Abstract
This chapter integrates the findings of reviews of the marine biodiversity of Malaysian waters, providing a perspective on what is known and the major scientific gaps. Although Malaysia’s seas are located at the world’s most diverse region, the number of studies on marine biodiversity is considered relatively limited as the result of lack of funding and experts for taxonomic work. Deep-sea habitats also have not been explored, and species-rich taxonomic groups, especially of smaller organisms, remain poorly studied. In this chapter, we discuss how collaboration with international institutions is necessary to fill the knowledge gaps and improve the productivity and discovery of marine biodiversity in Malaysian waters.
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The present study was partly supported by Environment Research and Technology Development Fund #S-9 of Ministry of Environment Japan.
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Appendix: Past Studies on the Marine Biodiversity of Malaysia’s Seas
Appendix: Past Studies on the Marine Biodiversity of Malaysia’s Seas
Year | Taxon | No. of species | Location | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Corals | ||||
1857 | Corals | 3 | Strait of Malacca | Milne and Haime (1857) |
1880 | Corals | 49 | Southern of Strait of Malacca | Studer (1880) |
1878 | Three new species were reported | 55 | Southern of Strait of Malacca | Bruggemann (1878) |
1970 | 18 Scleractinian and three other hard corals | 21 | Pulau Aur, Johor | Dunn (1970) |
1973 | Corals | Unknown | Pulau Gaya and Sapi | Lulofs (1973) |
1974 | Gorgonian, Acropora, Pocillopora, Porites, Acropora, Pavona sp., Pocillopora, Faviidae, Montipora, Tubastrea, Dendrophyllia, Porites tenuis, Platygyra lamellina, Porites sp., Acropora, Pocillopora, Porites | 38 | Pulau Perak, Pulau Jarak, Pulau Sembilan, Pulau Lalang, Pulau Saga, Pulau Rumbia, Straits of Malacca | Pillai and Scheer (1974) |
1976–1978 | -Pocillopora, Acropora, Pavona, Porites, Faviidae, Echinopora, Pachyseris, Goniopora, Montipora, Galaxea, Millepora, Heliopora, Echinopora, Physogra, Seriatopora, Merulina, hydroid, Dendronephyta, Sarcophyton | Unknown | Pulau Tiga, Pulau Dinawan, Pulau Sulug, Pulau Manukan, Pulau Mamutik, Sabah | Wood (1979) |
-Acropora, Montipora, Porites, Faviidae, Millepora, Goniopora, Hydnophora, Pocillopora, Echinopora, Euphyllia, Astreopora, Galaxea | K. Kinabalu: Pulau Gaya, Pulau Mengalum, Edgell Patches, Sapangar Bay Island and Pulau Sapi | |||
-Faviidae, Montipora, Pocillopora, Acropora, Heliopora, Turbinaria, Podabacia, Mycedium, Lytocarpus | Pulau Malawali, Pulau Balak-Balak, Pulau Bandanan, Turtle Island, Pulau Gulisaan, Pulau Silingaan, Pulau Bakkungaan | |||
Acropora, Galaxea, Montipora, Turbinaria, Hydroids, Sarcophyton, Porites, Lytocarpus, Diploastrea, Mycedium, Pomacentrus, Pavona, Tubastrea micrantha, Goniastrea, Goniopora, Pachyseris, Pectinia, Parahalomitra, Alveopora, Millepora | Bodgaya Island, Ligitan Island, Pulau Mabul, Pulau Sipadan | |||
1978 | Thamnasteriidae, Pocilloporidae, Acroporidae, Agariciidae, Fungiidae, Astrocoeniidae, Poritidae, Faviidae, Merulinidae, Oculinidae, Mussidae, Pectiniidae, Caryophyliidae, Dendrophylliidae, Helioporidae, Milleporidae, Stylasteridae | 170 | Pulau Tioman (111), Pulau Tulai (65), Pulau Tinggi,/Pulau Mentinggi (91), Pulau Sembilang/Pulau Seri Buat(55), Pulau Babi Besar(14), Pulau Babi Hujung(53), Pulau Babi Tengah(15), Pulau Rawa(61), Pulau Gual, Pulau Harimau(42), Pulau Mensirip(27) | De Silva et al. (1980) |
1979 | 52 genera of hard coral | Unknown | Pulau Redang and associated islands | Green et al. (1979) |
1981 | Scleractinian hermatypes, milliporinid, alcyonaceans, Fungia | 42 | Cape Rachado, Malaya (Tanjung Tuan,Melaka) | Hong and Sasekumar (1979) |
1982 | Acropora, Montipora, Porites, Platygyra, Goniopora, Diploastrea, Plerogyra,Galaxea, Pocillopora, Pavona, Hydnophora, Favia, Fungia, Herpolitha (35 genera) | Unknown | Pulau Payar Island group | De Silva and Ridzwan Abdul (1982) |
Aikanathan and Wong (1994) | ||||
1996 | Gorgonians: Anthothelidae, Subergorgiidae, Melithaeidae, Acanthogorgiidae, Plexauridae, Ellisellidae | 31 | Singapore | Goh and Chou (1996) |
2000 | -Montipora millepora, Acropora elseyi, and A. valenciennesi, Psammocora haimeana, Pavona frondifera, Echinophyllia orpheensis, Platygyra ‘sp. 1’, Catalaphyllia jardini, Turbinaria frondens, Leptoseris incrustans, Favites pentagona | 149 | Pulau Redang | Harborne et al. (2000) |
Pocillopora eydouxi and P. meandrina, Stylophora pistillata, Montipora confusa and ‘sp. 2’, Astreopora gracilis, Psammocora nierstraszi, Coscinaraea hahazimaensis, Pavona clavus, Leptoseris papyracaea, Diaseris distorta, Heliofungia actiniformis, Oxypora crassispinosa, Pectinia alcicornis, Favia maxima, ‘sp. 1’, F. veroni and ‘sp. 2’, Goniastrea retiformis, Montastrea ‘sp. 1’, Trachyphyllia geoffroyi, Euphyllia yaeyamaensis, Rhizopsammia verrilli, Millepora tenera and possibly Goniopora planulata, Leptoseris scabra, Acropora austere | 183 | Pulau Tioman | ||
Montipora, Acropora, Psammocora, Acanthastrea, Lobophyllia, Favites | 155 | Pulau Tinggi | ||
2001 | Acropora, Montipora, Fungia, Porites, Pavona, Leptoseris, Turbinaria, Astreopora, Lobophyllia | 252 | Pulau Banggi—9 reef sites | Fenner (2001) |
2004 | Acropora, soft coral | 38 | South China Sea | Zulfigar and Tan (2010) |
2006 | Hard coral (32 spp.), soft coral (5 spp.) | 37 | Bintulu, Sarawak | Idris et al. (2006) |
Heliophora | Unknown | Pulau Weh, Pulau Banyak, Pulau Rondo | IUCN (2006) | |
2007 | Coral (18 genera) | Unknown | Pulau Tioman, Pulau Payar, Pulau Perhentian, Pulau Pangkor, Pulau Sibu | Toda et al. (2007) |
2008 | Astrocoeniidae, Pocilloporidae, Acroporidae, Poritidae, Siderastridae, Agariciidae, Fungiidae, Oculinidae, Pectinidae, Mussidae, Merulinidae, Faviidae, Trachyphyllidae, Caryophylliidae, Dendrophyllidae, Tubiporidae, Helioporidae, Milleporidae | 156 | Pulau Galang–Batam(RRI) | Mannuputi (2008) |
Acroporidae, Agariciidae, Dendrophyllidae, Pocilloporidae, Euphyllidae, Oculinidae, Faviidae, Mussidae, Fungiidae, Merulinidae, Pectiniidae, Poritidae, Siderastreidae | 75 | Pulau Bintan | Siringoringo (2008) | |
Acroporidae, Agariciidae, Pocilloporidae, Euphyllidae, Oculinidae, Faviidae, Mussidae, Fungiidae, Merulinidae, Pectinidae, Poritidae, Siderastreidae, Trachyphyllidae, Dendrophylliidae, Tubiporidae, Helioporid | 154 | Pulau Belitung | Siringoringo and Budiyanto (2008) | |
2009 | Acroporidae, Agariciidae, Astrocoeniidae, Dendrophylliidae, Euphyllidae, Faviidae, Fungiidae, Merulinidae, Mussidae, Oculinidae, Pectiniidae, Pocilloporidae, Poritidae, Siderastreidae, Trachyphylliidae | 161 | Singapore | Huang et al (2009) |
2009 | Corals | 1 | Padang | Hoeksema (2009) |
2010 | Alcyoniidae, Helioporidae, Paraclcyoniidae, Xeniidae, Briareidae | 25 | Singapore | Benayahu and Chou (2010) |
Echinoderms | ||||
1971 | Echinoidea | 9 | Gulf of Thailand | Clark and Rowe (1971) |
5 | Straits of Malacca | |||
Asteroidea | 55 | Philippine Islands and adjacent Seas | ||
10 | Celebes and Molucca Sea | |||
7 | Straits of Malacca | |||
1987 | Crinoidea (13 spp.) | 84 | Bodgaya Islands and Sipadan Group Islands | George and George (1987) |
Asteroidea (19 spp.) | ||||
Ophiuroidea (20 spp.) | ||||
Echinoidea (10 spp.) | ||||
Holothuroidea (22 spp.) | ||||
1983 | Starfishes | 1 | Pulau Tioman | Chou (1983) |
1991 | Stichopodidae, Holothuroidea, Echinodermata | Unknown | Indo-Malayan Archipelago | Massin and Lane (1991) |
1999 | Holothuroidea | 25 | Johore Group Islands (South China Sea) | Zulfigar and Tan (1999) |
2000 | Echinoderms | 982 | South China Sea | Ng and Tan (2000) |
Holothuroidea | 18 | Johore Group Islands (South China Sea) | Zulfigar et al. (2000) | |
Crinoidea (113 spp.) | 982 | South China Sea | Lane et al. (2000) | |
Asteroidea (227 spp.) | ||||
Ophiuroidea (272 spp.) | ||||
Echinoidea (167 spp.) | ||||
Holothuroidea (203 spp.) | ||||
Holothuroidea | 11 | Pulau Payar (Straits of Malacca) | Zaidnuddin and Forbes (2000) | |
2002 | Asteroidea | 28 | Anambas (South China Sea) | Purwati and Lane (2004) |
2004 | Crinoidea (35 spp.) | 288 | Andaman Sea | Putchakarn and Soncheng (2004) |
Asteroidea (52 spp.) | ||||
Ophiuroidea (87 spp.) | ||||
Echinoidea (50 spp.) | ||||
Holothuroidea (64 spp.) | ||||
Crinoidea (6 spp.) | 190 | Gulf of Thailand | ||
Asteroidea (32 spp.) | ||||
Ophiuroidea (55 spp.) | ||||
Echinoidea (42 spp.) | ||||
Holothuroidea (55 spp.) | ||||
2008 | Echinoderm | 25 | Johore Group Islands (South China Sea) | Fujita et al. (2008) |
2009 | Asteroidea | 20 | Central South China Sea | Sim et al. (2009) |
Holothuroidea | 21 | Central South China Sea | Sim et al. (2009) | |
Macroalgae | ||||
1978 | Macroalgae | 57 | Pulau Redang | Green (1978) |
1981 | macroalgae | 4 | Cape Rachado, Malacca | Goh and Sasekumar (1981) |
1991 | Macroalgae | 212 | Malaysia | |
1994 | Chlorophytes (19) | 53 | P. Tioman | Ahmad and Rusea (1994) |
Rhodophytes (21) | ||||
Phaeophytes (13) | ||||
Macroalgae | 10 | Port Klang, Selangor, Straits of Malacca | Aikanathan and Sasekumar (1994) | |
1999 | Rhodophyceae | 6 | Penang | Masuda et al. (1999) |
2000 | Rhodophyceae | 7 | Langkawi | Masuda et al. (2000b) |
Rhodophyceae | 6 | Sandakan, Sabah | Terada et al. (2000) | |
Rhodophyceae | 5 | Sandakan, Sabah | Masuda et al. (2000a) | |
2001 | Rhodophyceae | 5 | Terengganu, Johore | Masuda et al. (2001b) |
Rhodophyceae | 5 | Terengganu | Masuda et al. (2001a) | |
2002 | Rhodophyceae | 5 | Langkawi, Sandakan, Kota Kinabalu, Johore | Kawaguchi et al. (2002) |
Rhodophyceae | 3 | Sabah, Sarawak | Masuda et al. (2002) | |
2003 | Rhodophyceae | 4 | Penang | Tani et al. (2003) |
Rhodophyceae | 4 | Penang, Melaka,Pulau Labuan, Sipadan | Yamagishi et al. (2003) | |
2004 | Red algae (23 spp.) | 77 | Anambas and Natuna | Liao et al. (2004) |
Green algae (29 spp.) | ||||
Brown algae (22 spp.) | ||||
Seagrass (3 spp.) | ||||
2005 | Chlorophytes (78 spp.) | 209 | Malaysia | Mazlan et al. (2005) |
Rhodophytes (69 spp.) | ||||
Phaeophytes (49 spp.) | ||||
Cynophytes (13 spp.) | ||||
Chlorophytes (102 spp.) | 319 | Langkawi | Phang et al. (2005) | |
Rhodophytes (186 spp.) | ||||
Phaeophytes (14 spp.) | ||||
Cynophytes (17 spp.) | ||||
2006 | Chlorophytes (10 spp.) | 35 | Golden Beach, Bintulu, Sarawak | Muta et al. (2006) |
Rhodophytes (19 spp.) | ||||
Phaeophytes (6 spp.) | ||||
Chlorophytes (12 spp.) | 35 | Malaysia | Muta et al. (2007) | |
Rhodophytes (15 spp.) | ||||
Phaeophytes (8 spp.) | ||||
2007 | Chlorophytes (92 spp.) | 260 | Malaysia | Phang (2006) |
Rhodophytes (94 spp.) | ||||
Phaeophytes (57 spp.) | ||||
Cynophytes (17 spp.) | ||||
2008 | Macroalgae (805 spp.) | 867, but only 805 can use for GIS | Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak | Du et al. (2008) |
Harmful algae (HA) | ||||
1977 | Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressum | 1 | Brunei Bay, West Coast Sabah | Roy (1977) |
1983 | Gymnodium sp., Rhizosolenia alta forma gracilima (2 spp.) | 5 | South China Sea | Yu et al. (2007) |
1984 | Rhizosolenia alta forma gracilima (1 spp.) | |||
1985 | Rhizosolenia alta forma gracilima (1 spp.) | |||
1987 | Trichodesmium hildebrandtii (1 spp.) | |||
1989 | Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressum | 1 | Brunei Bay, Kimanis Bay, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah | Usup and Asmat Ahmad (1989) |
1991 | Rhizosolenia alta forma gracilima, Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries, Pseudo-nitzschia pungens, Leptocylindras danicus, Skeletonema costatum, Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima (6) | 18 | South China Sea | Yu et al. (2007) |
1992 | Noctiluca scintillans (1 spp.) | |||
1996 | Mesodinium rubrum (1 spp.) | |||
