Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Toward the Measurements of Spin-Orbit Relations for Small Planets

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Measurements of Spin-Orbit Angles for Transiting Systems

Part of the book series: Springer Theses ((Springer Theses))

  • 378 Accesses

Abstract

In this chapter, we present an investigation of spin-orbit angles for planetary system candidates reported by the Kepler space telescope. By combining the rotational period \(P_s\) inferred from the flux variation due to starspots and the projected rotational velocity \(V\sin I_s\) and stellar radius obtained by a high resolution spectroscopy, we attempt to estimate the inclination \(I_s\) of the stellar spin axis with respect to the line-of-sight. For transiting planetary systems, in which planetary orbits are edge-on seen from us, the stellar inclination \(I_s\) can be a useful indicator of a spin-orbit alignment/misalignment. We conducted spectroscopic observations with Subaru/HDS for about 15 KOI systems, whose lightcurves show periodic flux variations. After detailed analyses of their lightcurves and spectra, it turned out that some of them are binaries, or the flux variations are too coherent to be caused by starspots, and consequently we could constrain stellar inclinations \(I_s\) for eight systems. Among them, KOI-262 and 280 are in good agreement with \(I_s=90^\circ \) suggesting a spin-orbit alignment, while at least one system, KOI-261, shows a possible spin-orbit misalignment. The results for KOI-257, 269, 367, and 974 are ambiguous, and can be explained with either misalignments or moderate differential rotation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    The other parameters such as the original Gaussian width and macroturbulence dispersion are fixed in the simulation.

References

  1. Albrecht, S.: The long history of the Rossiter-McLaughlin effect and its recent applications. In: IAU Symposium, vol. 282, pp. 379–384 (2012). doi:10.1017/S1743921311027864

  2. Barnes, J.W.: Transit lightcurves of extrasolar planets orbiting rapidly rotating stars. Astrophys. J. 705, 683–692 (2009). doi:10.1088/0004-637X/705/1/683

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  3. Basri, G., Walkowicz, L.M., Batalha, N., Gilliland, R.L., Jenkins, J., Borucki, W.J., Koch, D., Caldwell, D., Dupree, A.K., Latham, D.W., Marcy, G.W., Meibom, S., Brown, T.: Photometric variability in Kepler target stars. II. An overview of amplitude, periodicity, and rotation in first quarter data. Astron. J. 141, 20 (2011). doi:10.1088/0004-6256/141/1/20

  4. Batalha, N.M., Rowe, J.F., Bryson, S.T., Barclay, T., Burke, C.J., Caldwell, D.A., Christiansen, J.L., Mullally, F., Thompson, S.E., Brown, T.M., Dupree, A.K., Fabrycky, D.C., Ford, E.B., Fortney, J.J., Gilliland, R.L., Isaacson, H., Latham, D.W., Marcy, G.W., Quinn, S.N., Ragozzine, D., Shporer, A., Borucki, W.J., Ciardi, D.R., Gautier III, T.N., Haas, M.R., Jenkins, J.M., Koch, D.G., Lissauer, J.J., Rapin, W., Basri, G.S., Boss, A.P., Buchhave, L.A., Carter, J.A., Charbonneau, D., Christensen-Dalsgaard, J., Clarke, B.D., Cochran, W.D., Demory, B.O., Desert, J.M., Devore, E., Doyle, L.R., Esquerdo, G.A., Everett, M., Fressin, F., Geary, J.C., Girouard, F.R., Gould, A., Hall, J.R., Holman, M.J., Howard, A.W., Howell, S.B., Ibrahim, K.A., Kinemuchi, K., Kjeldsen, H., Klaus, T.C., Li, J., Lucas, P.W., Meibom, S., Morris, R.L., Prša, A., Quintana, E., Sanderfer, D.T., Sasselov, D., Seader, S.E., Smith, J.C., Steffen, J.H., Still, M., Stumpe, M.C., Tarter, J.C., Tenenbaum, P., Torres, G., Twicken, J.D., Uddin, K., Van Cleve, J., Walkowicz, L., Welsh, W.F.: Planetary candidates observed by Kepler. III. Analysis of the first 16 months of data. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 204, 24 (2013). doi:10.1088/0067-0049/204/2/24

