Abstract
Diagnosis of frozen shoulder is based upon the recognition of the characteristic features of the pain and limitation of both active and passive elevation, external rotation, and internal rotation. The macroscopic and histological features of the capsular contracture are well defined; however, the underlying pathological processes remain poorly understood. Furthermore, clearly defined diagnostic criteria are lacking. Contracture may cause protracted disability. Most patients are still managed by medication of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and physiotherapy in primary care, and only the more refractory cases are referred for specialist intervention. Targeted therapy is not possible, and treatment remains predominantly symptomatic. However, during the past 10 years, more active interventions that may shorten the clinical course, such as manipulation under anesthesia and arthroscopic capsular release, have become more popular.
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Ide, J. (2016). Frozen Shoulder. In: Tamai, K., Itoi, E., Takagishi, K. (eds) Advances in Shoulder Surgery. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55988-7_13
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55988-7_13
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