Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Impaired Neurogenesis as a Risk Factor for Schizophrenia and Related Mental Diseases

  • Chapter
Neurogenesis in the Adult Brain II

Abstract

Neurogenesis is a biological process with multiple steps, and it is critical in brain development and maintenance. The initial step in neurogenesis is the division of neural stem cells to renew themselves, simultaneously producing neuronally committed cells. The integrity of neurogenesis is vulnerable to both genetic and environmental factors. Etiological data imply that impairment in neurogenesis, which is possibly caused by genetic factors as well as by infection, stress, and low nutrition, may underlie the onset of mental diseases. In support of this, an intriguing association of abnormal hippocampal neurogenesis and deficits in prepulse inhibition (PPI), one of the compelling endophenotypes (biological markers) of mental disorders including schizophrenia, has been reported in various animal models. If impaired neurogenesis is truly a susceptibility factor for mental diseases, the restoration and improvement of neurogenesis may be beneficial. Here, we introduce an approach using fatty acids to restore neurogenesis. In the future, we hope that noninvasive imaging of neurogenesis will provide biological evidence for diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of mental diseases.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abi-Dargham A, Gil R, Krystal J, Baldwin RM, Seibyl JP, Bowers M, van Dyck CH, Charney DS, Innis RB, Laruelle M (1998) Increased striatal dopamine transmission in schizophrenia: confirmation in a second cohort. Am J Psychiatry 155:761–767.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Abi-Dargham A, Mawlawi O, Lombardo I, Gil R, Martinez D, Huang Y, Hwang DR, Keilp J, Kochan L, Van Heertum R, Gorman JM, Laruelle M (2002) Prefrontal dopamine D1 receptors and working memory in schizophrenia. J Neurosci 22:3708–3719.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alvarez-Buylla A, Theelen M, Nottebohm F (1988) Birth of projection neurons in the higher vocal center of the canary forebrain before, during, and after song learning. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85:8722–8726.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ambrogini P, Cuppini R, Cuppini C, Ciaroni S, Cecchini T, Ferri P, Sartini S, Del Grande P (2000) Spatial learning affects immature granule cell survival in adult rat dentate gyrus. Neurosci Lett 286:21–24.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arai Y, Funatsu N, Numayama-Tsuruta K, Nomura T, Nakamura S, Osumi N (2005) Role of Fabp7, a downstream gene of Pax6, in the maintenance of neuroepithelial cells during early embryonic development of the rat cortex. J Neurosci 25:9752–9761.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barros CS, Calabrese B, Chamero P, Roberts AJ, Korzus E, Lloyd K, Stowers L, Mayford M, Halpain S, Muller U (2009) Impaired maturation of dendritic spines without disorganization of cortical cell layers in mice lacking NRG1/ErbB signaling in the central nervous system. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106:4507–4512.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bast T, Feldon J (2003) Hippocampal modulation of sensorimotor processes. Prog Neurobiol 70:319–345.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bayer SA (1979) The development of the septal region in the rat. I. Neurogenesis examined with 3H-thymidine autoradiography. J Comp Neurol 183:89–106.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bearden CE, Hoffman KM, Cannon TD (2001) The neuropsychology and neuroanatomy of bipolar affective disorder: a critical review. Bipolar Disord 3:106–150; discussion 151–103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benes FM, Berretta S (2001) GABAergic interneurons: implications for understanding schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 25:1–27.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett AOM (2008) Dual constraints on synapse formation and regression in schizophrenia: neuregulin, neuroligin, dysbindin, DISC1, MuSK and agrin. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 42:662–677.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett MR (2009) Synapse formation and regression in the cortex during adolescence and in schizophrenia. Med J Aust 190:S14–S16.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bertram CE, Hanson MA (2001) Animal models and programming of the metabolic syndrome. Br Med Bull 60:103–121.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Braff DL, Grillon C, Geyer MA (1992) Gating and habituation of the startle reflex in schizophrenic patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 49:206–215.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brunskill EW, Ehrman LA, Williams MT, Klanke J, Hammer D, Schaefer TL, Sah R, Dorn GW, 2nd, Potter SS, Vorhees CV (2005) Abnormal neurodevelopment, neurosignaling and behaviour in Npas3-deficient mice. Eur J Neurosci 22:1265–1276.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Budel S, Padukkavidana T, Liu BP, Feng Z, Hu F, Johnson S, Lauren J, Park JH, McGee AW, Liao J, Stillman A, Kim JE, Yang BZ, Sodi S, Gelernter J, Zhao H, Hisama F, Arnsten AF, Strittmatter SM (2008) Genetic variants of Nogo-66 receptor with possible association to schizophrenia block myelin inhibition of axon growth. J Neurosci 28:13161–13172.