  5. Borucki, W.J., Koch, D., Basri, G., Batalha, N., Brown, T., Caldwell, D., Caldwell, J., Christensen-Dalsgaard, J., Cochran, W.D., DeVore, E., Dunham, E.W., Dupree, A.K., Gautier, T.N., Geary, J.C., Gilliland, R., Gould, A., Howell, S.B., Jenkins, J.M., Kondo, Y., Latham, D.W., Marcy, G.W., Meibom, S., Kjeldsen, H., Lissauer, J.J., Monet, D.G., Morrison, D., Sasselov, D., Tarter, J., Boss, A., Brownlee, D., Owen, T., Buzasi, D., Charbonneau, D., Doyle, L., Fortney, J., Ford, E.B., Holman, M.J., Seager, S., Steffen, J.H., Welsh, W.F., Rowe, J., Anderson, H., Buchhave, L., Ciardi, D., Walkowicz, L., Sherry, W., Horch, E., Isaacson, H., Everett, M.E., Fischer, D., Torres, G., Johnson, J.A., Endl, M., MacQueen, P., Bryson, S.T., Dotson, J., Haas, M., Kolodziejczak, J., Van Cleve, J., Chandrasekaran, H., Twicken, J.D., Quintana, E.V., Clarke, B.D., Allen, C., Li, J., Wu, H., Tenenbaum, P., Verner, E., Bruhweiler, F., Barnes, J., Prsa, A.: Kepler planet-detection mission: introduction and first results. Science 327, 977–980 (2010). doi:10.1126/science.1185402

  6. Borucki, W.J., Koch, D.G., Basri, G., Batalha, N., Brown, T.M., Bryson, S.T., Caldwell, D., Christensen-Dalsgaard, J., Cochran, W.D., DeVore, E., Dunham, E.W., Gautier III, T.N., Geary, J.C., Gilliland, R., Gould, A., Howell, S.B., Jenkins, J.M., Latham, D.W., Lissauer, J.J., Marcy, G.W., Rowe, J., Sasselov, D., Boss, A., Charbonneau, D., Ciardi, D., Doyle, L., Dupree, A.K., Ford, E.B., Fortney, J., Holman, M.J., Seager, S., Steffen, J.H., Tarter, J., Welsh, W.F., Allen, C., Buchhave, L.A., Christiansen, J.L., Clarke, B.D., Das, S., Désert, J.M., Endl, M., Fabrycky, D., Fressin, F., Haas, M., Horch, E., Howard, A., Isaacson, H., Kjeldsen, H., Kolodziejczak, J., Kulesa, C., Li, J., Lucas, P.W., Machalek, P., McCarthy, D., MacQueen, P., Meibom, S., Miquel, T., Prsa, A., Quinn, S.N., Quintana, E.V., Ragozzine, D., Sherry, W., Shporer, A., Tenenbaum, P., Torres, G., Twicken, J.D., Van Cleve, J., Walkowicz, L., Witteborn, F.C., Still, M.: Characteristics of planetary candidates observed by Kepler. II. Analysis of the first four months of data. Astrophys. J. 736, 19 (2011). doi:10.1088/0004-637X/736/1/19

  7. Brown, T.M., Latham, D.W., Everett, M.E., Esquerdo, G.A.: Kepler input catalog: photometric calibration and stellar classification. Astron. J. 142, 112 (2011). doi:10.1088/0004-6256/142/4/112

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  8. Collier Cameron, A.: Differential rotation on rapidly rotating stars. Astron. Nachr. 328, 1030 (2007). doi:10.1002/asna.200710880

  9. Collier Cameron, A., Guenther, E., Smalley, B., McDonald, I., Hebb, L., Andersen, J., Augusteijn, T., Barros, S.C.C., Brown, D.J.A., Cochran, W.D., Endl, M., Fossey, S.J., Hartmann, M., Maxted, P.F.L., Pollacco, D., Skillen, I., Telting, J., Waldmann, I.P., West, R.G.: Line-profile tomography of exoplanet transits—II. A gas-giant planet transiting a rapidly rotating A5 star. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 407, 507–514 (2010). doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.16922.x

