Skip to main content

Spirituality and Its Assessment

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Measures of Positive Psychology

Abstract

This chapter introduces the concept of spirituality and its various facets which are highly correlated with other positive psychology constructs. It then focuses on various factors which are significantly correlated with spirituality. Various researches related to already existing scales on spirituality are documented. The procedure of development and validation of a new spirituality measure has been developed on Indian population. The Scale development is explained in detail with tune to the guidelines mentioned in Chap. 2. This chapter concludes with discussion centering on the newly developed scale and its elucidations.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Agustin-Perez, J. (2012). The validation of the marital spirituality scale. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, 2(4), 296.

    Google Scholar 

  • Astrow, A., Puchalski, C., & Sulmasy, D. (2001). Religion, spirituality, and health care: social, ethical, and practical considerations. American Journal of Medicine, 110, 283–287.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Avila, F. M. (2014). Self-esteem, spirituality, and acculturation and their relationship with depression in latinos (Doctoral Dissertation). Retrieved from digitalcommons.du.edu

  • Berry, D. M., & York, K. (2011). Depression and religiosity and/or spirituality in college: A longitudinal survey of students in the USA. Nursing & Health Sciences, 13(1), 76–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burkhardt, M. A. (1989). Spirituality: An analysis of the concept. Holistic Nursing Practice, 3(3), 69–77.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burkhardt, M. A. (1993). Characteristics of spirituality in the lives of women in a rural Appalachian community. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 4(2), 12–18.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chakraborty, S. K. (1987). Managerial effectiveness and quality of work life: Indian insights. New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook, S. W., Borman, P. D., Moore, M., & Kunkel, M. A. (2000). College students’ perceptions of spiritual people and religious people. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 28, 125–137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coyle, J. (2002). Spirituality and health: towards a framework for exploring the relationship between spirituality and health. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 37(6), 589–597.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Daaleman, T. P., Frey, B. B., Wallace, D., & Studenski, S. A. (2002b). The spirituality index of wellbeing: Development and testing of a new measure (Unpublished).

    Google Scholar 

  • Daaleman, T. P. & Frey, B. B. (2004). The Spirituality Index of Well-Being: A new instrument for health-related quality of life research. Annals of Family Medicine, 2, 499–503.

    Google Scholar 

  • Damon, W., Menon, J., & Cotton Bronk, K. (2003). The development of purpose during adolescence. Applied Developmental Science, 7(3), 119–128.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dasa, D. G. (1999). The vedic personality inventory. An analysis of the gunas. Retrieved from Bhaktivedantacollege.org