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Byrne M, Hodges A, Grant E, Owens DC, Johnstone EC (1999) Neuropsychological assessment of young people at high genetic risk for developing schizophrenia compared with controls: preliminary findings of the Edinburgh High Risk Study (EHRS). Psychol Med 29:1161–1173.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cahn W, Hulshoff Pol HE, Lems EB, van Haren NE, Schnack HG, van der Linden JA, Schothorst PF, van Engeland H, Kahn RS (2002) Brain volume changes in first-episode schizophrenia: a 1-year follow-up study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 59:1002–1010.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cannon TD, Hennah W, van Erp TG, Thompson PM, Lonnqvist J, Huttunen M, Gasperoni T, Tuulio-Henriksson A, Pirkola T, Toga AW, Kaprio J, Mazziotta J, Peltonen L (2005) Association of DISC1/TRAX haplotypes with schizophrenia, reduced prefrontal gray matter, and impaired short- and long-term memory. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62:1205–1213.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cannon TD, Keller MC (2006) Endophenotypes in the genetic analyses of mental disorders. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2:267–290.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cannon TD, van Erp TG, Rosso IM, Huttunen M, Lonnqvist J, Pirkola T, Salonen O, Valanne L, Poutanen VP, Standertskjold-Nordenstam CG (2002) Fetal hypoxia and structural brain abnormalities in schizophrenic patients, their siblings, and controls. Arch Gen Psychiatry 59:35–41.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cao D, Kevala K, Kim J, Moon HS, Jun SB, Lovinger D, Kim HY (2009) Docosahexaenoic acid promotes hippocampal neuronal development and synaptic function. J Neurochem 111:510–521.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cascella NG, Takaki M, Lin S, Sawa A (2007) Neurodevelopmental involvement in schizophrenia: the olfactory epithelium as an alternative model for research. J Neurochem 102:587–594.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caspi A, Moffitt TE (2006) Gene–environment interactions in psychiatry: joining forces with neuroscience. Nat Rev Neurosci 7:583–590.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen YJ, Johnson MA, Lieberman MD, Goodchild RE, Schobel S, Lewandowski N, Rosoklija G, Liu RC, Gingrich JA, Small S, Moore H, Dwork AJ, Talmage DA, Role LW (2008) Type III neuregulin-1 is required for normal sensorimotor gating, memory-related behaviors, and corticostriatal circuit components. J Neurosci 28:6872–6883.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cho MH, Lee JH, Ahn HH, Lee JY, Kim ES, Kang YM, Min BH, Kim JH, Lee HB, Kim MS (2009) Induction of neurogenesis in rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells using purine structure-based compounds. Mol Biosyst 5:609–611.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Choi SH, Li Y, Parada LF, Sisodia SS (2009) Regulation of hippocampal progenitor cell survival, proliferation and dendritic development by BDNF. Mol Neurodegener 4:52.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chong VZ, Thompson M, Beltaifa S, Webster MJ, Law AJ, Weickert CS (2008) Elevated neuregulin-1 and ErbB4 protein in the prefrontal cortex of schizophrenic patients. Schizophr Res 100:270–280.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clapcote SJ, Lipina TV, Millar JK, Mackie S, Christie S, Ogawa F, Lerch JP, Trimble K, Uchiyama M, Sakuraba Y, Kaneda H, Shiroishi T, Houslay MD, Henkelman RM, Sled JG, Gondo Y, Porteous DJ, Roder JC (2007) Behavioral phenotypes of Disc1 missense mutations in mice. Neuron 54:387–402.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dalman C, Allebeck P, Cullberg J, Grunewald C, Koster M (1999) Obstetric complications and the risk of schizophrenia: a longitudinal study of a national birth cohort. Arch Gen Psychiatry 56:234–240.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Das GD, Altman J (1970) Postnatal neurogenesis in the caudate nucleus and nucleus accumbens septi in the rat. Brain Res 21:122–127.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • David DJ, Samuels BA, Rainer Q, Wang JW, Marsteller D, Mendez I, Drew M, Craig DA, Guiard BP, Guilloux JP, Artymyshyn RP, Gardier AM, Gerald C, Antonijevic IA, Leonardo ED, Hen R (2009) Neurogenesis-dependent and -independent effects of fluoxetine in an animal model of anxiety/depression. Neuron 62:479–493.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dayer AG, Cleaver KM, Abouantoun T, Cameron HA (2005) New GABAergic interneurons in the adult neocortex and striatum are generated from different precursors. J Cell Biol 168:415–427.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duan X, Chang JH, Ge S, Faulkner RL, Kim JY, Kitabatake Y, Liu XB, Yang CH, Jordan JD, Ma DK, Liu CY, Ganesan S, Cheng HJ, Ming GL, Lu B, Song H (2007) Disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 regulates integration of newly generated neurons in the adult brain. Cell 130:1146–1158.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eaton WW, Mortensen PB, Thomsen PH, Frydenberg M (2001) Obstetric complications and risk for severe psychopathology in childhood. J Autism Dev Disord 31:279–285.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Erbel-Sieler C, Dudley C, Zhou Y, Wu X, Estill SJ, Han T, Diaz-Arrastia R, Brunskill EW, Potter SS, McKnight SL (2004) Behavioral and regulatory abnormalities in mice deficient in the NPAS1 and NPAS3 transcription factors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:13648–13653.