Silvestri L, de la Cal MA (eds). (1998) Infection control in the intensive care unit, 1st edn. (Topics in anaesthesia and critical care) Springer-Verlag Italia, Milan

    Google Scholar 

  186. van Saene HKF, Silvestri L, de la Cal MA (eds) (2005) Infection control in the intensive care unit, 2nd edn. (Topics in anaesthesia and critical care) Springer-Verlag Italia, Milan

    Google Scholar 

  187. Sacket DL (2000) The sins of expertness and a proposal for redemption. BMJ 320:1283

    Article  Google Scholar 

  188. Unertl K (1986) Nosocomiale bakterielle Infektionen der Respirationstraktes bei beatmeten Patienten. PhD thesis, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich

    Google Scholar 

  189. Stoutenbeek CP (1987) Infection prevention in intensive care. Infection prevention in multiple trauma patients by selective decontamination of the digestive tract (SDD). PhD thesis, Groningen

    Google Scholar 

  190. Kerver AJH (1988) Nosocomial infections and infection prevention in surgical intensive care patients. Thesis, Faculty of Medicine, University of Utrecht

    Google Scholar 

  191. Aerdts SJA (1989) Prevention of lower respiratory infection in mechanically ventilated patients. PhD thesis, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maastricht

    Google Scholar 

  192. van Nieuwenhoven CA (2007) Prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia: making a difference? PhD Thesis, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands

    Google Scholar 

  193. Grundling M (1992) Pneumonieprophylaxe bei langzeitbeatmeten Intensivtherapiepatienten durch selektive Darmdekontamination. PhD Thesis, Faculty of Medicine, University of Greifswald, Germany

    Google Scholar 

  194. Spijkervet FKL (1989) Irradiation mucositis and oral flora. Reduction of mucositis by selective elimination of oral flora. PhD thesis, Faculty of Medicine, University of Groningen

    Google Scholar 

  195. van Saene JJM (1990) Colonic delivery of polymyxin E and four quinolones for flora suppression. Thesis, Faculty of Sciences, University of Groningen

    Google Scholar 

  196. Vollaard EJ (1991) The concept of colonization resistance. A study of the influence of antimicrobial agents on the aerobic flora of the bowel. PhD thesis, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Nijmegen

    Google Scholar 

  197. Verhaegen J (1992) Randomized study of selective digestive decontamination on colonization and prevention of infections in mechanically ventilated patients in the ICU. PhD thesis, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leuven

    Google Scholar 

  198. Manson WL (1992) Microbiological studies in burns. PhD thesis, Faculty of Medicine, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen

    Google Scholar 

  199. van Bebber IPT (1992) An experimental model of the adult respiratory distress syndrome and multiple organ failure: zymosan induced generalized inflammation. Thesis, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nijmegen

    Google Scholar 

  200. Ameen ASM (1993) Microbiological studies in mice of intestinal decontamination regimens. PhD Thesis, Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow

    Google Scholar 

  201. Tetteroo GWM (1993) Infection prevention in the surgical intensive care unit using selective decontamination. Thesis, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rotterdam

    Google Scholar 

  202. Bonten MJM (1994) The role of colonization of the upper intestinal tract in the pathogenesis of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Thesis, Rijksuniversiteit Maastricht

    Google Scholar 

  203. Hammond JMJ (1993) Nosocomial infection in intensive care. PhD thesis, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa

    Google Scholar 

  204. Blair PHB (1994) The clinical and microbiological effects of selective decontamination of the digestive tract in a mixed intensive care unit. MD thesis, Faculty of Medicine, The Queen’s University of Belfast

    Google Scholar 

  205. Luiten EJT (1998) Severe acute pancreatitis and selective decontamination. PhD thesis, Erasmus University Rotterdam

    Google Scholar 

  206. Bergmans DCJJ (1999) Ventilator-associated pneumonia; studies on pathogenesis, diagnosis and prevention. PhD thesis, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maastricht

    Google Scholar 

  207. van der Voort PHJ (1999) Helicobacter pylori in the critically ill. Thesis, Faculty of Medicine, University of Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  208. Conraads VM (2002) Inflammation and chronic heart failure determinants and modulation. PhD thesis, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antwerp

    Google Scholar 

  209. Morar P (2003) Lower airway infections in tracheotomised children: magnitude and control of the exogenous infection. MD thesis, Faculty of Medicine, University of Liverpool

    Google Scholar 

  210. Fagon JY, Chastre J, Wolff M et al (2000) Invasive and non-invasive strategies for management of suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia: a randomised trial. Ann Intern Med 132:621–630