  • Dasti, R., & Sitwat, A. (2014). Development of a multidimensional measure of islamic spirituality (MMS). Journal of Muslim Mental Health, 8(2), 47–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, D. E., Worthington, E. L, Jr., Hook, J. N., & Hill, P. C. (2013). Research on religion/spirituality and forgiveness: A meta-analytic review. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 5(4), 233.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dehkhoda, A., Bahmani, B., Dadkhah, A., Naghiyaee, M., Alimohamadi, F., & Goudarzipour, K. (2013). Spiritually-oriented cognitive therapy in reduction of depression symptoms in mothers of children with cancer. Iranian Rehabilitation Journal, 11(17), 53–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Tov, W., Kim-Prieto, C., Choi, D. W., Oishi, S., et al. (2010). New well-being measures: Short scales to assess flourishing and positive and negative feelings. Social Indicators Research, 97(2), 143–156.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Del Rio, C., & White, L. (2012). Separating spirituality from religiosity: A hylomorphic attitudinal perspective. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 4, 123–142.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Delaney, C. (2003). Spirituality: Development, refinement, and psychometric testing of an instrument to assess the human spiritual dimension. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University of Connecticut, Storrs.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dennis, J. M., Calvillo, E., & Gonzalez, A. (2008). The role of psychosocial variables in understanding the achievement of retention of transfer students at an ethnically diverse urban university. Journal of College Student Development, 49, 535–550.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Derezotes, D. S. (1995). Spiritual and religious factors in practice: Empirically based recommendations for social work education. Arete, 20(1), 1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dhar, N., Chaturvedi, S., & Nandan, D. (2011). Spiritual health scale 2011: Defining and measuring 4th dimension of health. Indian Journal of Community Medicine, 36(4), 275–282.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • D’Souza, R. (2002). Do patients expect psychiatrists to be interested in spiritual issues? Australasian Psychiatry, 10(1), 44–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elkins, D. N., Hedstrom, L. J., Hughes, L. L., Leaf, J. A., & Saunders, C. (1988). Toward a humanistic-phenomenological spirituality. Journal of Humanist Psychology, 28, 5–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Engelberg, P. M., Singer, S., Bhaskaran, K., Brähler, E., & Glaesmer, H. (2013). Validation of the scale for the assessment of illness behavior (SAIB) in a community sample of elderly people. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 56(1), 175–180.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, J. (2011). The four domains model: connecting spirituality, health and well-being. Religions, 2, 17–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flynn, P. M., Joe, G. W., Broome, K. M., Simpson, D. D., & Brown, B. S. (2003). Recovery from opioid addiction in DATOS. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 25, 177–186.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Francis, L. J., & Kaldor, P. (2002). The relationship between psychological well-being and Christian faith and practice in an Australian population sample. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 41(1), 179–184.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fry, L. W. (2003). Toward a theory of spiritual leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 14, 693–727.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Furman, L. D., & Chandy, J. M. (1994). Religion and spirituality: A long-neglected cultural component of rural social work practice. Human Services in the Rural Environment, 17(3/4), 21–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham, J., & Haidt, J. (2010). Beyond beliefs: Religions bind individuals into moral communities. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14(1), 140–150.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guadagnoli, E., & Velicer, W. F. (1988). Relation of sample size to the stability of component patterns. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 265–275.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guia, C.-A. (2011). The use of spiritually integrated interventions among bahá’í mental health practitioners. Doctorate in Social Work (DSW) Dissertations. Paper 31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, T. W., & Edwards, K. J. (1996). The initial development and factor analysis of the Spiritual Assessment Inventory. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 24, 233–246.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, T. W., & Edwards, K. J. (2002). The Spiritual Assessment Inventory: A theistic model and measure for assessing spiritual development. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 41(2), 341–357.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodge, D. R. (2011). Alcohol treatment and cognitive-behavioral therapy: enhancing effectiveness by incorporating spirituality and religion. Social Work, 56(1), 21–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hodge, D. R., & Derezotes, D. S. (2008). Postmodernism and spirituality: Some pedagogical implications for teaching content on spirituality. Journal of Social Work Education, 44(1), 103–123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hodge, D. R., & McGrew, C. C. (2005). Clarifying the distinctions and connections between spirituality and religion. Social Work & Christianity, 32(1), 1–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huber, J. T., & MacDonald, D. A. (2012). An investigation of the relation between altruism, empathy, and spirituality. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 52(2), 206–221.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huppert, F. A. (2009). Psychological well-being: Evidence regarding its causes and consequences. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-being, 1, 137–164.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huppert, F. A., & So, T. (2009). What percentage of people in Europe are flourishing and what characterises them? Briefing document for the OECD/ISQOLS meeting “Measuring subjective well-being: an opportunity for NSOs?” 23/24 July, 2009, Florence, Italy.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hwang, C., Dietz, B. L., & Sly, H. (2013). Forgiveness and spirituality. The Research and Scholarship Symposium. Dixon Ministry Center, Room 102. Retrieved from http://works.bepress.com/chi-en_hwang/85

  • Ingersoll, R. E. (1994). Spirituality, religion, and counseling: Dimensions and relationships. Counseling and Values, 38, 98–112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Joshanloo, M. (2011). Investigation of the contribution of spirituality and religiousness to hedonic and eudaimonic well-being in Iranian young adults. Journal of Happiness Studies, 12(6), 915–930.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kashdan, T. B., & Nezlek, J. B. (2012). Questionnaires to understanding daily process whether, when, and how is spirituality related to well-being? Moving beyond single occasion. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38(11), 1523–1535.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keyes, C. L. (2002). The mental health continuum: From languishing to flourishing in life. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 207–222.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keyes, C. L. M. (2005). Mental illness and/or mental health? Investigating axioms of the complete state model of health. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 539–548.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keyes, C. L. M. (2009). Brief description of the mental health continuum short form (MHC-SF). Retrieved from http://www. sociology.emory.edu/ckeyes/. [Online, retrieved January 15, 2010]

  • Khan, M. A., Shirazi, M., & Ahmad, M. (2011). Spirituality and life satisfaction among adolescents in india. Journal of Sub Continent Researches, 3(7), 71–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, D. B., & DeCicco, T. L. (2009). A viable model and self-report measure of spiritual intelligence. International Journal of Transpersonal Studies, 28(1), 68–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, M., Jones, L., Barnes, K., Low, J., Walker, C., Wilkinson, S., ... & Tookman, A. (2006). Measuring spiritual belief: development and standardization of a Beliefs and Values Scale. Psychological medicine, 36(03), 417–425.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kinjerski, V., & Skrypnek, B. J. (2006, August). Measuring the intangible: development of the spirit at work scale. In Academy of Management Proceedings (Vol. 2006, No. 1, pp. A1-A6). Academy of Management.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knox, D., Langehough, S. O., Walters, C., & Rowley, M. (1998). Religiosity and spirituality among college students. College Student Journal, 32(2), 430–432.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koenig, H. G. (2008). Religion and mental health: what should psychiatrists do? Psychiatric Bulletin, 32, 201–203.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koenig Harold, G., McCullough Michael, E., & Larson David, B. (2001). Handbook of religion and health (Vol. 1, pp. 276–291). New York, NY: Oxford University Press Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krause, N., & Hayward, R. D. (2013). Trust-Based prayer expectancies and health among older mexican Americans. Journal of Religion and Health, 53(2), 591–603.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kuo, B. C., Arnold, R., & Rodriguez-Rubio, B. (2014). Mediating effects of coping in the link between spirituality and psychological distress in a culturally diverse undergraduate sample. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 17(2), 173–184.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, K. (2006). Spirituality and well-being: Hindu perspectives. Centre for spirituality and health, University of Florida. http://www.spiritualityandhealth.ufl.edu/events/details_past_event.asp?id=1071

  • Likert, R. (1932). A technique for the measurement of attitudes. Archives of psychology.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacDonald, M. (2005). Spirituality. The Encyclopedia of Religion, 8718–8712.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacCallum, R. C., Browne, M. W., & Sugawara, H. M. (1996). Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling. Psychological Methods, 1(2), 130–149.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mahoney, J., Gina, M., & Graci, M. (1999). The meanings and correlates of spirituality: Suggestions from an exploratory survey of experts. Death Studies, 23(6), 521–528.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Manning, L. K. (2013). Navigating hardships in old age exploring the relationship between spirituality and resilience in later life. Qualitative Health Research, 1049732312471730.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mascaro, N., Rosen, D. H., & Morey, L. C. (2004). The development, construct validity, and clinical utility of the spiritual meaning scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 37, 845–860.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maslow, A. H. (1971). The farther reaches of human nature. New York: Viking Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McIntosh, D., & Spilka, B. (1990). Religion and physical health. Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion, 2, 167–194.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohr, W. (2006). Spiritual issues in psychiatric care. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 42(3), 174–183.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mueller, P. S., Plevak, D. J., & Rummans, T. A. (2001, December). Religious involvement, spirituality, and medicine: implications for clinical practice. In Mayo clinic proceedings (Vol. 76, No. 12, pp. 1225–1235). Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oana, N., & Anca, M. (2009). Understanding spirituality an exploratory study on romanian youth and new methodological directions. European Journal of Science and Theology, 5(4), 53–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Offenbächer, M., Kohls, N., Toussaint, L. L., Sigl, C., Winkelmann, A., Hieblinger, R., & Büssing, A. (2013). Spiritual needs in patients suffering from fibromyalgia. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paloutzian, R. F., & Ellison, C. W. (1982). Loneliness, spiritual well-being, and the quality of life. In L. A. Peplau & D. Perlman (Eds.), Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research, and therapy (pp. 224–237). New York: John Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pargament, K. (2007). Spiritually integrated psychotherapy: Understanding and addressing the sacred. New York, NY: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pargament, K. I., & Mahoney, A. (2009). Spirituality: The search for the sacred. In S. J. Lopez & C. R. Snyder (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 611–619). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parsian, N., & Dunning, A. M. (2009). Developing and validating a questionnaire to measure spirituality: A psychometric process. Burwood Highway: Deakin University, Victoria Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Character strengths and virtues: a handbook of classification. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Piedmont, R. L. (2004). Spiritual transcendence as a predictor of psychosocial outcome from an outpatient substance abuse program. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 18, 213–222.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Post, S. G., Puchalski, C. M., & Larson, D. B. (2000). Physicians and patient spirituality: professional boundaries, competency, and ethics. Annals of Internal Medicine, 132(7), 578–583.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reed, P. G. (1986). Religiousness among terminally ill and healthy adults. Research in Nursing & Health, 9(1), 35–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richardson, M. A., Sanders, T., Palmer, J. L., Greisinger, A., & Singletary, S. E. (2000). Complementary/alternative medicine use in a comprehensive cancer center and the implications for oncology. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 18(13), 2505–2514.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, D. W. (2002). In search of underlying dimensions: The use (and abuse) of factor analysis in PSPB. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 1629–1646.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rye, M. S., Wade, N. G., Fleri, A. M., & Kidwell, J. E. (2013). The role of religion and spirituality in positive psychology interventions. In K. Pargament (Ed.-in-Chief), A. Mahoney, & E. Shafranske (Assoc. Eds.), APA handbooks in psychology: APA handbook of psychology, religion, and spirituality (Vol 2, pp. 481–508). Washington D.C.: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Safara, M., Bhatia, M. S., Singh, T. B., & Dezhkam, M. (2012). Comparing the effect of cognitive therapy and spiritual therapy on depression between iranian students residing in Iran and India. Delhi Psychiatry Journal, 15(1), 85–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saslow, L. R., John, O. P., Piff, P. K., Willer, R., Wong, E., Impett, E. A., et al. (2013). The social significance of spirituality: New perspectives on the compassion–altruism relationship. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 5(3), 201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scott, A. B. (1997). Categorizing definitions of religion and spirituality in the psychological literature: A content analytic approach. Unpublished manuscript.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seidlitz, L., Abernethy, A. D., Duberstein, P. R., Evinger, J. S., Chang, T. H., & Lewis, B. (2002). Development of the spiritual transcendence index. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 41, 39–453.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shafranske, E. P., & Gorsuch, R. L. (1984). Factors associated with the perception of spirituality in psychotherapy. The Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 16(2), 231.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shek, D. T. L. (2012). Spirituality as a positive youth development construct: A conceptual review. Scientific World Journal, 1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silva, A. J., & Caetano, A. (2013). Validation of the flourishing scale and scale of positive and negative experience in Portugal. Social Indicators Research, 110(2), 469–478.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, A. K., & Makkar, S. (2015). Measurement of spirituality: development and validation of a questionaire. XVI Annual Conference Proceedings January, 2015. http://www.Internationalconference.in/XVI_AIC/INDEX.HTM

  • Singh, T., & Premarajan, R. K. (2007). Individual spiritual orientation at work: a conceptualization and measure. IIM Bangalore Research Paper, (264).

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, K. (2014). Relationship of demographic variables, socio-cultural issues and selected psychological constructs with the positive mental health of north Indian adolescents. ICMR Project Report.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sperry, L. (2001). Spirituality in clinical practice: Incorporating the spiritual dimension in psychotherapy and counseling. New York: Brunner/Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spilka, B. (1993, August). Spirituality: Problems and directions in operationalizing a fuzzy concept. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association. Toronto, Ontario.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stempel, H. S., Cheston, S. E., Greer, J. M., & Gillespie, C. K. (2006). Further exploration of the vedic personality inventory: validity, reliability, and generalizability. Psychological Reports, 98(1), 261–273.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • The Gallup poll monthly (1992 Dec.) No. 327, pp. 32–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Underwood, L. G., & Teresi, J. A. (2002). The daily spiritual experience scale: development, theoretical description, reliability, exploratory factor analysis, and preliminary construct validity using health-related data. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 24, 22–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Utsey, S. O., Bolden, M. A., Williams, O., Lee, A., Lanier, Y., & Newsome, C. (2007). Spiritual well-being as a mediator of the relation between culture-specific coping and quality of life in a community sample of African Americans. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 38, 123–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vachon, M., Fillion, L., & Achille, M. (2009). A conceptual analysis of spirituality at the end of life. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 12(1), 53–59.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vespa, A., Jacobsen, P. B., Spazzafumo, L., & Balducci, L. (2011). Evaluation of intrapsychic factors, coping styles, and spirituality of patients affected by tumors. Psycho-Oncology, 20(1), 5–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weaver, A. J., P., Flannelly, K. J., Case, D. B., & Costa, K. G. (2004). Religion and spirituality in three major general medical journals from 1998 to 2000. Religion, 97(12).

    Google Scholar 

  • Weaver, A. J., Pargament, K. I., Flannelly, K. J., & Oppenheimer, J. E. (2006). Trends in the scientific study of religion, spirituality, and health: 1965–2000. Journal of Religion and Health, 45(2), 208–214.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Westgate, C. E. (1996). Spiritual wellness and depression. Journal of Counseling & Development, 75, 26–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • West, S. G., Finch, J. F., & Curran, P. J. (1995). Structural equation models with non-normal variables: Problems and remedies. In R. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications (pp. 56–75). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolf, D. B. (1998). The vedic personality inventory: a study of the Gunas. Journal of Indian Psychology, 16, 26–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolf, D. B., & Abell, N. (2003). Examining the effects of meditation techniques on psychosocial functioning. Research on Social Work Practice, 13(1), 27–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, M. (2004). Hospice care and models of spirituality. European Journal of Palliative Care, 11(2), 75–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ysseldyk, R., Matheson, K., & Anisman, H. (2010). Religiosity as identity: Toward an understanding of religion from a social identity perspective. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14(1), 60–71.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zemore, S. E., & Kaskutas, L. A. (2004). Helping, spirituality, and alcoholics anonymous in recovery. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 65(3), 383–391.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zinnbauer, B. J., Pargament, K. I., Cole, B., Rye, M. S., Butter, E. M., Belavich, T. G., et al. (1997). Religion and spirituality: Unfuzzying the fuzzy. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 36, 549–564.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kamlesh Singh .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer India

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Singh, K., Junnarkar, M., Kaur, J. (2016). Spirituality and Its Assessment. In: Measures of Positive Psychology. Springer, New Delhi. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-3631-3_6

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics