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PSII Fluorescence Techniques for Measurement of Drought and High Temperature Stress Signal in Crop Plants: Protocols and Applications

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Molecular Stress Physiology of Plants

Abstract

Field crops are frequently exposed to drought and high temperature in the field. As the stress tolerance is the major target of many research and breeding programmes, the efficient and reliable tools and methods useful in screening of the heat and drought stress effects are required. The techniques based on measurement of chlorophyll fluorescence induction belong recently to fundamentals of plant stress research; however, in most cases the very basic tools are used and its potential is not utilised sufficiently. This proposed chapter tries to summarise the knowledge, starting from basic theory through parameters and useful experimental protocols and results up to special kinds of application of chlorophyll fluorescence techniques. In addition to generally used pulse-amplitude-modulated (PAM) method with saturation pulse analysis, the fast fluorescence kinetics, the fluorescence imaging, as well as simultaneous measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence with other parameters and their potential application in drought and heat-stress research are discussed.

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Abbreviations

A ACO2 :

Photosynthetic CO2 assimilation

ABA:

Abscisic acid

ABS:

Absorbed photon flux

AL:

Actinic light

A leaf :

Absorbance of the light by leaf

area:

Area above the OJIP curve

C i :

Intercellular CO2 concentration

CSm :

Excited cross section (at F m)

CSo :

Excited cross section (at F 0)

D2:

Protein in reaction centre of PS II

d fTOT :

Driving force (based on PITOT)

DIo :

Dissipation from PS II (dark-adapted sample)

ETo :

Electron transport beyond QB (dark-adapted sample)

ETR:

Electron transport rate

F 0 :

Basal fluorescence

F d :

Fluorescence decrease (F d=F P – F s)

F m′ F s′, F 0′:

Maximum, steady state and minimum fluorescence on light

F P :

Fluorescence maximum after actinic light is switched on

FR:

Far-red light

FRR:

Fast repetition rate

F s :

Steady-state fluorescence

F tmax :

Fluorescence value at time when Fm reaches its maximum

F v/F m :

Maximum quantum yield of PS II photochemistry

gm :

Mesophyll conductance

gs :

Stomatal conductance

I:

Irradiance

JIP JIP test:

The mathematical model for calculating electron yields and fluxes, based on fast fluorescence kinetics

LED:

Light-emitting diode

LHC2:

Light-harvesting complex of PS II

LHCP:

Peripheral light-harvesting complex

ML:

Measuring light

M o :

Initial slope of relative variable chlorophyll fluorescence

NPQ :

Non-photochemical quenching of maximum fluorescence

OEC:

Oxygen-evolving complex

OJIP (OKJIP):

The fast chlorophyll fluorescence induction

PAM:

Pulse-amplitude modulation

PDP:

Pump during probe

PFD:

Photon flux density

PI ABS :

Performance index

PI TOT :

Total performance index including the flow beyond PS I

PS I:

Photosystem I

PS II:

Photosystem II

QA :

Primary quinone electron acceptor in PS II

qE :

The energy quenching

qI :

The photoinhibitory quenching

qL qP :

Photochemical quenching based on ‘lake’ and ‘puddle’ model, respectively

qN :

Non-photochemical quenching of variable fluorescence

qT :

The state transition quenching

REo :

Electron transport beyond PS I (dark-adapted sample)

R fd :

Relative fluorescence decrease ratio

R n :

Dark (night) respiration

RuBP:

Ribulose bisphosphate

RWC:

Relative water content

S m :

Normalised area above OJIP curve

SP:

Saturation pulse

TC:

Critical temperature

TC(F 0):

Critical temperature based on F0 increase

TC(F v/F m):

Critical temperature based on Fv/Fm decrease

TRo :

Trapping flux in PS II (dark-adapted sample)

V cmax :

Maximum rate of carboxylation

V I :

Relative variable fluorescence at time 30 ms (I-step) after start of actinic light pulse

V J :

Relative variable fluorescence at time 2 ms (J-step) after start of actinic light pulse

V t :

Relative variable fluorescence in time t

W K :

Relative variable fluorescence at time 0.3 ms

WT:

Wild type

δ RE1 :

Probability of electron flow from QB beyond the PS I

ϕ Do :

Quantum yield of energy dissipation

ϕ ET2o :

Quantum yield of electron transport

ΦNO :

Quantum yield of non-organised energy dissipation

ΦNPQ :

Quantum yield of energy-dependent non-photochemical dissipation

ΦPo :

Maximum quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (F v/F m); ΦPSII; F q′/F m′

ΔF′/F m′:

Effective quantum yield of PS II photochemistry

ϕ RE1o :

Quantum yield of reduction of end electron acceptors at the PSI acceptor side

ψ ET2 :

Probability of electron flow from QA beyond QB

ψ RE :

Probability of electron flow from QA beyond the PS I.

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  1. Department of Plant Physiology, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76, Nitra, Slovak Republic

    Marian Brestic & Marek Zivcak

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  1. Marian Brestic
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  2. Marek Zivcak
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Correspondence to Marian Brestic .

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  1. , Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Orissa University of Agriculture & Techn, Siripur Square, Bhubaneswar, 751003, Orissa, India

    Gyana Ranjan Rout

  2. , Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Orissa University of Agriculture & Techn, Siripur square, Bhubaneswar, 751003, Orissa, India

    Anath Bandhu Das

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Brestic, M., Zivcak, M. (2013). PSII Fluorescence Techniques for Measurement of Drought and High Temperature Stress Signal in Crop Plants: Protocols and Applications. In: Rout, G., Das, A. (eds) Molecular Stress Physiology of Plants. Springer, India. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-0807-5_4

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