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Stabilizers-Mediated Nanoparticles Syntheses

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Noble Metal Nanoparticles

Part of the book series: Nanostructure Science and Technology ((NST))

Abstract

Of the chemical processes, a reverse micelle (w/o microemulsion, a soft template) synthesis has been demonstrated to be a viable method for producing a wide array of noble metals over a relatively narrow particle size distribution. Noble metal colloids can be prepared in metal salt/(non)ionic surfactant/oil/water microemulsions by using both classical and nontraditional reductants. Reduction of metal ions occurred in microemulsions based on some ionic and nonionic surfactants without adding specific reductants. Mostly, the spherical metal nanoparticles are fabricated. A number of nonspherical nanomaterials of aligned noble metal colloids were found in the prolate ionic surfactants micelles. The citrate reduction method is well known for its simple procedure, yielding stable and reproducible gold nanoparticles of narrow size distribution. The coordination of metal ions with functional groups such as NH2 in polymer served as weak cross-linkers to attach polymer chains and formation and stabilization of metal colloids. Gold nanoparticles surrounding with silica shells as a support could be a potentially useful method for the preparation of highly active nanoconjugates assemblies. Laser ablation of solvent-suspended metal powders can be used in for synthesis of gold/silver alloy and core@shell nanoparticles of predetermined composition. The generation of polymer coatings for noble metal nanoparticles (NMNPs) may feature stimulus-responsiveness (pH, temperature, ionic strength, and light) and spontaneously form versatile supramolecular structures. Some of the physical and chemical properties of the core nanoparticles are often imparted to the resulting polymeric shell system, producing hybrid materials with novel properties and functions that are not possible from the single-component structure alone. Various reducing agents introduced into polymer-based micelle systems may result in the formation of NMNPs of various sizes. A new method of producing gold nanoparticles is a surfactant-free synthesis, high variability in the introduction of (functionalized) ligands, and good control over the particle size. Soft-ligand-stabilized nanoparticles can be used as precursors to obtain nanoparticles with different surface chemistry by replacing the soft ligands with other desired ligands. The ionic liquids stabilize the metal nanoparticles noncovalently via electrostatic interactions. They initiated the formation of various nanoparticles such as spherical, oblate, nanorods of different aspect ratios, and sharp-edged nanostructures. The versatility of the micellar nanostructure lies in its capacity to cargo drug molecules and biological macromolecules that are either hydrophilic, therefore entrapped in the liposome inner aqueous core, or hydrophobic, therefore incorporated within the lipid bilayer. PEO-modified noble metal nanomaterials have several attractive characteristics for diagnostic applications, including (1) biocompatibility and stability, (2) unique tunable optical properties, and (3) easy conjugation of biomolecules to the surface for tumor specific targeting.

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Abbreviations

1D:

One-dimensional

2D:

Two-dimensional

9-BBN:

9-borabicyclo [3.3.1] nonane

AED:

Average esterification degrees

AOT:

Sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate

AuNPs:

Gold nanoparticles

AuNSs:

Gold nanoshells

BAC:

Benzyldimethyltetradecylammonium chloride

BE:

Binding energy

CMC:

Critical micelle concentration

CS:

Cysteamine-monochlorhydrat

CTAB:

Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide

CTAC:

Cetyltrimethylammonium chloride

d2 :

Interparticle spacing

DDT:

Dodecanethiol

diglyme:

Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether

DKSS:

Sucrose fatty acids of monoesters and di- and triesters, fatty acid constituent consisting of stearic acid and palmitic acid

DLS:

Dynamic light scattering

DT:

Dodecanethiol

EDXRF:

Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence

EPR:

Enhanced permeability and retention

fcc:

Face-centered cubic

FTIR:

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

HAc:

Acetic acid

HAuNS:

Hollow gold nanoshells

hcp:

Hexagonal close packed

HDT:

1-hexadecanethiol

HER2:

Human epidermal growth receptor 2

HLB:

Hydrophilic–lipophilic balance

HMTS:

Heptamethyltrisiloxane

HRSEM:

High-resolution SEM

HRTEM:

High-resolution TEM

HTAB:

N-hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide

ICP:

Inductively coupled plasma

IL:

(Ionic liquid)-surfactant

I sc :

Total scattered light intensity

LMCT:

Ligand-to-metal charge transfer

LPR:

Longitudinal plasmonic resonance

LSP:

Longitudinal surface plasmon

LSPR:

Localized surface plasmon resonance

MDR:

Multidrug resistance

N2H4 :

Hydrazine

NIR:

Near-infrared

MNPs:

Metal nanoparticles

MPA:

Mercaptopropionic acid

MPCs:

Monolayer-protected clusters

MUA:

11-mercaptoundecanoic acid

MUOH:

11-mercaptoundecanol

NMNCs:

Noble metal nanocrystals

NMNPs:

Noble metal nanoparticles

NT:

1-nonanethiol

o/w:

Oil-in-water

PAM:

Polyacrylamide

PBS:

Phosphate buffer solution

PDI:

Polydispersity index,

PDPAEMA:

Poly[2-(diisopropylamino) ethyl methacrylate]

PEG:

Poly(ethylene glycole)

PEI-HCA:

Polyethylenimine-g-hydrocaffeic acid

PEO-b-PCL:

Poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(ε-caprolactone)

PEO-b-PDHPMA-b-PDPAEMA:

Poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(2,3-dihydroxypropyl methacrylate)-b-poly[2-(diisopropylamino) ethyl methacrylate]

PEO-PPO-PEO:

Poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide)

P-gp:

Glycoprotein

PNIPAM:

Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)

PSt-b-PVP:

Poly(styrene)-block-poly(vinylpyridine)

PVPo:

Polyvinylpyrrolidone

QD-particles:

Quantum dot particles

RI:

Refractive index

SAED:

Selected area (electron) diffraction

SAXS:

Small angle X-ray scattering

SDS:

Sodium dodecylsulfate

SM:

3–sulfonate mercaptopropan

SP:

Surface plasmon

SPR:

Surface plasmon resonance

SPRs:

Surface plasmon resonances

SPIONs:

Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles

TBAB:

Tetrabutylammonium bromide

TDT:

1-tetradecanethiol

TEG:

Tetra (ethylene glycol)

TEM:

Transmission electron microscopy

TEOS:

Tetraethylorthosilicate

T c :

Crystallization temperature

T m :

Melting temperature

TOA:

Trioctylamine

TOAB:

Tetraoctylammonium bromide

TPR:

Transverse plasmon resonance

TRITC:

Tetramethyl rhodamine isothiocyanate

Tween 20:

Sorbitan monolaurate

w/c:

Water-in-CO2 microemulsions

w/o:

Water-in-oil

XANES:

X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy

XPS:

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

λ max :

Absorption maximum

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    Ignác Capek

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Glossary

Chemotherapy

is a category of cancer treatment that uses one or more anticancer drugs (chemotherapeutic agents) as part of a standardized chemotherapy regimen. Chemotherapy may be given with a curative intent (which almost always involves combinations of drugs), or it may aim to prolong life or to reduce symptoms (palliative chemotherapy). Chemotherapy is one of the major categories of medical oncology (the medical discipline specifically devoted to pharmacotherapy for cancer).

Enhanced permeability and retention (EPR)

effect is the property by which molecules of certain sizes (typically liposomes, nanoparticles, and macromolecular drugs) tend to accumulate in tumor tissue much more than they do in normal tissues.

Hyperthermia

is elevated body temperature due to failed thermoregulation that occurs when a body produces or absorbs more heat than it dissipates. Extreme temperature elevation then becomes a medical emergency requiring immediate treatment to prevent disability or death.

Liposome

is a spherical vesicle having at least one lipid bilayer . The liposome can be used as a vehicle for administration of nutrients and pharmaceutical drugs. Liposomes can be prepared by disrupting biological membranes (such as by sonication).

Multiple drug resistance (MDR),

multidrug resistance, or multiresistance is antimicrobial resistance shown by a species of microorganism to multiple antimicrobial drugs.

Receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-2

also known as CD340 (cluster of differentiation 340), proto-oncogene Neu, Erbb2 (rodent), or ERBB2 (human). It is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ERBB2 gene, and it is also frequently called HER2 (from human epidermal growth factor receptor 2) or HER2/neu. Amplification or overexpression of this oncogene has been shown to play an important role in the development and progression of certain aggressive types of breast cancer. In recent years, the protein has become an important biomarker and target of therapy for approximately 30% of breast cancer patients.

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Capek, I. (2017). Stabilizers-Mediated Nanoparticles Syntheses. In: Noble Metal Nanoparticles. Nanostructure Science and Technology. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56556-7_3

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