  10. Désert, J.M., Charbonneau, D., Demory, B.O., Ballard, S., Carter, J.A., Fortney, J.J., Cochran, W.D., Endl, M., Quinn, S.N., Isaacson, H.T., Fressin, F., Buchhave, L.A., Latham, D.W., Knutson, H.A., Bryson, S.T., Torres, G., Rowe, J.F., Batalha, N.M., Borucki, W.J., Brown, T.M., Caldwell, D.A., Christiansen, J.L., Deming, D., Fabrycky, D.C., Ford, E.B., Gilliland, R.L., Gillon, M., Haas, M.R., Jenkins, J.M., Kinemuchi, K., Koch, D., Lissauer, J.J., Lucas, P., Mullally, F., MacQueen, P.J., Marcy, G.W., Sasselov, D.D., Seager, S., Still, M., Tenenbaum, P., Uddin, K., Winn, J.N.: The hot-Jupiter Kepler-17b: discovery, obliquity from stroboscopic starspots, and atmospheric characterization. Astrophys. J. 197, 14 (2011). doi:10.1088/0067-0049/197/1/14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Dunstone, N.J., Hussain, G.A.J.: Collier Cameron, A., Marsden, S.C., Jardine, M., Barnes, J.R., Ramirez Velez, J.C., Donati, J.F.: Differential rotation on both components of the pre-main-sequence binary system HD 155555. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 387, 1525–1536 (2008). doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13338.x

  12. Fabrycky, D.C., Winn, J.N.: Exoplanetary spin-orbit alignment: results from the ensemble of Rossiter-McLaughlin observations. Astrophys. J. 696, 1230–1240 (2009). doi:10.1088/0004-637X/696/2/1230

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  13. Fuhrmann, K.: Nearby stars of the galactic disk and halo. Astron. Astrophys. 338, 161–183 (1998)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  14. Gray, D.F.: The Observation and Analysis of Stellar Photospheres. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Hébrard, G., Bouchy, F., Pont, F., Loeillet, B., Rabus, M., Bonfils, X., Moutou, C., Boisse, I., Delfosse, X., Desort, M., Eggenberger, A., Ehrenreich, D., Forveille, T., Lagrange, A.M., Lovis, C., Mayor, M., Pepe, F., Perrier, C., Queloz, D., Santos, N.C., Ségransan, D., Udry, S., Vidal-Madjar, A.: Misaligned spin-orbit in the XO-3 planetary system? Astron. Astrophys. 488, 763–770 (2008). doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200810056

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  16. Hébrard, G., Evans, T.M., Alonso, R., Fridlund, M., Ofir, A., Aigrain, S., Guillot, T., Almenara, J.M., Auvergne, M., Baglin, A., Barge, P., Bonomo, A.S., Bordé, P., Bouchy, F., Cabrera, J., Carone, L., Carpano, S., Cavarroc, C., Csizmadia, S., Deeg, H.J., Deleuil, M., Díaz, R.F., Dvorak, R., Erikson, A., Ferraz-Mello, S., Gandolfi, D., Gibson, N., Gillon, M., Guenther, E., Hatzes, A., Havel, M., Jorda, L., Lammer, H., Léger, A., Llebaria, A., Mazeh, T., Moutou, C., Ollivier, M., Parviainen, H., Pätzold, M., Queloz, D., Rauer, H., Rouan, D., Santerne, A., Schneider, J., Tingley, B., Wuchterl, G.: Transiting exoplanets from the CoRoT space mission. XVIII. CoRoT-18b: a massive hot Jupiter on a prograde, nearly aligned orbit. Astron. Astrophys. 533, A130 (2011). doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201117192

  17. Hirano, T., Narita, N., Shporer, A., Sato, B., Aoki, W., Tamura, M.: A possible tilted orbit of the super-Neptune HAT-P-11b. Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn 63, 531–536 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  18. Jenkins, J.M., Borucki, W.J., Koch, D.G., Marcy, G.W., Cochran, W.D., Welsh, W.F., Basri, G., Batalha, N.M., Buchhave, L.A., Brown, T.M., Caldwell, D.A., Dunham, E.W., Endl, M., Fischer, D.A., Gautier III, T.N., Geary, J.C., Gilliland, R.L., Howell, S.B., Isaacson, H., Johnson, J.A., Latham, D.W., Lissauer, J.J., Monet, D.G., Rowe, J.F., Sasselov, D.D., Howard, A.W., MacQueen, P., Orosz, J.A., Chandrasekaran, H., Twicken, J.D., Bryson, S.T., Quintana, E.V., Clarke, B.D., Li, J., Allen, C., Tenenbaum, P., Wu, H., Meibom, S., Klaus, T.C., Middour, C.K., Cote, M.T., McCauliff, S., Girouard, F.R., Gunter, J.P., Wohler, B., Hall, J.R., Ibrahim, K., Kamal Uddin, A., Wu, M.S., Bhavsar, P.A., Van Cleve, J., Pletcher, D.L., Dotson, J.L., Haas, M.R.: Discovery and Rossiter-Mclaughlin effect of exoplanet Kepler-8b. Astrophys. J. 724, 1108 (2010a). doi:10.1088/0004-637X/724/2/1108