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fabel K, Kempermann G (2008) Physical activity and the regulation of neurogenesis in the adult and aging brain. Neuromolecular Med 10:59–66.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farooqui AA, Ong WY, Horrocks LA (2004) Biochemical aspects of neurodegeneration in human brain: involvement of neural membrane phospholipids and phospholipases A2. Neurochem Res 29:1961–1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feifel D, Minassian A, Perry W (2009) Prepulse inhibition of startle in adults with ADHD. J Psychiatr Res 43:484–489.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feng L, Hatten ME, Heintz N (1994) Brain lipid-binding protein (BLBP): a novel signaling system in the developing mammalian CNS. Neuron 12:895–908.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Geyer MA, Swerdlow NR (2001) Measurement of startle response, prepulse inhibition, and habituation. Curr Protoc Neurosci Chapter 8:Unit 8 7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghashghaei HT, Weber J, Pevny L, Schmid R, Schwab MH, Lloyd KC, Eisenstat DD, Lai C, Anton ES (2006) The role of neuregulin-ErbB4 interactions on the proliferation and organization of cells in the subventricular zone. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:1930–1935.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glahn DC, Thompson PM, Blangero J (2007) Neuroimaging endophenotypes: strategies for finding genes influencing brain structure and function. Hum Brain Mapp 28:488–501.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein G, Minshew NJ, Allen DN, Seaton BE (2002) High-functioning autism and schizophrenia: a comparison of an early and late onset neurodevelopmental disorder. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 17:461–475.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gorski JA, Balogh SA, Wehner JM, Jones KR (2003) Learning deficits in forebrain-restricted brain-derived neurotrophic factor mutant mice. Neuroscience 121:341–354.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gould TD, Gottesman, II (2006) Psychiatric endophenotypes and the development of valid animal models. Genes Brain Behav 5:113–119.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gould E, Reeves AJ, Graziano MS, Gross CG (1999a) Neurogenesis in the neocortex of adult primates. Science 286:548–552.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gould E, Beylin A, Tanapat P, Reeves A, Shors TJ (1999b) Learning enhances adult neurogenesis in the hippocampal formation. Nat Neurosci 2:260–265.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graham FK (1975) Presidential Address, 1974. The more or less startling effects of weak prestimulation. Psychophysiology 12:238–248.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gur RE, Cowell PE, Latshaw A, Turetsky BI, Grossman RI, Arnold SE, Bilker WB, Gur RC (2000) Reduced dorsal and orbital prefrontal gray matter volumes in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 57:761–768.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hahn CG, Wang HY, Cho DS, Talbot K, Gur RE, Berrettini WH, Bakshi K, Kamins J, Borgmann-Winter KE, Siegel SJ, Gallop RJ, Arnold SE (2006) Altered neuregulin 1-erbB4 signaling contributes to NMDA receptor hypofunction in schizophrenia. Nat Med 12:824–828.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison PJ (2007) Schizophrenia susceptibility genes and their neurodevelopmental implications: focus on neuregulin 1. Novartis Found Symp 288:246–255; discussion 255–259, 276–281.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hattori T, Baba K, Matsuzaki S, Honda A, Miyoshi K, Inoue K, Taniguchi M, Hashimoto H, Shintani N, Baba A, Shimizu S, Yukioka F, Kumamoto N, Yamaguchi A, Tohyama M, Katayama T (2007) A novel DISC1-interacting partner DISC1-binding zinc-finger protein: implication in the modulation of DISC1-dependent neurite outgrowth. Mol Psychiatry 12:398–407.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hawk LW, Jr., Yartz AR, Pelham WE, Jr., Lock TM (2003) The effects of methylphenidate on prepulse inhibition during attended and ignored prestimuli among boys with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 165:118–127.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirayasu Y, Tanaka S, Shenton ME, Salisbury DF, DeSantis MA, Levitt JJ, Wible C, Yurgelun-Todd D, Kikinis R, Jolesz FA, McCarley RW (2001) Prefrontal gray matter volume reduction in first episode schizophrenia. Cereb Cortex 11:374–381.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ho BC (2007) MRI brain volume abnormalities in young, nonpsychotic relatives of schizophrenia probands are associated with subsequent prodromal symptoms. Schizophr Res 96:1–13.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ho BC, Andreasen NC, Nopoulos P, Arndt S, Magnotta V, Flaum M (2003) Progressive structural brain abnormalities and their relationship to clinical outcome: a longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging study early in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 60:585–594.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman HS, Ison JR (1980) Reflex modification in the domain of startle: I. Some empirical findings and their implications for how the nervous system processes sensory input. Psychol Rev 87:175–189.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hulshoff Pol HE, Schnack HG, Mandl RC, Cahn W, Collins DL, Evans AC, Kahn RS (2004) Focal white matter density changes in schizophrenia: reduced inter-hemispheric connectivity. Neuroimage 21:27–35.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hultman CM, Sparen P, Cnattingius S (2002) Perinatal risk factors for infantile autism. Epidemiology 13:417–423.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Innis SM (2007) Dietary (n-3) fatty acids and brain development. J Nutr 137:855–859.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Innis SM, Davidson AG (2008) Cystic fibrosis and nutrition: linking phospholipids and essential fatty acids with thiol metabolism. Annu Rev Nutr 28:55–72.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iwayama Y, Hattori E, Maekawa M, Yamada K, Toyota T, Ohnishi T, Iwata Y, Tsuchiya KJ, Sugihara G, Kikuchi M, Hashimoto K, Iyo M, Inada T, Kunugi H, Ozaki N, Iwata N, Nanko S, Iwamoto K, Okazaki Y, Kato T, Yoshikawa T (2010) Association analyses between brain-expressed fatty-acid binding protein (FABP) genes and schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 153B:484–493.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaffee SR, Price TS (2007) Gene–environment correlations: a review of the evidence and implications for prevention of mental illness. Mol Psychiatry 12:432–442.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson MA, Ables JL, Eisch AJ (2009) Cell-intrinsic signals that regulate adult neurogenesis in vivo: insights from inducible approaches. BMB Rep 42:245–259.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kalkman HO (2009) Altered growth factor signaling pathways as the basis of aberrant stem cell maturation in schizophrenia. Pharmacol Ther 121:115–122.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kamnasaran D, Muir WJ, Ferguson-Smith MA, Cox DW (2003) Disruption of the neuronal PAS3 gene in a family affected with schizophrenia. J Med Genet 40:325–332.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kang SS, Dionisio DP, Sponheim SR (2011) Abnormal mechanisms of antisaccade generation in schizophrenia patients and unaffected biological relatives of schizophrenia patients. Psychophysiology 48:350–361.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Karlsson P, Farde L, Halldin C, Sedvall G (2002) PET study of D(1) dopamine receptor binding in neuroleptic-naive patients with schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 159:761–767.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kempermann G, Kronenberg G (2003) Depressed new neurons – adult hippocampal neurogenesis and a cellular plasticity hypothesis of major depression. Biol Psychiatry 54:499–503.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim HY, Akbar M, Kim KY (2001) Inhibition of neuronal apoptosis by polyunsaturated fatty acids. J Mol Neurosci 16:223–227; discussion 279–284.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim JS, Chang MY, Yu IT, Kim JH, Lee SH, Lee YS, Son H (2004) Lithium selectively increases neuronal differentiation of hippocampal neural progenitor cells both in vitro and in vivo.J Neurochem 89:324–336.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim JY, Duan X, Liu CY, Jang MH, Guo JU, Pow-anpongkul N, Kang E, Song H, Ming GL (2009) DISC1 regulates new neuron development in the adult brain via modulation of AKT-mTOR signaling through KIAA1212. Neuron 63:761–773.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kirn J, O’Loughlin B, Kasparian S, Nottebohm F (1994) Cell death and neuronal recruitment in the high vocal center of adult male canaries are temporally related to changes in song. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:7844–7848.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kitamura T, Saitoh Y, Takashima N, Murayama A, Niibori Y, Ageta H, Sekiguchi M, Sugiyama H, Inokuchi K (2009) Adult neurogenesis modulates the hippocampus-dependent period of associative fear memory. Cell 139:814–827.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kobayashi K (2009) Targeting the hippocampal mossy fiber synapse for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. Mol Neurobiol 39:24–36.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kornack DR, Rakic P (2001) Cell proliferation without neurogenesis in adult primate neocortex. Science 294:2127–2130.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumazawa N, Hama H, Kariya E, Miyawaki A, Iriki A (2009) Effects tool-use learning on hippocampal synaptic circuits in rodent degu (Octodon degu). Neurosci Res 65:1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurtz A, Zimmer A, Schnutgen F, Bruning G, Spener F, Muller T (1994) The expression pattern of a novel gene encoding brain-fatty acid binding protein correlates with neuronal and glial cell development. Development 120:2637–2649.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuwabara T, Hsieh J, Muotri A, Yeo G, Warashina M, Lie DC, Moore L, Nakashima K, Asashima M, Gage FH (2009) Wnt-mediated activation of NeuroD1 and retro-elements during adult neurogenesis. Nat Neurosci 12:1097–1105.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Law AJ, Kleinman JE, Weinberger DR, Weickert CS (2007) Disease-associated intronic variants in the ErbB4 gene are related to altered ErbB4 splice-variant expression in the brain in schizophrenia. Hum Mol Genet 16:129–141.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lawrie SM, Abukmeil SS (1998) Brain abnormality in schizophrenia. A systematic and quantitative review of volumetric magnetic resonance imaging studies. Br J Psychiatry 172:110–120.