Abstract
Despite its poor time resolution and low sensitivity compared with classical spectrophotometric methods, modern NMR is now a highly developed spectroscopy technique, appropriate for photochromism studies owing to its high spectral resolution and the large panel of NMR sequences that offer detailed structural and quantitative information. NMR spectroscopy can therefore be applied to answer questions concerning which compounds are produced, how they are formed, and how they evolve and behave within the photochromic reaction. In this chapter, we reported the characterization of the eight interconvertible states addressable selectively, offering the most complex multiaddressable molecule known to date; the reactivity of photochromic compounds associated with crown ethers for complexation with metal cations; and the behavior of hexaarylbiimidazole derivatives elucidated owing to a new experimental setup coupling NMR and in situ light irradiation.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Brown GH (ed) (1971) Photochromism. Wiley-Interscience, New York
Durr H, Bouas-Laurent H (eds) (1990) Photochromism: molecules and systems. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Fukumura H, Irie M, Iwasawa Y, Masuhara H, Uosaki K (eds) (2008) Molecular nano dynamics, vols 1 and 2. Wiley VCH, Weinheim
Feringa BL, Jager WF, de Lange B (1993) Organic materials for reversible optical data storage. Tetrahedron 49:8267–8310
Irie M, Mohri M (1988) Thermally irreversible photochromic systems. Reversible photocyclization of diarylethene derivatives. J Org Chem 53:803–808
Irie M (2000) Diarylethenes for memories and switches. Chem Rev 100:1685–1716
Van Gemert B (1999) Benzo and naphthopyrans (Chromenes). In: Crano JC, Gugliemetti RJ (eds) Organic photochromic and thermochromic compounds, vol 1. Kluwer Academic Publishers, New York, pp 111–140
Abe J (2013) Fast photochromism of bridged imadazoles dimers. In: Irie M, Yokoyama Y, Seki T (eds) New frontiers in photochromism. Springer, Japan, pp 161–181
Andréasson J, Pischel U (2013) Storage and processing of information using molecules: the all-photonic approach with simple and multi-photochromic switches. Isr J Chem 53:236–246
Sanguinet L, Pozzo JL, Rodriguez V, Adamietz F, Castet F, Ducasse L, Champagne B (2005) Acido- and phototriggered NLO properties enhancement. J Phys Chem B 109:11139–11150
Petkov I, Charra F, Nunzi JM, Deligeorgiev T (1999) Photochemistry of 2-[(1,3,3-trimethylindoline-2(1H)-ylidene)propen-1-yl]-3,3-dimethylindolino[1,2-b]-oxazolidine in solution. J Photochem Photobiol A 128:93–96
Sertova N, Ninzu JM, Petkov I, Deligeorgiev T (1998) Photochromism of styryl cyanine dyes in solution. J Photochem Photobiol A 112:187–190
Kawami S, Yoshioka H, Nakatsu K, Okozaki T, Hayami M (1987) X-ray structures of electrochromic compounds. Colorless 3,3-dimethyl-2-(p-dimethylaminostyryl)indolino-[1,2-b]oxazoline and colored 2-(p-dimethylaminostyryl)-1-hydroxyethyl-3,3-dimethylindolinium Bromide. Chem Lett 16:711–714
Szaloki G, Sevez G, Berthet J, Pozzo JL, Delbaere S (2014) A simple molecule-based octastate switch. J Am Chem Soc 136:13510–13513
Gabbutt C, Heron B, Instone A, Horton P, Hursthouse M (2005) Synthesis and photochromic properties of substituted 3H-naphtho[2,1-b]pyrans. Tetrahedron 61:463–471
Coelho PJ, Salvador MA, Oliveira MM, Carvalho LM (2005) Photochemical and thermal behaviour of new photochromic indeno-fused naphthopyrans. J Photochem Photobiol A 172:300–307
Frigoli M, Mehl HH (2004) Room temperature photochromic liquid crystal [3H]-naphtho[2,1-b]pyrans—photochromism in the mesomorphic state. Chem Commun 18:2040–2204
Inouye M, Ueno M, Tsuchiya K, Nakayama N, Konishi T, Kitao T (1992) Alkali-metal cation recognition induced isomerization of spirobenzopyrans and spironaphthoxazins possessing a crown ring as a recognition site: multifunctional artificial receptors. J Org Chem 57:5377–5383
Minkin VI (2004) Photo-, thermo-, solvato-, and electrochromic spiroheterocyclic compounds. Chem Rev 104:2751–2776
Fedorova OA, Ushakov EN, Fedorov YV, Strokach YP, Gromov SP (2005) Macrocyclic systems with photoswitchable functions. In: Gloe K (ed) Macrocyclic chemistry: current trends and future perspectives. Springer, Dordrecht, Berlin, pp 235–252
Fedorova OA, Maurel F, Chebun’kova AV, Strokach YP, Valova TM, Kuzmina LG, Howard JAK, Wenzel M, Gloe K, Lokshin V, Samat A (2007) Investigation of cation complexation behavior of azacrown ether substituted benzochromene. J Phys Org Chem 20:469–483
Stauffer MT, Knowles DB, Brennan C, Funderburk L, Lin FT, Weber SG (1997) Optical control over Pb2+ binding to a crown ether-containing chromene. Chem Commun 3:287–288
Ahmed SA, Tanaka M, Ando H, Iwamoto H, Kimura K (2003) Synthesis and photochromism of novel chromene derivatives bearing a monoazacrown ether moiety. Eur J Org Chem 2003:2437–2442
Fedorova OA, Maurel F, Ushakov EN, Nazarov VB, Gromov SP, Chebunkova AV, Feofanov AV, Alaverdian IS, Alfimov MV, Barigelletti F (2003) Synthesis, photochromic behaviour and light-controlled complexation of 3,3-diphenyl-3H-benzo[f]chromenes containing a dimethylamino group or an aza-15-crown-5 ether unit. New J Chem 27:1720–1730
Flink S, Boukamp BA, Van den Berg A, van Veggel FCJM, Reinhoudt DN (1998) Electrochemical detection of electrochemically inactive cations by self-assembled monolayers of crown ethers. J Am Chem Soc 120:4652–4657
Flink S, van Veggel FCJM, Reinhoudt DN (1999) Recognition of cations by self-assembled monolayers of crown ethers. J Phys Chem B 103:6515–6520
Paramonov S, Delbaere S, Fedorova OA, Fedorov YV, Lokshin V, Samat A, Vermeersch G (2010) Structural and photochemical aspect of metal-ion-binding to a photochromic chromene annulated by crown ether moiety. J Photochem Photobiol A 209:111–120
Jeener J, Meier BH, Bachmann P, Ernst R (1979) Unified derivation of the dipolar field and relaxation terms in the bloch-redfield equations of liquid NMR. J Chem Phys 71:4546–4553
Paramonov S, Lokshin V, Smolentsev AB, Glebov EM, Korolev VV, Basok SS, Lysenko KA, Delbaere S, Fedorova OA (2012) Synthesis, metal ion binding and photochromic properties of benzo- and naphthopyrans annelated by crown ether moieties. Tetrahedron 68:7873–7883
Tulyakova EV, Fedorova OA, Paramonov S, Lokshin V, Vermeersch G, Delbaere S (2011) Photochromism and metal-complexation of a macrocyclic styryl naphthopyran. ChemPhysChem 12:1294–1301
Pons M, Millet O (2001) Dynamic NMR studies of supramolecular complexes. Prog Nucl Mag Reson Spectrosc 38:267–324
Pastor A, Martínez-Viviente E (2008) NMR spectroscopy in coordination supramolecular chemistry: a unique and powerful methodology. Coord Chem Rev 252:2314–2345
Pregosin PS, Kumar PGA, Fernández I (2005) Pulsed gradient spin-echo (PGSE) diffusion and 1H,19F heteronuclear overhauser spectroscopy (HOESY) NMR methods in inorganic and organometallic chemistry: something old and something new. Chem Rev 105:2977–2998
Loening NM, Keeler J, Morris GA (2001) One-dimensional DOSY. J Magn Reson 153:103–112
Johnson CS Jr (1999) Diffusion ordered nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy: principles and applications. Prog Nucl Mag Reson Spectrosc 34:203–256
Hansen S (2004) Translational friction coefficients for cylinders of arbitrary axial ratios estimated by Monte Carlo simulation. J Chem Phys 121:9111–9115
Allouche L, Marquis A, Lehn JM (2006) Discrimination of metallosupramolecular architectures in solution by using diffusion ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) experiments: double-stranded helicates of different lengths. Chem Eur J 12:7520–7525
Tulyakova EV, Vermeersch G, Gulakova EN, Fedorova OA, Fedorov YV, Micheau JC, Delbaere S (2010) Metal ions drive thermodynamics and photochemistry of the bis(styryl) macrocyclic tweezer. Chem Eur J 16:5661–5671