  19. Jenkins, J.M., Caldwell, D.A., Chandrasekaran, H., Twicken, J.D., Bryson, S.T., Quintana, E.V., Clarke, B.D., Li, J., Allen, C., Tenenbaum, P., Wu, H., Klaus, T.C., Middour, C.K., Cote, M.T., McCauliff, S., Girouard, F.R., Gunter, J.P., Wohler, B., Sommers, J., Hall, J.R., Uddin, A.K., Wu, M.S., Bhavsar, P.A., Van Cleve, J., Pletcher, D.L., Dotson, J.A., Haas, M.R., Gilliland, R.L., Koch, D.G., Borucki, W.J.: Overview of the Kepler science processing pipeline. Astrophys. J. 713, L87–L91 (2010b). doi:10.1088/2041-8205/713/2/L87

  20. Jenkins, J.M., Caldwell, D.A., Chandrasekaran, H., Twicken, J.D., Bryson, S.T., Quintana, E.V., Clarke, B.D., Li, J., Allen, C., Tenenbaum, P., Wu, H., Klaus, T.C., Van Cleve, J., Dotson, J.A., Haas, M.R., Gilliland, R.L., Koch, D.G., Borucki, W.J.: Initial characteristics of Kepler long cadence data for detecting transiting planets. Astrophys. J. 713, L120–L125 (2010c). doi:10.1088/2041-8205/713/2/L120

  21. Lanza, A.F., Pagano, I., Leto, G., Messina, S., Aigrain, S., Alonso, R., Auvergne, M., Baglin, A., Barge, P., Bonomo, A.S., Boumier, P., Collier Cameron, A., Comparato, M., Cutispoto, G., de Medeiros, J.R., Foing, B., Kaiser, A., Moutou, C., Parihar, P.S., Silva-Valio, A., Weiss, W.W.: Magnetic activity in the photosphere of CoRoT-Exo-2a. Active longitudes and short-term spot cycle in a young Sun-like star. Astron. Astrophys. 493, 193–200 (2009). doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200810591

  22. Mayor, M., Marmier, M., Lovis, C., Udry, S., Ségransan, D., Pepe, F., Benz, W., Bertaux, J., Bouchy, F., Dumusque, X., Lo Curto, G., Mordasini, C., Queloz, D., Santos, N.C.: The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets XXXIV. Occurrence, mass distribution and orbital properties of super-Earths and Neptune-mass planets. ArXiv e-prints (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  23. Narita, N., Sato, B., Hirano, T., Tamura, M.: First evidence of a retrograde orbit of a transiting exoplanet HAT-P-7b. Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn 61, L35–L40 (2009)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  24. Nutzman, P.A., Fabrycky, D.C., Fortney, J.J.: Using star spots to measure the spin-orbit alignment of transiting planets. Astrophys. J. 740, L10 (2011). doi:10.1088/2041-8205/740/1/L10

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  25. Radick, R.R., Mihalas, D., Hartmann, L., Worden, S.P., Africano, J.L., Klimke, A., Tyson, E.T.: The photometric variability of solar-type stars. I—Preliminary results for the Pleiades, Hyades, and the Malmquist field. Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn 94, 934–944 (1982). doi:10.1086/131087

  26. Reiners, A., Schmitt, J.H.M.M.: Rotation and differential rotation in field F- and G-type stars. Astron. Astrophys. 398, 647–661 (2003). doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20021642

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  27. Ruždjak, D., Brajša, R., Sudar, D., Wöhl, H.: The influence of the evolution of Sunspot groups on the determination of the solar velocity field. Sol. Phys. 229, 35–43 (2005). doi:10.1007/s11207-005-3630-9

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  28. Sanchis-Ojeda, R., Winn, J.N.: Starspots, spin-orbit misalignment, and active latitudes in the HAT-P-11 exoplanetary system. Astrophys. J. 743, 61 (2011). doi:10.1088/0004-637X/743/1/61

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  29. Sanchis-Ojeda, R., Winn, J.N., Holman, M.J., Carter, J.A., Osip, D.J., Fuentes, C.I.: Starspots and spin-orbit alignment in the WASP-4 exoplanetary system. Astrophys. J. 733, 127 (2011). doi:10.1088/0004-637X/733/2/127

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  30. Sanchis-Ojeda, R., Fabrycky, D.C., Winn, J.N., Barclay, T., Clarke, B.D., Ford, E.B., Fortney, J.J., Geary, J.C., Holman, M.J., Howard, A.W., Jenkins, J.M., Koch, D., Lissauer, J.J., Marcy, G.W., Mullally, F., Ragozzine, D., Seader, S.E., Still, M., Thompson, S.E.: Alignment of the stellar spin with the orbits of a three-planet system. Nature 487, 449–453 (2012). doi:10.1038/nature11301

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  31. Schlaufman, K.C.: Evidence of possible spin-orbit misalignment along the line of sight in transiting exoplanet systems. Astrophys. J. 719, 602–611 (2010). doi:10.1088/0004-637X/719/1/602

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  32. Smith, J.C., Stumpe, M.C., Van Cleve, J.E., Jenkins, J.M., Barclay, T.S., Fanelli, M.N., Girouard, F.R., Kolodziejczak, J.J., McCauliff, S.D., Morris, R.L., Twicken, J.D.: Kepler presearch data conditioning II—A Bayesian approach to systematic error correction. Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn 124, 1000–1014 (2012)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  33. Stumpe, M.C., Smith, J.C., Van Cleve, J.E., Twicken, J.D., Barclay, T.S., Fanelli, M.N., Girouard, F.R., Jenkins, J.M., Kolodziejczak, J.J., McCauliff, S.D., Morris, R.L.: Kepler presearch data conditioning I—Architecture and algorithms for error correction in Kepler light curves. Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn 124, 985–999 (2012)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  34. Takeda, Y.: Analyses of line profiles in the solar flux spectrum for determining rotation and micro/macro turbulence. Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn 47, 337–354 (1995)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  35. Takeda, Y., Ohkubo, M., Sadakane, K.: Spectroscopic determination of atmospheric parameters of solar-type stars: description of the method and application to the Sun. Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn 54, 451–462 (2002)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  36. Takeda, Y., Ohkubo, M., Sato, B., Kambe, E., Sadakane, K.: Spectroscopic study on the atmospheric parameters of nearby F-K Dwarfs and subgiants. Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn 57, 27–43 (2005)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  37. Triaud, A.H.M.J.: The time dependence of hot Jupiters’ orbital inclinations. Astron. Astrophys. 534, L6+ (2011). doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201117713

  38. Valenti, J.A., Fischer, D.A.: Spectroscopic properties of cool stars (SPOCS). I. 1040 F, G, and K Dwarfs from Keck, Lick, and AAT planet search programs. Astrophys. J. 159, 141–166 (2005). doi:10.1086/430500

  39. Winn, J.N., Johnson, J.A., Albrecht, S., Howard, A.W., Marcy, G.W., Crossfield, I.J., Holman, M.J.: HAT-P-7: a retrograde or polar orbit, and a third body. Astrophys. J. 703, L99–L103 (2009). doi:10.1088/0004-637X/703/2/L99

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  40. Winn, J.N., Fabrycky, D., Albrecht, S., Johnson, J.A.: Hot stars with hot Jupiters have high obliquities. Astrophys. J. 718, L145–L149 (2010a). doi:10.1088/2041-8205/718/2/L145

  41. Winn, J.N., Johnson, J.A., Howard, A.W., Marcy, G.W., Isaacson, H., Shporer, A., Bakos, G.Á., Hartman, J.D., Albrecht, S.: The oblique orbit of the super-Neptune HAT-P-11b. Astrophys. J. 723, L223–L227 (2010b). doi:10.1088/2041-8205/723/2/L223

  42. Yi, S., Demarque, P., Kim, Y.C., Lee, Y.W., Ree, C.H., Lejeune, T., Barnes, S.: Toward better age estimates for stellar populations: the Y\(^{2}\) isochrones for solar mixture. Astrophys. J. 136, 417–437 (2001). doi:10.1086/321795

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

    Teruyuki Hirano

Authors
  1. Teruyuki Hirano
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Teruyuki Hirano .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer Japan

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hirano, T. (2014). Toward the Measurements of Spin-Orbit Relations for Small Planets . In: Measurements of Spin-Orbit Angles for Transiting Systems. Springer Theses. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54586-6_5

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation