Abstract
Laser cladding is a coating technique, wherein several layers of clad materials are deposited over a substrate so as to enhance the physical properties of the work-piece such as wear resistance, corrosion resistance etc. Strong interfacial bond with minimum dilution between the material layers is a pre-requisite of the process. This technique also finds widespread applications in repair and restoration of aerospace, naval, automobile components. A thermomechanical finite element models is developed wherein the Gaussian moving heat source is modelled along with element birth and death technique to simulate powder injection laser cladding of CPM9V over H13 tool steel, which is extensively used for repair of dies. The present work focuses on predicting the clad geometry and other clad characteristics such as the heat affected zone, dilution region and the subsequent residual stress evolution. It is expected that this knowledge can be used for repair of structures subjected to cyclic thermomechanical loads.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Amon, C. H., Beuth, J. L., Weiss, L. E., Merz, R., & Prinz, F. B. (1998). Shape deposition manufacturing with micro-casting: Processing, thermal and mechanical issues. Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, 120, 656–665.
Brandt, M., Sun, S., Alam, N., Bendeich, P., & Bishop, A. (2009). Laser cladding repair of turbine blades in power plants: From research to commercialization. International Heat Treatment and Surface Engineering, 3, 105–114.
Chen, J., & Xue, L. (2010). Laser cladding of wear resistant CPM9V tool steel on hardened H13 substrate for potential automotive tooling applications. In Materials Science and Technology 2010 Conference and Exhibition, (pp. 2459–2470).
Costa, L., & Vilar, R. (2009). Laser powder deposition. Rapid Prototyping Journal, 15, 264–279.
Da Sun, S., Liu, Q., Brandt, M., Janardhana, M., Clark, G. (2012). Microstructure and mechanical properties of laser cladding repair of AISI 4340 steel, 28th International Congress of the Aeronautical Sciences.
Deus, A., Mazumder, J. (2006). Three-dimensional finite element models for the calculation of temperature and residual stress fields in laser cladding. In Laser Materials Processing Conference, ICALEO 2006 Congress Proceedings (pp. 496–505).
Ghosh, S., & Choi, J. (2005). Three-dimensional transient finite element analysis for residual stresses in the laser aided direct metal/material deposition process. Journal of Laser Applications, 17, 144–158.
Ghosh, S., & Choi, J. (2006). Modeling and experimental verification of transient/residual stresses and microstructure formation in multi-layer laser aided DMD process. Journal of Heat Transfer, 128, 662–679.
Ghosh, S., & Choi, J. (2007). Deposition pattern based thermal stresses in single-layer laser aided direct material deposition process. Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, 129, 319–332.
Griffith, M. L., Schlienger, M. E., Harwell, L. D., Oliver, M. S., Baldwin, M. D., Ensz, M. T., et al. (1998). Thermal behavior in the LENS process. In D. Bourell, J. Beaman, R. Crawford, H. Marcus, & J. Barlow (Eds.), Paper presented at Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium. Austin, TX: University of Texas at Austin.
Grum, J., & Slabe, J. M. (2003). A comparison of tool-repair methods using CO2 laser surfacing and arc surfacing. Applied Surface Science, 208–209, 424–431.
Henderson, M. B., Arrell, D., Larsson, R., Heobel, M., & Marchant, G. (2004). Nickel based superalloy welding practices for industrial gas turbine applications. Science and Technology Welding and Joining, 9, 13–21.
Hu, Y. P., Chen, C. W., & Mukherjee, K. (1998a). Development of a new laser cladding process for manufacturing cutting and stamping dies. Journal of Materials Science, 33, 1287–1292.
Hu, Y., Chen, C., & Mukherjee, K. (1998b). Innovative laser-aided manufacturing of patterned stamping and cutting dies: Processing parameters. Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 13, 369–387.
Kawasaki, M., Takase, K., Kato, S., Nakagawa, M. & Mori, K. (1992). Development of engine valve seats directly deposited onto aluminium cylinder head by laser cladding process, SAE Technical Paper Series, SAE Paper No. 920571. SAE International, Warrendale, PA, pp. 1–15.
Lee, H. K., Kim, K. S., & Kim, C. M. (2000). Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 66, 403–419.
Leunda, J., & Soriano, C. (2011). Laser cladding of vanadium-carbide tool steels for die repairs. Proceedings of the Sixth International WLT Conference on Lasers in Manufacturing, physics procedia, 12, 345–352.
Liu, Q., Janardhana, M., Hinton, B., Brandt, M., & Sharp, K. (2011). Laser cladding as a potential repair technology for damaged aircraft components. International Journal of Structural Integrity, 2, 314–331.
Majumdar, J. D., Pinkerton, A., Liu, Z., Manna, I., & Li, L. (2005). Mechanical and electrochemical properties of multiple-layer diode laser cladding of 316L stainless steel. Applied Surface Science, 247, 373–377.
