Abstract
Assessment of vocal function is essential in deciding the type of surgery that is indicated, intraoperatively which procedure should be taken in response to the vocal change, and postoperatively the effect of surgery on the voice. The description of the examinations here is confined only to those that are practical and normally required for surgery. For details, the reader is referred to works such as by Hirano (19810, Wendler and Seidner (19871), and Baken (19871). Voice recording is made on audio or videotape together with a laryngeal video-picture for later analysis, comparison, and discussion. The information is essential in determining the underlying mechanism for a given hoarse voice, especially whether any rheological change of the vocal cords, e.g., increased stiffness, is involved or not.
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7. Vocal Efficiency
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10. Radiographic Examination Vocal Cord Length
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10. Radiographic Examination Vocal Cord Length. Vocal Cord Paralysis
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11. EMG
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12. Fiberscopy
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Gould WJ (1973) The Gould laryngoscope. Trans Am Opthalmol Soc 77: 139–141
Gould WJ, Jako GJ, Tanabe M (1974) Advances in high-speed motion picture photography of the larynx. Trans Am Orthalmol Soc 78: 276–278
Gould WJ (1977) Newer aspects of high-speed photography of the vocal folds. In: Sawashima M, Cooper FS (eds) Dynamic aspect of speech production. University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, pp 139–144
Gould WJ (1983) The fiberscope: flexible and rigid for laryngeal function evaluation. In: Titze IR, Scherer RC (eds) Vocal fold physiology: biomechanics, acoustics, and phonatory control. Denver Center for Performing Arts, Denver, pp 249–251
Kakita Y, Hirano M, Kawasaki H, Matsuo K (1983) Stereolaryngoscopy: a new method to extract vertical movement of the vocal fold during vibration. In: Titze IR, Scherer RC (eds) Vocal fold physiology: biomechanics, acoustics, and phonatory control. Denver Center for Performing Arts, Denver, pp 191–201
Saito S, Isogai Y, Fukuda H, Kitahara S, Ono H, Makino K, Tsuzuki T, Murakami Y, Suzuki M (1981) A newly developed curved laryngotelescope. J Jpn Bronchoesophag Soc 32: 328–331
Sawashima M, Hirose H, Fujimura O (1967) Observation of the larynx by a fiberscope inserted through the nose. J Acoust Soc Am 42: 1208
Sawashima M, Hirose H (1968) A new laryngoscopic technique by use of fiberoptics. J Acoust Soc Am 43: 168–169
Sawashima M, Hirose H, Honda K, Yoshioka H, Hibi SR, Kawase N, Yamada M (1983) Stereoscopic measurement of the laryngeal structure. In Bless DM, Abbs JH (eds) Vocal fold physiology: contemporary research and clinical issues. College Hill, San Diego, pp 265–276
Yanagisawa E (1982) Office telescopic photography of the larynx. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 91: 354–3358
Yanagisawa E, Owens TW, Strothers G, Honda K (1983) Videolaryngoscopy: a comparison of fiberscopic and telescopic documentation. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 92: 430–436
Yanagisawa E (1987) Fiberscopic and telescopic videolaryngoscopy—a comparative study. In: Baer T, Sasaki C, Harris K (eds) Laryngeal function in phonation and respiration. Little Brown, Boston, pp 475–484
13. Ultrasonic Wave
Asano H (1968) Application of the ultrasonic pulse-method on the larynx. J Otolaryngol Jpn 71: 895–916
Beach JL, Kelsey CA (1969) Ultrasonic doppler monitoring of vocal fold velocity and displacement. J Acoust Soc Am 46: 1045–1047
Chubachi N (1983) Scanning acoustic microscope in interference mode using frequency modulation method. Proceeding of IEEE Ultrasonic Symposium, pp 611–615
Hamlet SL (1972) Interpretation of ultrasonic signals in terms of phase difference of vocal fold vibration. J Acoust Soc Am 51: 90–91
Hamlet SL, Reid JM (1972) Transmission of ultrasound through the larynx as a means of determining vocal fold activity. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 19: 34–37
Hamlet SL (1973) Vocal compensation: an ultrasonic study of vocal fold vibration in normal and nasal vowels. Cleft Palate J 10: 367–385
Hamlet SL, Palmer JM (1974) An investigation of laryngeal trills using the transmission of ultrasound through the larynx. Folia Phoniatr 26: 362–378
Hamlet SL (1980) Ultrasonic measurement of larynx height and vocal fold vibratory pattern. J Acoust Soc Am 68: 121–126
Hertz CH, Lindström K, Sonnesson B (1970) Ultrasonic recording of vibrating vocal folds. Acta Otolaryngol 69: 223–230
Holmer NG, Kitzing P, Lindström K (1973) Echo glottography. Acta Otolaryngol 75: 454–463
Kakita Y, Inoue Y, Hirano M (1984) An acoustic microscope designed for observing the vocal fold tissue. J Otolaryngol Jpn 87: 1702–1706 (in Japanese)
Kaneko T, Kobayashi N, Tachibana M, Naito J, Hayawaki K, Uchida K, Yoshioka T, Suzuki H (1976) L’ultrasonoglottographie; l’aire neutre glottique et la vibration de la corde vocale. Rev Laryngol Oto Rhinol 97: 363–369
Kaneko T, Uchida K, Suzuki H, Komatsu K, Kanesaka T, Kobayashi N, Naito J (1981) Ultrasonic observations of vocal fold vibration. In: Stevens KN, Hirano M (eds) Vocal fold physiol. University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, pp 107–117
Kaneko T, Komatsu K, Suzuki H, Kanesaka T, Masuda T, Numata T, Naito J (1983) Mechanical properties of the human vocal fold—resonance characteristics in living humans and in excised larynxes. In: Titze IR, Scherer RC (eds) Vocal fold physiology, Biomechanics, acoustics, and phonatory control. Denver Center for Performing Arts, Denver, pp 304–317
Kaneko T, Masuda T, Shimada A, Suzuki H, Hayasaki K, Komatsu K (1987) Resonance characteristics of the human vocal fold in vivo and in vitro by an impulse excitation. In: Baer T, Sasaki C, Harris K (eds) Laryngeal function in phonation and respiration. College-Hill Press, Boston, pp 349–365
Kaneko T, Uchida I, Suzuki H, Komatsu K, Kanesaka T, Kobayashi N, Naito J (1981) Mechanical properties of the vocal fold: measurement in vivo. In: Stevens K, Hirano M (eds) Vocal fold physiology. University of Tokyo Press. Tokyo, pp 365–376
Kaneko T, Uchida K, Komatsu K (1983) The movement of the inner layers of the vocal fold during phonation. Observation by ultrasonic method. In: Bless DM, Abbs J (eds) Vocal fold physiology. College-Hill Press, San Diego, pp 223–228
Kitamura T, Kaneko T, Asano H, Miura T (1967) Ultrasonography. A preliminary report. Jpn Med Ultrasonic 5: 40–41
Kitamura T, Kaneko T, Asano H, Miura T (1969) L’ultrasonoglottographie. Rev Laryn-golol Otol Rhinol 3–4: 190–195
Munhall KG, Ostry DJ (1983) Ultrasonic measurement of Laryngeal Kinematics In: Titze IR, Scherer RC (eds) Vocal fold physiology. Denver Center for Performing Arts, Denver, pp 145–162
Quate CF (1979) Acoustic microscopy with mechanical scanning—A review. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 67: 1092–1114
Zagzebski JA, Bless DM (1983) Correspondence of ultrasonic and stroboscopic visualization of vocal folds In: Titze IR, Scherer RC (Eds) Vocal fold physiology. Denver Center for Performing Arts, Denver, pp 163–168
Zagzebski JA, Bless DM, Ewanowski SJ, (1983) Pulse echo imaging of the larynx using rapid ultrasonic scanner. In: Bless DM, Abbs J (Eds) Vocal fold physiology. College-Hill Press, San Diego, pp 210–222
14. Anatomy for Laryngeal Framework Surgery
