Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Physiology of Speech Production

  • Chapter
Phonosurgery

Abstract

Speech production at the peripheral level consists of three stages: exhalation, phonation, and articulation (Table 2.1). Exhalatory movement of the respiratory organ provides the subglottal air flow (direct current). The air flow is cut into puffs (alternating current) at the closed glottis as the vocal cords vibrate. The sound thereby produced at the glottis is referred to as the primary laryngeal tone or glottal sound (source). Through the resonance of the vocal tract, the glottal sound is modified so that some frequency components are amplified and others are attenuated.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Bibliography

2. Physiology of Voice Production

  • Arnold GE (1964) Clinical application of recent advances in laryngeal physiology. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 73: 426–444

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bouhuys AE (1968) Sound production in man. Ann NY Acad Sei 155: 1–381

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunkel E (1969) Neue Ergebnisse der Kehlkopfphysiologie. Folia Phoniatr 21: 161–178

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fairbanks G (1950) A physiological correlative of vowel intensity. Speech Monogr 17: 390–395

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fant G (1960) Acoustic theory of voice production. Mouton ‘S-Gravenhage, pp 265–272

    Google Scholar 

  • Farquharson IM, Anthony JKF (1970) Research techniques in voice pathology. J Laryn-gol Otol 84: 809–817

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fink BR (1962) Tensor mechanism of the vocal folds. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 71: 591–600

    Google Scholar 

  • Flanagan JL (1958) Some properties of the glottal sound source. J Speech Hear Res 1: 99–116

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flanagan JL, Ishizaka K, Shipley KL (1975) Synthesis of speech from a dynamic model of the vocal cords and vocal tract. Bell Syst Tech J 54: 485–506

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flanagan JL, Ishizaka K (1976) Automatic generation of voiceless excitation in a vocal cord vocal tract speech synthesizer. IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing ASSP 24: 163–170

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fletcher WW (1950) A study of internal laryngeal activity in relation to vocal intensity. Ph.D. Thesis, Northwestern University

    Google Scholar 

  • Floyd WF, Negus VE, Neil E (1957) Observations on the mechanism of phonation. Acta Otolaryngol 48: 16–25

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Griesman BL (1943) Mechanism of phonation demonstrated by planigraphy of the larynx. Arch Otolaryngol 38: 17–26

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta V, Wilson TA, Beavers GS (1973) A method for vocal cord excitation. J Acoust Soc Am 54: 1607–1617

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haji T, Isshiki N, Taira T, Ohmori K, Honjo I (in press) Folia Phoniatr

    Google Scholar 

  • Hast MH (1966) Physiological mechanism of phonation: tension of the vocal fold muscle. Acta Otolaryngol 62: 309–318

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirano M, Koike Y, Joyner J (1969a) Style of phonation. An electromyographic investigation of some laryngeal muscles. Arch Otolaryngol 89: 902–907

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirano M, Ohala J, Vennard M (1969b) The function of laryngeal muscles in regulating fundamental frequency and intensity of phonation. J Speech Hear Res 12: 616–628

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirano M (1974) Morphological structure of the vocal cord as a vibrator and its variations. Folia Phoniatr 26: 89–94.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirano M (1981) Structure of the vocal fold in normal and disease states. Anatomical and physical studies. In: Ludlow CL, O’Connell Hart M (eds) Proceedings of the conference on the assessment of vocal pathology. ASH A Report 11. Rockville, Maryland, pp 11–27

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirano M, Kakita Y (1985) Cover-body theory of vocal fold vibration. In: Daniloff RG (ed) Speech science. College-Hill Press, San Diego, pp 1–46

    Google Scholar 

  • Hiroto I (1966) Patho-physiology of the larynx from the standpoint of vocal mechanism. Pract Otol (Kyoto) 59: 229–294 (in Japanese)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • House AS (1959) A note on optimal vocal frequency. J Speech Hear Res 2: 55–60

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ishizaka K, Matsudaira M (1972) Fluid mechanical considerations of vocal cord vibration (SCRL Monogr. No. 8). Speech Communication Research Laboratory, Santa Barbara

    Google Scholar 

  • Ishizaka K, Flanagan JL (1972) Synthesis of voiced sounds from a two-mass model of the vocal cords. Bell Syst Tech J 51: 1233–1268

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Isshiki N (1959) Regulatory mechanism of the pitch and volume of voice. Oto-rhino-laryng Clinic (Jibirinsho) (Kyoto) 52: 1065–1094

    Google Scholar 

  • Isshiki N (1961) Voice and subglottic pressure. Studia Phonol 1: 86–94

    Google Scholar 

  • Isshiki N (1964) Regulatory mechanism of voice intensity variation. J Speech Hear Res 7: 17–29

    Google Scholar 

  • Isshiki N (1965) Vocal intensity and air flow rate. Folia Phoniatr 17: 92–104

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Isshiki N (1970) Remarks on mechanism for vocal intensity variation. J Speech Hear Res 13: 669–672

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaneko T, Asano H, Miura H, Ishizaka K (1971) Biomechanics of the vocal cords—on stiffness. Pract Otol (Kyoto) 64: 1229–1235 (in Japanese)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kakita Y, Hiki S (1976) Investigation of laryngeal control in speech by use of thyrometer. J Acoust Soc Am 59: 669–674

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kirikae I (1943) Strobocinematographic study on the human vocal cord vibration during phonation. Jap Oto-rhino-laryng Soc (Tokyo) 49: 236–262 (in Japanese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Koyama T, Kawasaki M, Ogura JH, Louis SM (1969) Mechanics of voice production. Laryngoscope 79: 337–354.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ladefoged P, McKinney NP (1963) Loudness, sound pressure, and subglottal pressure in speech. J Acoust Soc Am 35: 454–460

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore P, von Leden H (1958) Dynamic variations of the vibratory pattern in the normal larynx. Folia phoniatr 10: 205–238

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Musehold A (1898) Stroboskopische und phoniatrische Studien über die Stellung der Stimmlippe im Brust-und Falsett-Register. Arch Laryng Rhinol 7: 1–21

    Google Scholar 

  • Negus VE (1957) The mechanism of the larnx. Laryngoscope 67: 961–968

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perello J (1962) La théorie muco-ondulatoire de la phonation. Ann Otolaryngol Chir Cervicofec 79: 722–725

    Google Scholar 

  • Portmann G (1957) The physiology of phonation. J Laryngol Otol 71: 1–15

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rubin HJ (1963) Experimental studies on vocal pitch and intensity in phonation. Laryngoscope 73: 973–1015

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sacia CF (1925) Speech power and energy. Bell Syst Tech J 4: 627–641

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sacia CF, Back CJ (1926) The power of fundamental speech sound. Bell Syst Tech J 5: 393–403

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schönhärl E (1960) Stroboskopie in der praktischen Laryngologie. Thieme, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith S (1954) Remarks on the physiology of the vibration of the vocal cords. Folia Phoniatr 6: 166–178

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith S (1956) Membran-Polster-Theorie der Stimmlippen. Arch Ohr Nas Kehlk-heilk 60: 485

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith S (1957) Chest register versus head register in the membrane cushion model of the vocal cords. Folia Phoniatr 9: 32–36

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sonnien AA (1956) The role of the external laryngeal muscles in length adjustment of the vocal cords in singing. Acta Otolaryngol [Suppl] 130

    Google Scholar 

  • Stevens KN, House AS (1961) An acoustical theory of vowel production and some of its implications. J Speech Hear Res 4: 303–320

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Timcke R, von Leden H, Moore P (1958) Laryngeal vibrations: measurements of the glottic wave, Part I, the normal vibratory cycle. Arch Otolaryngol 68: 1–19

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Timcke R, von Leden H, Moore P (1959) Laryngeal vibrations: measurements of the glottic wave, part II, physiologic variations. Arch Otolaryngol 69: 438–444

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Titze IR, Strong WJ (1975) Normal modes in vocal cord tissues. J Acoust Soc Am 57: 736–744

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Titze IR (1976) On the mechanics of vocal-fold vibration. J Acoust Soc Am 60: 1366–1380

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tonndorf W (1929) Zur Physiologie des menschlichen Stimmorgans. HNO 22: 412–423

    Google Scholar 

  • van den Berg Jw (1956a) Direct and indirect determination of the mean subglottic pressure. Folia phoniatr 8: 1–24

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van den Berg Jw (1956b) Physiology and physics of voice production. Acta Physiol Pharmacology Neerl 5: 40–55

    Google Scholar 

  • van den Berg Jw (1958) Myoelastic-aerodynamic theory of voice production. J Speech Hear Res 1:227–244

    Google Scholar 

  • van den Berg Jw, Tan TS (1959) Results of experiments with human laryngEs. Pract Oto 21: 425–450

    Google Scholar 

  • van den Berg Jw, Tan TS (1959) Results of experiments with human laryngEs. Pract Oto 21: 245–450

    Google Scholar 

  • Vogelsanger GT (1954) Experimentelle Prüfung der Stimmleistung beim Singen. Folia Phoniatr 6: 193–227

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • von Leden H (1960a) The mechanism of phonation. Arch Otolaryngol 74: 660–676

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • von Leden H (1960b) Laryngeal physiology. J Laryngol Otol 74: 705–712

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wendler J (1965) Zur Messung der Stimmlippenlange. Z Laryngol Rhinol Otol 44: 162–173

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yanagihara N, von Leden H (1966a) The cricothyroid muscle during phonation: electromyographic aerodynamic, and acoustic studies. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 75: 987–1007

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yanagihara N, Koike Y, von Leden H (1966b) Phonation and respiration: functional study in normal subjects. Folia Phoniatr 18: 323–340

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yanagihara N, Koike Y (1967) The regulation of sustained phonation. Folia Phoniatr 19: 1–18

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Plastic Surgery, School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606, Japan

    Nobuhiko Isshiki (Professor and Chief)

Authors
  1. Nobuhiko Isshiki
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1989 Springer Japan

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Isshiki, N. (1989). Physiology of Speech Production. In: Phonosurgery. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68358-2_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68358-2_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Tokyo

  • Print ISBN: 978-4-431-68360-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-4-431-68358-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation