Abstract
The growth of Brazilian cities during the second half of the twentieth century has been intense. Large cities, including the former capital Rio de Janeiro (Brasília has been the capital since 1960) experienced rapid population growth, along with an expansion of the urban area and the concentration of poverty in peripheral regions.
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Notes
- 1.
After the approval of Cepacs in the Faria Lima and Água Espraiada UOs, the procedures changed, as seen in the description of these UOs, below.
- 2.
This slum can be seen on Googlearth at 23 30′ 46.89″ S and 46 41′ 11.16″ W at an altitude of 570 m. Half of this slum is already urbanized. But after the approval of the UO, another slum was created inside its perimeter. This new one can be seen at 23 30′ 53.95″ S and 46 40′ 46.92″ W at an altitude of 490 m.
- 3.
The 2002 Master Plan established 750 ZEISs (Zonas Especiais de Interesse Social), and 22 ZEPAMs (Zonas Especiais de Proteção Ambiental, or Special Zones for Environmental Protection) in the municipal area of São Paulo.
- 4.
One of the conditions of a UO is that all the income appropriated by the public sector must be used inside its perimeter. This restriction should be changed to allow the development of less developed areas of the city. It is reasonable to use a percentage of income, say 20%, produced in UOs in affluent areas for infrastructure improvements in low-income areas.
- 5.
The last remaining slum in an area declared a ZEIS can been seen using Googlearth at 23 35′ 36.11″ S and 46 41′ 24.66″ W at an altitude of 390 m.
- 6.
There is some evidence that between 2004 and 2007 there was a kind of “cannibalism” between the Faria Lima and Água Espraiada UOs. The initial price of Cepacs in the former was R$1,100.00 and in the latter R$300.00 and some areas were very near each other. So the developers preferred to buy Cepacs in Água Espraiada and not in Faria Lima. All the auctions in Água Espraiada were successful, and the first two of Faria Lima were failures: the first one sold only 10% of the total offered, and the second 27%, but in this case only 10,000 Cepacs were offered.
- 7.
Until April 2009 this slum could be seen using Googlearth at 23 36′ 48.62″ S and 46 41′ 39.01″ W at an altitude of 420 m.
- 8.
A sample of eight projects with land areas ranging from 3,500 to 5,500 m2 showed an average fusion of 17 independent lots per project.
- 9.
The last slum remaining in the Faria Lima perimeter is Coliseu, with no more than 100 houses. The area occupied by the slum was declared a ZEIS (Special Zone of Social Interest) and it will likely be urbanized. But considering the pressure exerted by developers, it is possible that the present administration (2009–2012) will try to change the law to eliminate the ZEIS status of the area, because it is one of the more valuable areas within the Faria Lima UO perimeter. This slum is interesting, because it is surrounded by very modern and expensive buildings. It can been seen in Googlearth at 23 35´ 36.11” S and 46 41´ 24.66” W at an altitude of 390 m.
- 10.
The present administration (2009−2012) sent to City Council a project (PL 0671/2007) proposing the creation of three more Urban Operations: Amador Bueno, Terminal de Cargas Logístico Fernão Dias, and Pólo de Desenvolvimento Sul. At the same time, the Carandiru-Vila Maria UO changed its name to Estrutural Norte.
- 11.
In Urban Operations the maximum FAR is 4.0, except in the Anhangabaú-Centro UO, where it is 6.0.
- 12.
In 2008 the total income by this concept was around 60 million dollars.
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Sandroni, P. (2011). Socially Sustainable Urban Development: The Case of São Paulo. In: Sorensen, A., Okata, J. (eds) Megacities. Library for Sustainable Urban Regeneration, vol 10. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-99267-7_15
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