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Le Pen G, Gourevitch R, Hazane F, Hoareau C, Jay TM, Krebs MO (2006) Peri-pubertal maturation after developmental disturbance: a model for psychosis onset in the rat. Neuroscience 143:395–405.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leuner B, Mendolia-Loffredo S, Kozorovitskiy Y, Samburg D, Gould E, Shors TJ (2004) Learning enhances the survival of new neurons beyond the time when the hippocampus is required for memory. J Neurosci 24:7477–7481.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis DA, Cruz DA, Melchitzky DS, Pierri JN (2001) Lamina-specific deficits in parvalbumin-immunoreactive varicosities in the prefrontal cortex of subjects with schizophrenia: evidence for fewer projections from the thalamus. Am J Psychiatry 158:1411–1422.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis CM, Levinson DF, Wise LH, DeLisi LE, Straub RE, Hovatta I, Williams NM, Schwab SG, Pulver AE, Faraone SV, Brzustowicz LM, Kaufmann CA, Garver DL, Gurling HM, Lindholm E, Coon H, Moises HW, Byerley W, Shaw SH, Mesen A, Sherrington R, O’Neill FA, Walsh D, Kendler KS, Ekelund J, Paunio T, Lonnqvist J, Peltonen L, O’Donovan MC, Owen MJ, Wildenauer DB, Maier W, Nestadt G, Blouin JL, Antonarakis SE, Mowry BJ, Silverman JM, Crowe RR, Cloninger CR, Tsuang MT, Malaspina D, Harkavy-Friedman JM, Svrakic DM, Bassett AS, Holcomb J, Kalsi G, McQuillin A, Brynjolfson J, Sigmundsson T, Petursson H, Jazin E, Zoega T, Helgason T (2003) Genome scan meta-analysis of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, part II: Schizophrenia. Am J Hum Genet 73:34–48.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis DA, Hashimoto T, Volk DW (2005) Cortical inhibitory neurons and schizophrenia. Nat Rev Neurosci 6:312–324.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lie DC, Colamarino SA, Song HJ, Desire L, Mira H, Consiglio A, Lein ES, Jessberger S, Lansford H, Dearie AR, Gage FH (2005) Wnt signalling regulates adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Nature 437:1370–1375.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Light GA, Hsu JL, Hsieh MH, Meyer-Gomes K, Sprock J, Swerdlow NR, Braff DL (2006) Gamma band oscillations reveal neural network cortical coherence dysfunction in schizophrenia patients. Biol Psychiatry 60:1231–1240.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lijam N, Paylor R, McDonald MP, Crawley JN, Deng CX, Herrup K, Stevens KE, Maccaferri G, McBain CJ, Sussman DJ, Wynshaw-Boris A (1997) Social interaction and sensorimotor gating abnormalities in mice lacking Dvl1. Cell 90:895–905.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindvall O, Kokaia Z (2008) Neurogenesis following stroke affecting the adult brain. In: Adult neurogenesis (Gage FH et al, eds):22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lipska BK, Jaskiw GE, Weinberger DR (1993) Postpubertal emergence of hyperresponsiveness to stress and to amphetamine after neonatal excitotoxic hippocampal damage: a potential animal model of schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 9:67–75.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lipska BK, Swerdlow NR, Geyer MA, Jaskiw GE, Braff DL, Weinberger DR (1995) Neonatal excitotoxic hippocampal damage in rats causes post-pubertal changes in prepulse inhibition of startle and its disruption by apomorphine. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 122:35–43.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Loganovsky KN, Loganovskaja TK (2000) Schizophrenia spectrum disorders in persons exposed to ionizing radiation as a result of the Chernobyl accident. Schizophr Bull 26:751–773.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Loganovsky KN, Volovik SV, Manton KG, Bazyka DA, Flor-Henry P (2005) Whether ionizing radiation is a risk factor for schizophrenia spectrum disorders? World J Biol Psychiatry 6:212–230.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mackie S, Millar JK, Porteous DJ (2007) Role of DISC1 in neural development and schizophrenia. Curr Opin Neurobiol 17:95–102.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maekawa M, Takashima N, Arai Y, Nomura T, Inokuchi K, Yuasa S, Osumi N (2005) Pax6 is required for production and maintenance of progenitor cells in postnatal hippocampal neurogenesis. Genes Cells 10:1001–1014.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maekawa M, Takashima N, Matsumata M, Ikegami S, Kontani M, Hara Y, Kawashima H, Owada Y, Kiso Y, Yoshikawa T, Inokuchi K, Osumi N (2009a) Arachidonic acid drives postnatal neurogenesis and elicits a beneficial effect on prepulse inhibition, a biological trait of psychiatric illnesses. PLoS One 4:e5085.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maekawa M, Iwayama Y, Arai R, Nakamura K, Ohnishi T, Toyota T, Tsujii M, Okazaki Y, Osumi N, Owada Y, Mori N, Yoshikawa T (2010) Polymorphism screening of brain-expressed FABP7, 5 and 3 genes and association studies in autism and schizophrenia in Japanese subjects. J Hum Genet 55:127–130.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maekawa M, Iwayama Y, Nakamura K, Sato M, Toyota T, Ohnishi T, Yamada K, Miyachi T, Tsujii M, Hattori E, Maekawa N, Osumi N, Mori N, Yoshikawa T (2009b) A novel missense mutation (Leu46Val) of PAX6 found in an autistic patient. Neurosci Lett 462:267–271.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manganas LN, Zhang X, Li Y, Hazel RD, Smith SD, Wagshul ME, Henn F, Benveniste H, Djuric PM, Enikolopov G, Maletic-Savatic M (2007) Magnetic resonance spectroscopy identifies neural progenitor cells in the live human brain. Science 318:980–985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mata I, Perez-Iglesias R, Roiz-Santianez R, Tordesillas-Gutierrez D, Gonzalez-Mandly A, Vazquez-Barquero JL, Crespo-Facorro B (2009) A neuregulin 1 variant is associated with increased lateral ventricle volume in patients with first-episode schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 65:535–540.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matsuzaki S, Tohyama M (2007) Molecular mechanism of schizophrenia with reference to disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 (DISC1). Neurochem Int 51:165–172.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McDowd JM, Filion DL, Harris MJ, Braff DL (1993) Sensory gating and inhibitory function in late-life schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 19:733–746.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McDowell JE, Clementz BA (2001) Behavioral and brain imaging studies of saccadic performance in schizophrenia. Biol Psychol 57:5–22.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Menard C, Patenaude C, Gagne AM, Massicotte G (2009) AMPA receptor-mediated cell death is reduced by docosahexaenoic acid but not by eicosapentaenoic acid in area CA1 of hippocampal slice cultures. J Neurosci Res 87:876–886.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer-Lindenberg A, Weinberger DR (2006) Intermediate phenotypes and genetic mechanisms of psychiatric disorders. Nat Rev Neurosci 7:818–827.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Michie PT (2001) What has MMN revealed about the auditory system in schizophrenia? Int J Psychophysiol 42:177–194.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mintz M, Yovel G, Gigi A, Myslobodsky MS (1998) Dissociation between startle and prepulse inhibition in rats exposed to gamma radiation at day 15 of embryogeny. Brain Res Bull 45:289–296.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moberg PJ, Agrin R, Gur RE, Gur RC, Turetsky BI, Doty RL (1999) Olfactory dysfunction in schizophrenia: a qualitative and quantitative review. Neuropsychopharmacology 21:325–340.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moffitt TE, Caspi A, Rutter M (2005) Strategy for investigating interactions between measured genes and measured environments. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62:473–481.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mongeluzi DL, Hoppe TA, Frost WN (1998) Prepulse inhibition of the Tritonia escape swim.J Neurosci 18:8467–8472.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mouret A, Gheusi G, Gabellec MM, de Chaumont F, Olivo-Marin JC, Lledo PM (2008) Learning and survival of newly generated neurons: when time matters. J Neurosci 28:11511–11516.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muotri AR, Zhao C, Marchetto MC, Gage FH (2009) Environmental influence on L1 retrotransposons in the adult hippocampus. Hippocampus 19:1002–1007.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nacher J, Varea E, Blasco-Ibanez JM, Castillo-Gomez E, Crespo C, Martinez-Guijarro FJ, McEwen BS (2005) Expression of the transcription factor Pax 6 in the adult rat dentate gyrus. J Neurosci Res 81:753–761.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nakatani N, Hattori E, Ohnishi T, Dean B, Iwayama Y, Matsumoto I, Kato T, Osumi N, Higuchi T, Niwa S, Yoshikawa T (2006) Genome-wide expression analysis detects eight genes with robust alterations specific to bipolar I disorder: relevance to neuronal network perturbation. Hum Mol Genet 15:1949–1962.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nesterenko TH, Aly H (2009) Fetal and neonatal programming: evidence and clinical implications. Am J Perinatol 26:191–198.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Donnell BF, McCarley RW, Potts GF, Salisbury DF, Nestor PG, Hirayasu Y, Niznikiewicz MA, Barnard J, Shen ZJ, Weinstein DM, Bookstein FL, Shenton ME (1999) Identification of neural circuits underlying P300 abnormalities in schizophrenia. Psychophysiology 36:388–398.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Driscoll GA, Florencio PS, Gagnon D, Wolff AV, Benkelfat C, Mikula L, Lal S, Evans AC (2001) Amygdala-hippocampal volume and verbal memory in first-degree relatives of schizophrenic patients. Psychiatry Res 107:75–85.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ohira K, Furuta T, Hioki H, Nakamura KC, Kuramoto E, Tanaka Y, Funatsu N, Shimizu K, Oishi T, Hayashi M, Miyakawa T, Kaneko T, Nakamura S (2009) Ischemia-induced neurogenesis of neocortical layer 1 progenitor cells. Nat Neurosci.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osumi N, Shinohara H, Numayama-Tsuruta K, Maekawa M (2008) Concise review: Pax6 transcription factor contributes to both embryonic and adult neurogenesis as a multifunctional regulator. Stem Cells 26:1663–1672.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Osumi N, Hirota A, Ohuchi H, Nakafuku M, Iimura T, Kuratani S, Fujiwara M, Noji S, Eto K (1997) Pax-6 is involved in the specification of hindbrain motor neuron subtype. Development 124:2961–2972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paizanis E, Hamon M, Lanfumey L (2007) Hippocampal neurogenesis, depressive disorders, and antidepressant therapy. Neural Plast 2007:73754.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pantelis C, Velakoulis D, McGorry PD, Wood SJ, Suckling J, Phillips LJ, Yung AR, Bullmore ET, Brewer W, Soulsby B, Desmond P, McGuire PK (2003) Neuroanatomical abnormalities before and after onset of psychosis: a cross-sectional and longitudinal MRI comparison. Lancet 361:281–288.