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Unusually rapid intensification of Typhoon Man-yi in 2013 under preexisting warm-water conditions near the Kuroshio front south of Japan

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Abstract

In 2013, sea-level pressure within Typhoon Man-yi dropped by more than 15 hPa in 6 h. The storm underwent extremely rapid intensification just north of 30°N near the coast of Japan. This study evaluated the importance of preexisting oceanic conditions around the Kuroshio Current for the rapid intensification, by performing a set of sensitivity experiments using an atmosphere-wave-ocean–coupled model. The results of both the sensitivity experiments and various observations suggest that warm water conditions in the ocean played a decisive role in the intensification and steepening of the sea-level pressure gradient within the storm area, whereas storm-induced sea surface cooling was important in suppressing excessive intensification during the early intensification phase of Man-yi. The rapid intensification was caused by excitement of a mesovortex inside the radius of the maximum surface wind. This unusual excitement was related to barotropic-convective instability induced by relatively high sea surface temperature and steep horizontal gradients in both sea-level pressure and tangential wind on the downshear side of the environmental vertical windshear vector. The local Rossby penetration depth around the mesovortex increased because of reduced static stability, increased relative vorticity, and an increase of the Coriolis parameter on the downshear side of the environmental vertical windshear vector where warm water in the ocean was transported along the Kuroshio Current. Preexisting high sea surface temperature conditions and storm-induced sea surface cooling also affected the extraordinarily heavy rainfall, particularly in the northern Kinki districts, which was simulated reasonably well in the numerical experiments.

This chapter is re-publication of the article (DOI:10.1007/s10872-015-0273-9) from the journal “Journal of Oceanography”

Received: 7 July 2014 / Revised: 14 January 2015 / Accepted: 20 January 2015 / Published online: 5 February 2015

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Tropical cyclones that develop in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean between 180°E and 100°E are generally referred to as typhoons. Typhoons are usually defined by maximum 10-min sustained surface winds higher than approximately 33 ms–1; tropical cyclones with maximum sustained winds of approximately 17–33 ms–1 are generally referred to as tropical storms. However, in the following discussion, we refer to tropical cyclones with maximum wind speeds exceeding approximately 17 ms−1 (called taifu in Japanese) as typhoons.

  2. 2.

    The Kinki districts include the prefectures of Mie, Nara, Wakayama, Kyoto, Osaka, Hyōgo, and Shiga (Fig. 1). This study includes the prefecture of Fukui in the northern Kinki districts as well as those of Kyoto and Shiga.

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Acknowledgements

The author is grateful to Mr. S. Ishizaki for providing operational oceanic data. The author wishes to thank Mr. R. Oyama, Dr. S. Kanada, Mr. U. Shimada and Dr. N. Usui for fruitful discussions and two reviewers for providing useful comments to improve the manuscript. This work was funded by KAKENHI Grant Number 25106708 from MEXT.

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  1. Meteorological Research Institute, Japan Meteorological Agency, Tsukuba, 305-0052, Japan

    Akiyoshi Wada

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Correspondence to Akiyoshi Wada .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. RCAST, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

    Hisashi Nakamura

  2. Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Kyushu University, Kasuga, Japan

    Atsuhiko Isobe

  3. Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan

    Shoshiro Minobe

  4. Inst. of Low Temp. Sci., Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan

    Humio Mitsudera

  5. JAMSTEC, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan

    Masami Nonaka

  6. Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan

    Toshio Suga

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Wada, A. (2016). Unusually rapid intensification of Typhoon Man-yi in 2013 under preexisting warm-water conditions near the Kuroshio front south of Japan. In: Nakamura, H., Isobe, A., Minobe, S., Mitsudera, H., Nonaka, M., Suga, T. (eds) “Hot Spots” in the Climate System. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56053-1_8

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