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Role of Allergens in Airway Disease and Their Interaction with the Airway Epithelium

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Allergy Frontiers: Epigenetics, Allergens and Risk Factors

Part of the book series: Allergy Frontiers ((ALLERGY,volume 1))

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The epithelial surface of the airways is an ingenious system for exchange of gases, inhaled oxygen for exhaled carbon dioxide, and an important contact organ with inhaled bioorganic substances from the outside world. By a sensitive intercellular contact system, the epithelial cell layer carefully selects which (small) ions and bioorganic molecules are allowed to be transferred over the epithelial layer. Contact between the outside world and the lung tissue is critical for transfer of bioorganic molecules over the epithelial layer. Integrity of the epithelial cell layer is therefore one of the major hallmarks for a balanced ecology of the immune system. Disturbed interactions with inhaled bioorganic molecules from the outside world may finally lead to hyperresponsiveness of the airways to environmental factors in asthmatic patients. Generally, this bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) in asthmatic reactions maybe in part due to airway remodeling as a result of failure intercellular interactions that determine the integrity of the epithelial layer and/or disruption of integrity by (aggressive) components present in inhaled biological substances (antigens/allergens). When the epithelial barrier is disrupted, a repair response will be initiated, in which epithelial cells adopt a migratory phenotype to cover the area of damage. In addition, the epithelial cells will be activated with respect to secretion of growth factors and also proinflammatory cytokines in order to alarm the environment. Subsequently, cells will proliferate and finally redifferentiate to form a functionally intact epithelial barrier. The repair response maybe aggravated by a genetically determined Th2-type immunological response. The release of growth factors and airway inflammation are basic to the airway remodeling as is seen in allergen-driven asthmatic reactions. In this chapter, we will describe the characteristics of aeroallergens and their interaction with the airway epithelial cells of asthmatic individuals with emphasis on the vulnerability of the epithelial cell layer due to integrity/connectivity, resulting in a continuous state of repair and remodeling of airways in asthmatic patients.

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  1. Clinic for Internal Medicine, Department of Allergology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, 9713GZ

    Irene Heijink & Henk F. Kauffman

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  1. Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan

    Ruby Pawankar

  2. Childrens's Mercy Hospital & Clinic, 2401 Gillham RD, Kansas city, MO, USA

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  3. Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, UK

    Lanny J. Rosenwasser

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Heijink, I., Kauffman, H.F. (2009). Role of Allergens in Airway Disease and Their Interaction with the Airway Epithelium. In: Pawankar, R., Holgate, S.T., Rosenwasser, L.J. (eds) Allergy Frontiers: Epigenetics, Allergens and Risk Factors. Allergy Frontiers, vol 1. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-72802-3_17

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