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  211. Gastinne H, Wolff M, Lachatre G et al (1992) Antibiotic levels in bronchial tree and in serum during selective digestive decontamination. Intensive Care Med 17:215–218

    Article  Google Scholar 

  212. Bonten MJM, Kullberg BJ, Filius PMG (2001) Optimizing antibiotics policy in the Netherlands. VI SWAB advice: no selective decontamination of IC patients on mechanical ventilation. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 145:353–357

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  213. Koeman M, van der Ven AJAM, Hak E et al (2006) Oral decontamination with chlorhexidine reduces the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 173:1348–1355

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  214. Bonten JMJ, van Tiel FH, van der Geest S et al (1993) Enterococcus faecalis pneumonia complicating topical antimicrobial prophylaxis. N Engl J Med 328:209–210

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  215. Nixon JR, Nielsen MS (2000) Selective decontamination of the digestive tract-current national practice. Br J Anaesth 84:682P–683P

    Google Scholar 

  216. Bogaards MJ (2001) An inventarisation of the products. Selective digestive decontamination in the Netherlands. Pharm Weekdl 136:706–712

    Google Scholar 

  217. Vincent JL (1999) Prevention of nosocomial bacterial pneumonia. Thorax 54:544–549

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  218. Aarts MA, Marshall JC (2002) In defense of evidence. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 166:1014–1015

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  219. Farr BM (2000) Reasons for non-compliance with infection control guidelines. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 21:411–416

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  220. Antman EM, Lau J, Kupeluick B et al (1992) A comparison of results on meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials and recommendations of clinical experts. JAMA 268:240–248

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  221. Kollef MH (1996) Long-term effects of selective decontamination on antimicrobial resistance. Crit Care Med 24:177–178

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  222. Wazana A (2000) Physicians and the pharmaceutical industry. Is a gift ever just a gift? JAMA 285:373–386

    Article  Google Scholar 

  223. Garattini S, Liberati A (2000) The risk of bias from omitted research. Evidence must be independently sought and free of economic interests. BMJ 321:845–846

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  224. van Saene HKF, Silvestri L, de la Cal MA et al (2006) Selective decontamination of the digestive tract reduces lower airway and bloodstream infection and mortality and prevents emergence of antimicrobial resistance. Microbes Infect 8:953–954

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  225. Silvestri L, van Saene HKF (2006) Selective decontamination of the digestive tract does not increase resistance in critically ill patients: evidence from randomized controlled trials. Crit Care Med 34:2027–2029

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  226. Damjanovic V, van Saene HKF (2005) Microbial mutation as a source of polyclonality in the gut of the critically ill. J Hosp Infect 59:374–375

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  227. Torres A, Carlet J (2001) European task force on ventilator-associated pneumonia. Ventilator-associated pneumonia. Eur Respir J 17:1034–1045

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  228. NVIC guidelines for the prevention of pneumonia during mechanical ventilation. Richtlijn. Het voorkomen van bacteriele longontstreking en stenfte tijdens beademing. (2006) Neth J Crit Care 10:38–52

    Google Scholar 

  229. British Society of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy [BSAC]. Hospital acquired pneumonia [HAP]: Considered judgement. Consultation Document, 2005

    Google Scholar 

  230. University of California at San Francisco, Stanford University Evidence-based Practice Center (2001) Making healthcare safer: a critical analysis of patient safety practice. www.ahrg.gov/clinic/ptsafety

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control, Royal Liverpool Children’s NHS Trust of Alder Hey, Liverpool, UK

    Hendrick K. F. van Saene MD, PhD

  2. Department of Intensive Care, Gelre Ziekenhuizen, Lukas Location, Apeldoorn, The Netherlands

    Hans J. Rommes MD, PhD (Internist-intensivist)

  3. Department of Intensive Care, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Durk F. Zandstra MD, PhD (Anaesthesiologist-Intensivist)

Authors
  1. Hendrick K. F. van Saene MD, PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Hans J. Rommes MD, PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Durk F. Zandstra MD, PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Intensive Care, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Peter H. J. van der Voort (Internist-intensivist) (Internist-intensivist)

  2. Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control, Royal Liverpool Children’s NHS Trust of Alder Hey, Liverpool, UK

    Hendrick K. F. van Saene

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2008 Springer

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

van Saene, H.K.F., Rommes, H.J., Zandstra, D.F. (2008). The History of Selective Decontamination of the Digestive Tract. In: van der Voort, P.H.J., van Saene, H.K.F. (eds) Selective Digestive Tract Decontamination in Intensive Care Medicine: a Practical Guide to Controlling Infection. Springer, Milano. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-0653-9_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-0653-9_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Milano

  • Print ISBN: 978-88-470-0652-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-88-470-0653-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation