Abstract
Growing plants have a constitutive demand for thiol (sulfur) to synthesize protein, sulfolipid, and other essential sulfur (S)-containing molecules for growth. The uptake and subsequent distribution of sulfate is regulated in response to demand and environmental factors. Sulfate transport consists of both constitutive and sulfur nutrition-dependent regulated transport. The acquisition of sulfur by plants has become an increasingly important concern for the agriculture due to the decreasing trends of S-emissions from industrial sources and the consequent limitation of inputs from deposition. The recognition of the importance of sulfate for plant growth and vigor and hence crop yield, as well as the nutritional importance of sulfur for human and animal diets, has increasingly been recognized. Cysteine synthesis in plants is a fundamental process for protein biosynthesis and all anabolic pathways that require reduced sulfur. Cysteine is the first committed molecule in plant metabolism that contains both sulfur and nitrogen, and, thus, the regulation of its biosynthesis is of utmost importance for the synthesis of a number of essential metabolites in plant pathways. Cysteine is incorporated into proteins and glutathione directly or serves as a sulfur donor for the synthesis of S-containing compounds such as methionine and its derivatives S-adenosylmethionine and S-methylmethionine and many secondary compounds. Furthermore, cysteine acts as a general catalyst in redox reactions through the nucleophilic properties of its sulfur atom, utilizing dithiol–disulfide interchange, as displayed in the thioredoxin and the glutaredoxin systems. Molecular characterization involving transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics profiling in major crops like rice, barley, wheat, maize, and legumes along with model plant Arabidopsis thaliana revealed that sulfate uptake, distribution, and reductive assimilation are regulated in fine-tune depending on sulfur status and demand and that this cascade is integrated with plant photosynthesis, nutrient transports, antioxidant defense system, hormonal signaling, kinase cascades, carbohydrate metabolism, and during plants’ experiences with different biotic and abiotic stresses. This cascade can be manipulated in favor of enhanced plant growth and nutritional benefits—as, for example, effort has been initiated in food and feed legumes (chickpeas, narrow-leafed lupin, soybeans) and other plants with enhanced S-containing amino acids, threonine, glutathione, protein quality, protease inhibitors, and trace elements and with lysine, protein content, and compositions in cereal grains. This emerging prospect can be ushered by using latest cutting-edge functional genomics tools and better understanding of plant thiol-metabolism from source (soil) to sink (grains) in diverse arenas of “thiolomics.” In this chapter, the comprehensive knowledge generated in this area has been compiled and analyzed.
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Talukdar, D., Talukdar, T. (2015). Thiolomics: Molecular Mechanisms of Thiol-Cascade in Plant Growth and Nutrition. In: Barh, D., Khan, M., Davies, E. (eds) PlantOmics: The Omics of Plant Science. Springer, New Delhi. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2172-2_17
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