Tulyakova E, Delbaere S, Fedorov Y, Jonusauskas G, Moiseeva A, Fedorova OA (2011) Multimodal metal cation sensing with bis(macrocyclic) dye. Chem Eur J 17:10572–10762
Delbaere S, Tulyakova EV, Marmois E, Jonusauskas G, Gulakova EN, Fedorov Y, Fedorova OA (2013) Metal-ion induced FRET in macrocyclic dynamic tweezers. Tetrahedron 69:8178–8185
Hayashi T, Maeda K (1960) Preparation of a new photptropic substance. Bull Chem Soc Jpn 33:565–566
Hayashi T, Maeda K (1962) Mechanism of chemiluminescence of 2,4,5-triphenylimidazole. Bull Chem Soc Jpn 35:2057–2058
Hayashi T, Maeda K (1963) A new phenomenon of storage light energy by solution of photochromatic 1,1′-Bi(2,4,5-triphenylimidazyl) at low temperatures. Bull Chem Soc Jpn 36:1052–1053
Hayashi T, Maeda K, Morinaga M (1964) The mechanism of the photochromism and thermochromism of 2, 2′, 4, 4′, 5, 5′-Hexaphenyl-1,1′-biimidazolyl. Bull Chem Soc Jpn 37:1563–1564
Zimmermann H, Baumgartei H, Bakke F (1961) 1.1′-Bis-pyrryle, 1.l′-Bis-imidazyle und ihre dissoziation in radikale. Angew Chem 78:808
Hayashi T, Maeda K (1970) The mechanism of photochromism, thermochromism and piezochromism of dimers of triarylimidazolyl. Bull Chem Soc Jpn 43:429–438
White DM, Sonnenberg J (1966) Oxidation of triarylimidazoles. Structures of the photochromic and piezochromic dimers of triarylimidazyl radicals. J Am Chem Soc 88:3825–3829
Tanino H, Kondo T, Okada K, Goto T (1972) Structures of three isomeric dimers of 2,4,5-triphenylimidazolyl. Bull Chem Soc Jpn 45:1474–1480
Dessauer R (ed) (2006) Photochemistry. History and commercial applications of hexaarylbiimidazoles, Elsevier, Amsterdam
Kawano M, Sano T, Abe J, Ohashi Y (1999) The first in situ direct observation of the light-induced radical pair from a hexaarylbiimidazolyl derivative by X-ray crystallography. J Am Chem Soc 121:8106–8107
Abe J, Sano T, Kawano M, Ohashi Y, Matsushita MM, Iyoda T (2001) EPR and density functional studies of light-induced radical pairs in a single crystal of a hexaarylbiimidazolyl derivative. Angew Chem Int Ed 40:580–582
Fujita K, Hatano S, Kato D, Abe J (2008) Photochromism of a radical diffusion-inhibited hexaarylbiimidazole derivative with intense coloration and fast decoloration performance. Org Lett 10:3105–3108
Hatano S, Abe J (2008) Activation parameters for the recombination reaction of intramolecular radical pairs generated from the radical diffusion-inhibited HABI derivative. J Phys Chem A 112:6098–6103
Miyamoto Y, Kikuchi A, Iwahori F, Abe J (2005) Synthesis and photochemical properties of a photochromic Iron(II) complex of hexaarylbiimidazole. J Phys Chem A 109:10183–10188
Kikuchi A, Iwahori F, Abe J (2004) Definitive evidence for the contribution of biradical character in a closed-shell molecule, derivative of 1,4-Bis-(4,5-diphenylimidazol-2-ylidene)cyclohexa-2,5-diene. J Am Chem Soc 126:6526–6527
Delbaere S, Orio M, Berthet J, Sliwa M, Hatano S, Abe J (2013) Insights into the recombination of radical pairs in hexaarylbiimidazoles. Chem Commun 49:5841–5843
Acknowledgements
I am greatly indebted to my co-authors, i.e., the colleagues and students who have been engaged in the research work described here, performed within the framework of GDRI CNRS 93 “Phenics” (Photoswitchable Organic Molecular Systems & Devices).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer Japan KK
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Delbaere, S. (2017). NMR Spectroscopy to Investigate Switching Reactions. In: Yokoyama, Y., Nakatani, K. (eds) Photon-Working Switches. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56544-4_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56544-4_15
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Tokyo
Print ISBN: 978-4-431-56542-0
Online ISBN: 978-4-431-56544-4
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)