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pantelis C, Velakoulis D, Wood SJ, Yucel M, Yung AR, Phillips LJ, Sun DQ, McGorry PD (2007) Neuroimaging and emerging psychotic disorders: the Melbourne ultra-high risk studies. Int Rev Psychiatry 19:371–381.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perry W, Minassian A, Feifel D, Braff DL (2001) Sensorimotor gating deficits in bipolar disorder patients with acute psychotic mania. Biol Psychiatry 50:418–424.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perry W, Feifel D, Minassian A, Bhattacharjie I, Braff DL (2002) Information processing deficits in acutely psychotic schizophrenia patients medicated and unmedicated at the time of admission. Am J Psychiatry 159:1375–1381.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perry W, Minassian A, Lopez B, Maron L, Lincoln A (2007) Sensorimotor gating deficits in adults with autism. Biol Psychiatry 61:482–486.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pickard BS, Malloy MP, Porteous DJ, Blackwood DH, Muir WJ (2005) Disruption of a brain transcription factor, NPAS3, is associated with schizophrenia and learning disability. AmJ Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 136B:26–32.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pieper AA, Wu X, Han TW, Estill SJ, Dang Q, Wu LC, Reece-Fincanon S, Dudley CA, Richardson JA, Brat DJ, McKnight SL (2005) The neuronal PAS domain protein 3 transcription factor controls FGF-mediated adult hippocampal neurogenesis in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:14052–14057.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Porteous D (2008) Genetic causality in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: out with the old and in with the new. Curr Opin Genet Dev 18:229–234.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prasad KM, Chowdari KV, Nimgaonkar VL, Talkowski ME, Lewis DA, Keshavan MS (2005) Genetic polymorphisms of the RGS4 and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex morphometry among first episode schizophrenia patients. Mol Psychiatry 10:213–219.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rakic P (2002) Neurogenesis in adult primate neocortex: an evaluation of the evidence. Nat Rev Neurosci 3:65–71.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramocki MB, Zoghbi HY (2008) Failure of neuronal homeostasis results in common neuropsychiatric phenotypes. Nature 455:912–918.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rapoport JL, Addington A, Frangou S (2005a) The neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia: what can very early onset cases tell us? Curr Psychiatry Rep 7:81–82.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rapoport JL, Addington AM, Frangou S, Psych MR (2005b) The neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia: update 2005. Mol Psychiatry 10:434–449.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rousselot P, Heintz N, Nottebohm F (1997) Expression of brain lipid binding protein in the brain of the adult canary and its implications for adult neurogenesis. J Comp Neurol 385:415–426.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rutter M (1970) Autistic children: infancy to adulthood. Semin Psychiatry 2:435–450.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rutter M, Moffitt TE, Caspi A (2006) Gene–environment interplay and psychopathology: multiple varieties but real effects. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 47:226–261.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sahay A, Hen R (2007) Adult hippocampal neurogenesis in depression. Nat Neurosci 10:1110–1115.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt HD, Duman RS (2007) The role of neurotrophic factors in adult hippocampal neurogenesis, antidepressant treatments and animal models of depressive-like behavior. Behav Pharmacol 18:391–418.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Selemon LD, Goldman-Rakic PS (1999) The reduced neuropil hypothesis: a circuit based model of schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 45:17–25.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shenton ME, Dickey CC, Frumin M, McCarley RW (2001) A review of MRI findings in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 49:1–52.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Silva R, Mesquita AR, Bessa J, Sousa JC, Sotiropoulos I, Leao P, Almeida OF, Sousa N (2008) Lithium blocks stress-induced changes in depressive-like behavior and hippocampal cell fate: the role of glycogen-synthase-kinase-3beta. Neuroscience 152:656–669.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soderberg M, Edlund C, Kristensson K, Dallner G (1991) Fatty acid composition of brain phospholipids in aging and in Alzheimer’s disease. Lipids 26:421–425.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Solberg N, Machon O, Krauss S (2008) Effect of canonical Wnt inhibition in the neurogenic cortex, hippocampus, and premigratory dentate gyrus progenitor pool. Dev Dyn 237:1799–1811.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • St Clair D, Blackwood D, Muir W, Carothers A, Walker M, Spowart G, Gosden C, Evans HJ (1990) Association within a family of a balanced autosomal translocation with major mental illness. Lancet 336:13–16.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • St Clair D, Xu M, Wang P, Yu Y, Fang Y, Zhang F, Zheng X, Gu N, Feng G, Sham P, He L (2005) Rates of adult schizophrenia following prenatal exposure to the Chinese famine of 1959–1961. JAMA 294:557–562.