1998 | Mesodinium rubrum (1 spp.) | |||
1999 | Peridinium quinquecorne, Pseudo-nitzschia sp. (2 spp.) | |||
2000 | Rhizosolenia alta forma gracilima, Peridinium quinquecorne, Pseudo-nitzschia sp., Rhizosolenia fragillissima, Scrippsiella trochoidea, Leptocylindrus danicus, Pseudo-nitzschia pungens (7 spp.) | |||
Harmful algae | Unknown | Kimanis Bay, Sabah | Anton et al. (2000) | |
2001 | Fibrocapsa sp., Chattonella marina, Leptocylinras danicus, Rhizosolenia fragillissima, Pseudo-nitzschia sp. | 5 | South China Sea | Yu et al. (2007) |
Harmful algae | 133 | South China Sea | Yan et al. (2001) | |
2002 | Harmful algae | Unknown | Selat Tebrau, Johor | Usup et al. (2004) |
Harmful algae | Unknown | Malaysia | Usup et al. (2002b) | |
Alexandrium minutum and Alexandrium Tamiyavanichii | 2 | Sebatu Melaka, Tumpat-SM | Usup et al. (2002a) | |
Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressum, Gymnodinium catenatum | 2 | Singapore | Holmes and Teo (2002) | |
2003 | Scrippsiella trochoidea, Chattonella marina | 2 | South China Sea | Yu et al. (2007) |
Alexandrium halim | 1 | Malaysia | Po-Teen et al. (2003) | |
2004 | Phaeocystis cf. globosa | 1 | South China Sea | Tang et al. (2004) |
Trichodesmium erythraeum | 1 | South China Sea | Yu et al. (2007) | |
Cochlodinium polykrikoides | 1 | South China Sea | Azanza (2005) | |
2005 | Cochlodinium polykrikoides | 1 | Sulu Sea | |
Alexandrium taylori and Alexandrium peruvianum | 2 | Sarawak River and Kuching Bay | Lim et al. (2004) | |
2007 | Cochlodinium polykrikoides | 1 | Sepanggar Bay, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah | Anton et al. (2007) |
2008 | Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressum | 1 | North West Sabah | Wang et al. (2008) |
Seagrass | ||||
1904 | Halophila beccarii, H. decipiens | Unknown | Sarawak | Beccari (1904) |
1924 | Enhauls acoroides | Unknown | Peninsular Malaysia | Ridley (1924) |
2006 | Hydrocharitaceae | 7 | West and East Malaysia | Japar et al. (2006) |
Cymodoceaceae | 6 | |||
Ruppiaceae | 1 | |||
Molluscs | ||||
1960 | Gastropods | 23 | Kalimantan | Abbott (1960) |
1981 | Gastropods | 330 | West Malaysia and Singapore | Purchon and Purchon (1981) |
Bivalves | 186 | |||
1984 | Gastropods | 217 | East coast Peninsular Malaysia | Angot (1984) |
Bivalves | 91 | |||
1986 | Mollusc | Unknown | Indo-Pacific | Reid (1986) |
1990 | Gastropods: Muricidae | 1 | Singapore and Malaysia | Tan and Sigurdsson (1990) |
1991 | Gastropod(Nudibranch) | 1 | Singapore | Sigurdssan(1991) |
1993 | Mollusca | Unknown | Sabah | Shabdin et al. (1993) |
1996 | Bivawes | 75 | Singapore | Sachidhanandam and Chou (1996) |
1997 | Mollusca | Unknown | Sarawak and Sabah | Hill et al. (1997) |
1998 | Gastropods | 125 | Darvel Bay, Sabah | Shabdin et al. (1998) |
Bivalves | 43 | |||
2000 | Gastropods (Suicide) | 130 | South China Sea | Tan (2000) |
Gastropods | 64 | Zulfigar and Tan (2010) | ||
Bivalves | 12 | |||
Gastropods (Nudibranchs) | 24 | |||
2000 | Gastropods: Muricidae (130 spp.) | 323 | South China Sea | Ng and Tan (2000) |
Nudibranchs (193 spp.) | ||||
2002 | Gastropods (56 spp.) | 83 | South China Sea | Mudjiono (2009) |
Bivalves (27 spp.) | ||||
Gastropods | 31 | West coast Malaysia Borneo | Raven (2002) | |
2 | Celebes Sea | |||
2005 | Gastropods | 300 | Malaysia | Mazlan et al. (2005) |
Bivalves | 100 | |||
Scaphopods | 20 | |||
Cephalopods | 10 | |||
2008 | Bivalves | 18 | West Sumatra | Jabang et al. (2008) |
5 | North Sumatera (Straits of Malacca) | |||
2009 | Bivalves | 10 | Langkawi | Lam and Morton (2009) |
2010 | Gastropods (155 spp.) | 258 | Pulau Semakau (Singapore Straits) | Tan and Yeo (2010) |
Bivalves (97 spp.) | ||||
Polyplachopora (1 sp.) | ||||
Cephalopoda (5 spp.) | ||||
Fishes | ||||
1928 | Fishes | Unknown | Straits of Malacea | Smedley (1928) |
1932 | Mola lanceolata | 1 | Noembing Island, near Bintan Island | Smedley (1932) |
1974 | Elasmobranchii | 1500 | Malaysia | Anon (1975–1992) |
Abu Khair and Mohd Azmi (1996) | ||||
1982 | Marine fishes | Unknown | South China Sea and Andaman Sea | Tan et al. (1982) |
1998 | Phallostethid | 1 | Sulu Sulawesi, South China Sea, Pacific Ocean. | Parenti and Louie (1998) |
2000 | Marine fishes | 3365 | South China Sea | Randall and Lim (2000) |
Myxini (7 spp.) | 3365 | South China Sea | Randall and Lim (2000) | |
Elasmobranchii (237 spp.) | ||||
Holocephali (4 spp.) | ||||
Actinopterygii (Osteichthyes) (3117 spp.) | ||||
2004 | Marine fisheries | 430 | Anambas and Natuna island | Adrim et al. (2004) |
Molecular study | ||||
2001 | Gastropods | 1 | Kuantan, Malaysia | Tan and Liu (2001) |
2002 | Seagrass | 1 | P. Perhentian | Waycott et al. (2002) |
2004 | Marine snake | 3 | Sabah, Sarawak, P. Tioman | Alfaro et al. (2004) |
2005 | Seahorse | 1 | Johor | Teske et al. (2005) |
2006 | Gastropods | 5 | Bako (Sarawak), Redang Island (Terengganu), Santubong (Sarawak), Bak Bak (Kudat, Sabah), Pulau Manukan (Sabah) | Reid et al. (2006) |
2006 | Corals | 1 | Singapore | Kevin Lam et al. (2006) |
2007 | Bivalves | 3 | Penang | Taylor et al. (2007) |
2008 | Gastropods | 13 | Malaysia | Frey and Vermeij (2008) |
2010 | Sea cucumber | 17 | P. Tioman, Terengganu, Port Dickson | Kamarudin et al. (2010) |
Gastropods (Nudibranchs) | 5 | P. Tioman, P. Renggis, P. Chimbe, P. Labus | Pola and Gosliner (2010) | |
Fishes | 18 | Straits of Malacca | Jamaluddin et al. (2010) | |
Reef fishes | 10 | Sulu Sea | Manjaji-Matsumoto and Rodrigues (2010) | |
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Yasin, Z., TAN, SH.A., Shirayama, Y. (2014). Research on the Biodiversity of the Seas Surrounding Malaysia. In: Nakano, Si., Yahara, T., Nakashizuka, T. (eds) Integrative Observations and Assessments. Ecological Research Monographs(). Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54783-9_9
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