Mc Daniels, R. L., White, S. A., Liaw, K., Chen, L., McCay, M. H., Liaw, P. K. (2008). Effects of a laser surface processing induced heat-affected zone on the fatigue behavior of AISI 4340 steel. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 485, 500–507.
Moat, R., Pinkerton, A. J., Hughes, D. J., Li, L., Preuss, M., and Withers, P. J. (2007). Stress distributions in multilayer laser deposited Waspaloy parts measured using neutron diffraction. In Proceedings of 26th International Congress on Applications of Lasers and Electro- optics (ICALEO). Orlando, California, CD.
Onoro, J., & Ranninger, C. (1997). Fatigue behavior of laser welds of high-strength low-alloy steels. Journal of Material Process and Technology, 68, 68–70.
Paul, S., Ashraf, K., Singh, R. (2014). Residual stress modeling of powder injection laser surface cladding for die repair applications. In Proceedings of the ASME 2014 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference MSEC2014. Detroit, Michigan, USA.
Picasso, M., Marsden, C.F., Wagniib.RE J.-D., Frenk, A., Rappaz, M. (1994). A Simple but realistic model for laser cladding, metallurgical and materials transactions B 25B, p. 281.
Pinkerton, A., Wang, W., Li, L. (2008). Component repair using laser direct metal deposition. In Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 222, 827–836.
Pinkerton, A. J., Karadge, M., Syed, W. U. H., & Li, L. (2006). Thermal and microstructural aspects of the laser direct metal deposition of Waspaloy. Journal of Laser Applications, 18, 216–226.
Plati, A., Tan, J., Golosnoy, I., Persoons, R., Acker, K., & Clyne, T. (2006). Residual stress generation during laser cladding of steel with a particulate metal matrix composite. Advance Engineering Materials, 8, 619–624.
Qi, H., Mazumder, J., Ki, H. (2006). Numerical simulation of heat transfer and fluid flow in coaxial laser cladding process for direct metal deposition. Journal of Applied Physics, 100, 024903.
Schneider, M. F. (1998). Laser cladding with powder; Effect of some machining parameters on clad properties. Ph.D Thesis, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
Shanmugam, N. S., Buvanashekaran, G., Sankaranarayanasamy, K. (2013). Some studies on temperature distribution modelling of laser butt welding of AISI 304 stainless steel sheets. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 7.
Steen, W. M. (2003). Laser material processing (3rd ed.). London: Springer.
Su, C. Y., Chou, C. P., Wu, B. C., Lih, W. C. (1997). Plasma transferred arc repair welding of the nickel-base superalloy IN-738LC. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 6, 619–627.
Suarez, A., Amado, J., Tobar, M., Yanez, A., Fraga, E., & Peel, M. (2010). Study of residual stresses generated inside laser cladded plates using FEM and diffraction of synchrotron radiation. Surface and Coatings Technology, 204, 1983–1988.
Tan, J. C., Looney, L., & Hashmi, M. S. J. (1999). Component repair using HVOF thermal spraying. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 92–93, 203–208.
Tusek, J., Ivancic, R. (2004). Computer-aided analysis of repair welding of stamping tools. Z. fu¨ r Metallkunde, 95, 8–13.
Wang, J., Prakash S., Joshi Y., Liou F. (2002). Laser Aided Part Repair-A Review. In Solid Freeform Fabrication Proceedings, pp. 57–64.
Wang, S.-H., Chen, J.-Y., & Xue, L. (2006). A study of the abrasive wear behavior of laser-clad tool steel coatings. Surface and Coatings Technology, 200, 3446–3458.
Zhang, C. H., Hao, Y. X., Qi, L., Hu, F., Zhang, S., & Wang, M. C. (2012). Preparation of Ni-Base alloy coatings on monel alloy by laser cladding. Advanced Materials Research, 472–475, 313–316.
Zhang, P., Ma, L., Yuan, J., Yin, X., & Cai, Z. (2008). The finite element simulation research on stress-strain field of laser cladding. Journal of Engineering Materials, 373–374, 322–325.
Zhang, Y., Yuan, X., & Zeng, X. (1999). ICALEO 1999: Laser materials processing conference (p. 241). USA: San Diego.
Zhang, Y., Zeng, X., & Yuan, X. (2001). ICALEO 2001: Applications of lasers and electro-optics (p. 577). USA: Jacksonville.
Zheng, L., Xie, W., & Li, Y. (2011). The numerical simulation on the temperature field of laser cladding. Journal of Engineering Materials, 467–469, 1372–1376.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer India
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Paul, S., Singh, R., Yan, W. (2015). Finite Element Simulation of Laser Cladding for Tool Steel Repair. In: Joshi, S., Dixit, U. (eds) Lasers Based Manufacturing. Topics in Mining, Metallurgy and Materials Engineering. Springer, New Delhi. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2352-8_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2352-8_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New Delhi
Print ISBN: 978-81-322-2351-1
Online ISBN: 978-81-322-2352-8
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)