Dickson DR, Maue-Dickson W (1982) Anatomical and physiological bases of speech. Little Brown, Boston
Frable MA (1961) Computation of motion at the cricoarytenoid joint. Arch Otolaryngol 73: 73–78
Gurr E (1948) Untersuchungen zur Feststellung der Lage des Stimmbandes am uneröffneten Kehlkopf. Z Laryng Rhinol 27: 71
Hiramoto M (1977) Functional anatomy of the larynx. Practica Otologica (Kyoto) 70: 177–197 (in Japanese)
Hiroto I (1965) Functional surgery of the larynx. Rinsho-to-Kenkyu [Suppl] 42: 88–93 (in Japanese)
Hiroto I, Toyozumi Y (1968) Laryngeal anatomy for partial laryngectomy. Otologia (Fukuoka) 14: 1–5 (in Japanese)
Honjo I, Tanaka S, Tanabe M (1985) Pathogenesis of protruded false vocal fold. Arch Otolaryngol 111: 398–399
Isshiki N (1977) Functional surgery of the larynx. Special Report, Jpn Soc Otorhiolayingol. ENT Alumni Association, Kyoto University, Kyoto, pp 1–207 (in Japanese)
Maue WM, Dickson DR (1971) Cartilages and ligaments of the adult human larynx. Arch Otolaryngol 94: 432–439
Minnigerode B (1955) Messungen über die Lage einiger auf den Schildknorpel projizierter Teile des Kehlkopfinneren. HNO 5: 51–56
Negus VE (1962) The comparative anatomy and physiology of the larynx. Hafner, New York (rewriting of Negus VE (1928) The mechanism of the larynx. William Heine — mann Medical Books, London)
Seiffert A (1943) Operative Wiederherstellung des Glottisschlusses bei einseitiger Recurrenslähmung und Stimmbanddefekten. Arch Ohr-usw Heilk 152: 366–368
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von Leden H, Moore P (1961) The mechanics of the cricoarytenoid joint. Arch Otolaryngol 73: 541–550
15. Medial Displacement of the Vocal Cord
Arnold GE (1962) Vocal rehabilitation of paralytic dysphonia. Arch Otolaryngol 76: 358–368
Arnold GE (1963) Alleviation of aphonia or dysphonia through intrachordal injection of teflon paste. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 72: 384–395
Berdal P, Hall JG (1977) Chirurgische Korrektur bei gelähmtem Stimmband in intermediärer Stellung. HNO 25: 33–34
Berendes J (1956) Neuere Ergebnisse über Bewegungsstörungen des Kehlkopfes. Arch Ohren Nasen Kehlkopfheilkd 169: 1–172
Bernstein L, Holt GP (1967) Correction of vocal cord abduction in unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis by transposition of the sternohyoid muscle. Laryngoscope 77: 876–885
Brunings W (1911) Über eine neue Behandlungsmethode der Rekurrenslähmung. Verh Dtsch Laryngol 18: 93–151
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Denecke HJ (1964) Stimmverbesserung bei einseitiger Rekurrenslähmung mit larynx-eigenem Material. Z Lar Rhinol Otol 43: 221–225
Denecke HJ (1977) Plastische und rekonstruktive Chirurgie. Plastische Korrektur des Schluckaktes und der Stimme bei Vaguslähmung. HNO 25: 140–143
Hirano M (1975) Phonosurgery. Basic and clinical investigations. Otologia (Fukuoka) 21: 239–440 (in Japanese)
Hiroto I (1966) The mechanism of phonation; Pathophysiological aspects of the larynx Pract Otol (Kyoto) 39: 229–291 (in Japanese)
Isshiki N, Morita H, Okamura H, Hiramoto M (1974) Thyroplasty as a new phonosurgi-cal technique. Acta Otolaryngol 78: 451–457
Isshiki N, Okamura H, Ishikawa T (1975) Thyroplasty type I (lateral compression) for dysphonia due to vocal cord paralysis or atrophy. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockholm) 80: 465–473
Isshiki N (1977) Functional surgery of the larynx. Special Report, Jpn Soc Otorhinolary-ngol. ENT Alumni Association, Kyoto University, Kyoto, (in Japanese)
Isshiki N, Tanabe M, Sawada M (1978) Arytenoid adduction for unilateral vocal cord paralysis. Archs Otolaryngol 104: 555–558
Isshiki N (1980) Recent advances in phonosurgery. Folia Phoniatr 32: 119–154
Isshiki N (1984) Phonosurgery: external laryngeal surgery. In: Gould WJ, van Lawrence L (eds) Surgical care of voice disorders: disorders of human communication. Springer, Wien New York, pp 59–84
Isshiki N, Ohkawa M, Goto M (1985) Stiffness of the vocal cord in dysphonia—its assessment and treatment. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockholm) 419 [Suppl]: 167–174
Kamer FM, Som ML (1972) Correction of the traumatically abducted vocal cord. Archs Otolaryngol 95: 6–9
Kleinsasser O, Schroeder HG, Glanz H (1982) Medianverlagerung gelähmter Stimmlippen mittels Knorpelspanimplantation und Türflügelthyreoplastik. HNO 30: 275–279
Koufman JA (1986) Laryngoplasty for vocal cord medialization: an alternative to Teflon. Laryngoscope 96: 726–731
Kresa Z, Rems J, Wichterle O (1973) Hydron gel implants in vocal cord. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockholm) 76: 360–365
Kressner A (1953) Beitrag zur Frage der Stimmbandlähmungsbilder und der funktionellen Anatomie des Kehlkopfes. Arch Ohr Nas Kehlk-heilk 162: 479–496
Lavertu P, Tucker HM (1986) Rehabilitation of voice and airway after vocal cord paralysis. In: Bull TR, Myers E (eds) Plastic reconstruction in the head and neck. Butter-worths, London Boston Durban Singapore Sydney Toronto Wellington, pp 53–78
Lee SY, Liao TT, Hsieh T (1986) Extralaryngeal approach in functional phonosurgery. In: Proceedings of the 20th Congress of IALP, Tokyo, pp 482–483
Lorenz O (1947) Die Behandlung der Stimmbandlähmung insbesondere über eine erstmalige autoplastische Knocheneinpflanzung ins Stimmband nach Rekurrenslähmung. Med Monatsschr Pharm 1: 496–499
Meurman Y (1944) Mediofixation der Stimmlippe bei ihrer vollständigen Lähmung. Arch Ohren Nasen Kehlkopfheilkd 154: 296–304
Meurman Y (1952) Operative mediofixation of the vocal cord in complete unilateral paralysis. Archs Otolaryngol 55: 544–553
Montgomery WW (1966) Cricoarytenoid arthrodesis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 75: 380–391
Morrison LF (1948) The “Reverse King operation”. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 57: 945–956
Mündnich K (1964) Plastische Operationen zur Korrektur der Stellung des Stimmbandes und zu seinem Ersatz. Langenbecks Arch Chir 306: 77–78
Mündnich K (1970) Eine einfache und verlassliche Methode zur Spannung und Verlagerung des Stimmbandes medianwärts bei Dys-und Aphonie mit phonatorische Dyspnoe. Arch Klin Exp Ohr Nas u Kehlk-heilk 196: 324–326
Niimi S, Takemoto K, Shidara T (1973) A surgical method for sulcus vocalis. Jap Otol 76: [Suppl] 43
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Parker W (1955) Repair of a persistently patent glottis: report of a case. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 64: 924–930
Payr E (1915) Plastik am Schildknorpel zur Behebung der Folgen einseitiger Stimmbandlähmung. Dtsch Med. Wochenschr 43: 1265–1270
Sawashima M, Totsuka G, Kobayashi T, Hirose H (1968) Surgery for hoarseness due to unilateral vocal cord paralysis. Arch Otolaryngol 87: 289–294
Saito S (1977) Phonosurgery. Otologia (Fukuoka) 23 [Suppl 1]: 171–384 (in Japanese)
Seiffert A (1942) Operative Wiederherstellung des Glottisschlusses bei einseitiger Recur-renslähmung und stimmbanddefekten. Arch Ohr Nas Kehlk-heilk 152: 366–368
Smith GW (1972) Aphonia due to vocal cord paralysis corrected by medial positioning of the affected vocal cord with a cartilage autograft. Can J Otolaryngol 1: 295–298
Taira T (1986) Experimental investigation on the arytenoid adduction operation. Pract Otolog (Kyoto) 79: 823–834 (in Japanese)
Tucker HM (1979) Nerve-muscle pedicle for vocal cord paralysis. Surgical Rounds, July 14–21
Tucker HM (1983) Complications after surgical management of the paralyzed larynx Laryngoscope 93: 295–298
Tucker HM (1988a) Laryngeal framework surgery in the management of spasmodic dys-phonia: preliminary report. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Laryn-gological Association, April 24, Palm Beach
Tucker HM (1988b) Laryngeal framework surgery in the management of the aged larynx. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Bronchoesophagological Association, April 26, Palm Beach
Wang HG, Xu GJ, Wang JX, Li CF, Wu WS, Wang XR (1986) Operative treatment of abnormal laryngeal sound. Chin J Otorhinolaryngology 21: 109–111
Wendler J, Vollprecht I, Nötzel M, Klein C, Fuchs R (1984) Stimmlippenlähmungen in der phoniatrischen Praxis. Folia Phoniatr 36: 74–83
Westhues M (1973) Operative Behandlung der Adduktorenlähmung; Medianverlagerung. Z Laryngol Rhinol Otol 52: 640–645
16. Chordal Injection
Arnold GE (1962) Vocal rehabilitation of paralytic dysphonia: IX. Technique of intra-cordal injection. Arch Otolaryng 79: 358–368
Boedts D, Roels H, Kluyskens P (1967) Laryngeal tissue response to Teflon. Arch Otolaryngol 86: 562–567
Fritzell B, Hallen O, Sundberg J (1974) Evaluation of Teflon injection procedures for paralytic dysphonia. Folia Phoniatr 26: 414–421
Harris HE, Hawk WA (1969) Laryngeal injection of Teflon paste: report of a case with postmortem study of the larynx. Arch Otolaryng 83: 350–354
Horn KL, Dedo HH (1980) Surgical correction of the convex vocal cord after Teflon injection. Laryngoscope 90: 281–286
Kirchner FR, Toledo PS, Svoboda DJ (1966) Studies of the larynx after teflon injection. Arch Otolaryngol 83: 350–354
Koch WM, Hybels RL, Shapshay SM (1987) Carbon dioxide laser in removal of polytef paste. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 113: 661–664
Kresa Z, Rems J, Wichterle O (1973) Hydron gel implants in vocal cords. Acta Otolaryngol 76: 360–365
Lewy RB (1966) Responses of laryngeal tissue to granular Teflon in situ. Arch Otolaryng 83: 355–359
Lewy RB (1976) Experience with vocal cord injection. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 85: 440–450
Schmidt PJ, Wagenfeld D, Bridger MWM, van Nostrand AWP, Briant TD (1980) Teflon injection of the vocal cord: a clinical and histopathologic study. J Otolaryngol 9: 297–302
Stephens CB, Arnold GE, Stone JW (1976) Larynx injected with Polytef paste. Arch Otolaryngol 102: 432–435
Stone JW, Arnold GE, Stephens CB (1970) Intracordal Polytef (Teflon) injection: histological study of three further cases. Arch Otolaryng 91: 568–574
17. Vocal Cord Atrophy and Sulcus Vocalis
Arnold GE (1958) Dysplastic dysphonia. Laryngoscope 68: 142–158
Baba T, Ishii H (1970) Clinical and pathological studies of the sulcus vocalis suclus glotti-dis. Nippon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho 73: 1174–1175 (in Japanese)
Greisen O (1984) Vocal cord sulcus. J Laryngol Otol 98: 293–296
Honjo I, Isshiki N (1980) Laryngoscopic and voice characteristics of aged persons. Arch Otolaryngol 106: 149–150
Itoh T, Kawasaki H, Morikawa I, Hirano M (1983) Vocal fold furrows: A 10 year review of 240 patients. Auris Nasus Larynx 10 [Suppl]: 17–26
Kiml J (1962) Trouble de la voix dans le sillon des cordes vocales. Folia Phoniatr 14: 272–279
Kirchner JA (1966) Atrophy of laryngeal muscles in vagal paralysis. Laryngoscope 76: 1753–1765
Mandelstamm B (1882) Studien über Innervation und Atrophie der Kehlkopfmuskeln. Wien Acad Sitzungsb 85: 83–100
Yannoulis GE (1956) Einige interessante tomographische Bilder des Larynx unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Begutachtung frischer und alter Stimmbandlähmungen. Arch Othorhinolaryngol 169: 483 – 485
18. Surgery to Lower Vocal Pitch
Ishizaka K, Isshiki N (1976) Computer simulation of pathological vocal-cord vibration. J Acoust Soc Am 60: 1193 1198
Isshiki N (1972) Imbalance of the vocal cord as a factor for dysphonia. Studia Phonol (Kyoto) 6: 38–44
Isshiki N, Morita H, Okamura H, Hiramoto M (1974) Thyroplasty as a new phonosurgi-cal technique. Acta Otolaryngol 78: 451–457
Isshiki N (1977) Functional surgery of the Larynx. Special Report, Jpn Soc Otorhiolayingol. ENT Alumi Association, Kyoto University, (in Japanese)
Isshiki N, Tanabe M, Ishizaka K, Broad D (1977) Clinical significance of asymmetrical vocal cord tension. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 86: 58–66
Isshiki N (1980) Recent advances in phonosurgery. Folia Phoniatr 32: 119–154
Isshiki N (1981) Phonosurgery to change vocal pitch. HNO 6: 179–180
Isshiki N, Taira T, Tanabe M (1983) Surgical alteration of the vocal pitch. J. Otolaryngol, (Toronto) 12: 335–340
Isshiki N, Ohkawa M, Goto M (1985) Stiffness of the vocal cord in dysphonia— its assessment and treatment. Acta Otolaryngol 419 [Suppl]: 167–174
Tanabe M, Isshiki N, Kitajima K (1972) Vibratory pattern of the vocal cord in unilateral paralysis of the cricothyroid muscle. Acta Otolaryngol 74: 339–345
Tanaka S, Tanabe M, Isshiki N (1981) Operation for pitch problems. Pract Otol (Kyoto) 74: 1423–1430 (in Japanese)
Tucker HM (1985) Anterior commissure laryngoplasty for adjustment of vocal fold tension. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 94: 547–549
Wang HG, Xu GJ, Wang JX, LI CF, Wu WS, Wang XR (1986) Operative treatment of abnormal vocal pitch. Chin J Otorhinolaryng 21: 109–111
19. Surgery to Elevate Vocal Pitch, Laryngeal Asymmetry
(see also 18. Surgery to Lower Vocal Pitch)
Andrews AH, Moss HW (1974) Experiences with the carbon dioxide laser in the larynx. Ann Otol Rhinol. Laryngol 83: 462–470.
Arnold GE (1961) Physiology and pathology of the cricothyroid muscle. Laryngoscope 71: 687–753
Baldus S (1963) Die klinische Bedeutung des Stimmritzenschief Standes. HNO 11: 161–162
Bauer H (1968) Die Beziehungen der Phoniatrie zur Endokrinologie. Folia Phoniatr 20: 387–393
Berendes J (1968) Die Verantwortlichkeit des Arztes bei der Anwendung anaboler Steroide im Hinblick auf die Stimme. Folia Phoniatr 20: 379–386
Beyer TE (1941) Traumatic paralysis of the cricothyroid muscle. Laryngoscope 51: 296–298
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Brodnitz FS (1971) Vocal rehabilitation. Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol
Faaborg-Andersen K, Munk Jensen A (1963) Unilateral paralysis of the superior laryngeal nerve. Acta Otolaryngol 57: 155–159
Fritzell B, Sundberg J, Strange-Ebbesen A (1982) Pitch change after stripping oedema-tous vocal folds. Folia Phoniatr 34: 29–32
Gould WJ, van Lawrence L, (1984) Surgical care of voice disorders. Springer, Wien New York
Gregg R (1956) Experimental laryngeal paralysis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 65: 639–642
Heinemann M (1969) Die Bedeutung der Asymmetrien des Kehlkopfes für die Belastbarkeit der Stimme. Z Laryng Rhinol Otol 48: 571–580
Heinemann M (1974) Kehlkopf-und Stimmbefunde beim kongenitalen adrenogenitalen Syndrom mit Nebennierenrindenhyperplasie. Folia Phoniatr 26: 450–460
Hirano M, Ohala J, Vennard W (1969) The fucntion of laryngeal muscles in regulating fundamental frequency and intensity of phonation. J Speech Hear Res 12: 616–628
Hirano M, Vennard W, Ohala J (1970) Regulation of registers, pitch and intensity of voice. An electromyographic investigation of intrinsic laryngeal muscles. Folia Phoniatr 22: 1–20
Hirano M (1975) Phonosurgery. Otologia (Fukuoka) 21 [suppl 1]: 239–442 (in Japanese)
Hirano M, Shin T, Morio M, Kasuya T, Kobayashi S (1976) An improvement in surgical treatment for polypoid vocal cord—sucking technique. Otologia (Fukuoka) 22: 583–589
Hofer G, Jeschek J (1940) Die Lähmung des nervus recurrens beim Menschen. Arch Ohr Nas Kehlk-heilk 45: 401–417
Hofer G (1944) Zur motorischen Innervation des menschlichen Kehlkopfes. Z Ges Neurol Psychiat 177: 783–796
Hofer G (1953) Untersuchungen bei Lähmung der Motorischen Kehlkopf nerven. Acta Otolaryngol 43: 100–107
Imre V(1968) Hormonell bedingte Stimmstörungen. Folia Phoniat 20: 394–404
Jako GJ (1972) Laser surgery of the vocal cords. Laryngoscope 82: 2204–2216
Kitajima K, Tanabe M, Isshiki N (1979) Cricothyroid distance and vocal pitch: experimental surgical study to elevate the vocal pitch. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 88: 52–55
Kokawa N (1977) A new surgical procedure for dysphonia due to androgenic or anabolic hormones. J Jap Bronchoesophlagol Soc 28: 323–332
Lacina O (1970) Die adduktionelle Asymmetrie des Kehlkopfes bei den Sängern. Folia Phoniatr. 22: 100–106
Lee SY, Liao TT, Hsieh T (1986) Extralaryngeal approach in functional phonosurgery. In: Proceedings of 20th Congress of I ALP. Tokyo, pp 482–483
Le Jeune FE Jr, Guice CE, Samuels PM (1983) Early experiences with vocal ligament tightening. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 92: 475–477
Le Jeune FE Jr (1987) Vocal ligament (update). Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 96: 597–600
Luchsinger R (1942) Die periphere isolierte Lähmung des N. laryngeus superior. Arch Ohr Nas Kehlk-heilk 151: 393–401
Luchsinger R (1965) Beitrag zur Diagnostik (Elektromyographie) isolierter peripherer Lähmungen des N. laryngeus cranialis. Folia Phoniatr 17: 105–114
Mihashi S (1976) Immediate effects of CO2 laser irradiation on soft tissue. Jap J Otorhinolar (Tokyo) 79: 19–24 (in Japanese)
Mihashi S, Jako GJ, Incze J, Strong MS, Vaughan CW (1976) Laser surgery in otolaryngology: interaction of C02 laser and soft tissue. Ann NY Acad Sei 267: 263–294
Murakami Y (1987) Idiopathic laryngeal deviation. J Jpn Bronchoesophagol Soc 38: 106–113
Mygind H (1906) Die Paralyse des Musculus cricothyreoideus. Arch Laryngol 18: 403–418
Neumayer H (1896) Untersuchungen über die Funktion der Kehlkopfmuskeln. Arch Laryng Rhinol Otol 4: 323–371
Pahn J, Rother U (1981) Röntgenologische Untersuchungsmethode der Nervus-laryngeus-superior-Parese. Folia Phoniatr 33: 15–22
Polanyi TG, Bredemeier HC, Davis TW (1970) A C02 laser for surgical research. Med Biol Engng 8: 541–548
Saito S (1977) Phonosurgery Otologia (Fukuoka) 23 [Suppl 1]: 171–384 (in Japanese)
Sonninen A, Vaheri E (1958) A case of voice disorder due to laryngeal asymmetry and treated by surgical mediposition of the vocal cords. Folia Phoniatr 10: 57–69
Strong MS, Jako GJ (1972) Laser surgery in the larynx. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 81: 791–798
Stupka W (1924) Experimentelle Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Atembewegungen des Hundekehlkopfes. Z Hals usw Heilk 9: 306–372
Tanabe M, Isshiki N, Kitajima K (1972) Vibratory pattern of the vocal cord in unilateral paralysis of the cricothyroid muscule. Acta Otolaryngol 74: 339–345
Tanabe M, Haji T, Honjo I, Isshiki N (1985) Surgical treatment for androphonia (an experimental study). Folia Phoniatr 37: 15–21
Tschiassny K (1944) Studies concerning the action of the musculus cricothyreoideus. Laryngoscope 54: 589–604
Tucker HM (1985) Anterior commissure laryngoplasty for adjustment of vocal fold tension. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 94: 547–549
20. Spastic Dysphoria
Aminoff MJ, Dedo HH, Izdebski K (1978) Clinical aspects of spasmodic dysphonia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 41: 361–365
Arnold GE (1959) Spastic dysphonia. Logos 2: 3–14
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Isshiki, N. (1989). Assessment of Vocal Function. In: Phonosurgery. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68358-2_4
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