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stefansson H, Sarginson J, Kong A, Yates P, Steinthorsdottir V, Gudfinnsson E, Gunnarsdottir S, Walker N, Petursson H, Crombie C, Ingason A, Gulcher JR, Stefansson K, St Clair D (2003) Association of neuregulin 1 with schizophrenia confirmed in a Scottish population. Am J Hum Genet 72:83–87.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stefansson H, Sigurdsson E, Steinthorsdottir V, Bjornsdottir S, Sigmundsson T, Ghosh S, Brynjolfsson J, Gunnarsdottir S, Ivarsson O, Chou TT, Hjaltason O, Birgisdottir B, Jonsson H, Gudnadottir VG, Gudmundsdottir E, Bjornsson A, Ingvarsson B, Ingason A, Sigfusson S, Hardardottir H, Harvey RP, Lai D, Zhou M, Brunner D, Mutel V, Gonzalo A, Lemke G, Sainz J, Johannesson G, Andresson T, Gudbjartsson D, Manolescu A, Frigge ML, Gurney ME, Kong A, Gulcher JR, Petursson H, Stefansson K (2002) Neuregulin 1 and susceptibility to schizophrenia. Am J Hum Genet 71:877–892.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sudhof TC (2008) Neuroligins and neurexins link synaptic function to cognitive disease. Nature 455:903–911.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Susser ES, Lin SP (1992) Schizophrenia after prenatal exposure to the Dutch Hunger Winter of 1944–1945. Arch Gen Psychiatry 49:983–988.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Swerdlow NR, Braff DL, Geyer MA (1999) Cross-species studies of sensorimotor gating of the startle reflex. Ann N Y Acad Sci 877:202–216.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taliaz D, Stall N, Dar DE, Zangen A (2010) Knockdown of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in specific brain sites precipitates behaviors associated with depression and reduces neurogenesis. Mol Psychiatry 15:80–92.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tan W, Wang Y, Gold B, Chen J, Dean M, Harrison PJ, Weinberger DR, Law AJ (2007) Molecular cloning of a brain-specific, developmentally regulated neuregulin 1 (NRG1) isoform and identification of a functional promoter variant associated with schizophrenia. J Biol Chem 282:24343–24351.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tan HY, Callicott JH, Weinberger DR (2009) Prefrontal cognitive systems in schizophrenia: towards human genetic brain mechanisms. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 14:277–298.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taya S, Shinoda T, Tsuboi D, Asaki J, Nagai K, Hikita T, Kuroda S, Kuroda K, Shimizu M, Hirotsune S, Iwamatsu A, Kaibuchi K (2007) DISC1 regulates the transport of the NUDEL/LIS1/14-3-3epsilon complex through kinesin-1. J Neurosci 27:15–26.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Toulopoulou T, Morris RG, Rabe-Hesketh S, Murray RM (2003) Selectivity of verbal memory deficit in schizophrenic patients and their relatives. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 116B:1–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tuulio-Henriksson A, Arajarvi R, Partonen T, Haukka J, Varilo T, Schreck M, Cannon T, Lonnqvist J (2003) Familial loading associates with impairment in visual span among healthy siblings of schizophrenia patients. Biol Psychiatry 54:623–628.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Uhlhaas PJ, Singer W (2010) Abnormal neural oscillations and synchrony in schizophrenia. Nat Rev Neurosci 11:100–113.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • van der Stelt O, Lieberman JA, Belger A (2005) Auditory P300 in high-risk, recent-onset and chronic schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 77:309–320.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Praag H (2008) Neurogenesis and exercise: past and future directions. Neuromolecular Med 10:128–140.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Praag H, Kempermann G, Gage FH (2000) Neural consequences of environmental enrichment. Nat Rev Neurosci 1:191–198.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ventegodt S, Andersen NJ, Neikrug S, Kandel I, Merrick J (2005) Clinical holistic medicine: holistic treatment of mental disorders. ScientificWorldJournal 5:427–445.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verdoux H, Geddes JR, Takei N, Lawrie SM, Bovet P, Eagles JM, Heun R, McCreadie RG, McNeil TF, O’Callaghan E, Stober G, Willinger MU, Wright P, Murray RM (1997) Obstetric complications and age at onset in schizophrenia: an international collaborative meta-analysis of individual patient data. Am J Psychiatry 154:1220–1227.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe Y, Hashimoto S, Kakita A, Takahashi H, Ko J, Mizuno M, Someya T, Patterson PH, Nawa H (2004) Neonatal impact of leukemia inhibitory factor on neurobehavioral development in rats. Neurosci Res 48:345–353.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe A, Toyota T, Owada Y, Hayashi T, Iwayama Y, Matsumata M, Ishitsuka Y, Nakaya A, Maekawa M, Ohnishi T, Arai R, Sakurai K, Yamada K, Kondo H, Hashimoto K, Osumi N, Yoshikawa T (2007) Fabp7 maps to a quantitative trait locus for a schizophrenia endophenotype. PLoS Biol 5:e297.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wegrzyn J (2004) [P50 sensory gating disorders of auditory evoked potentials (AEP) in persons with schizophrenia]. Psychiatr Pol 38:833–845.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weinberger DR (1987) Implications of normal brain development for the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 44:660–669.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weinberger DR (1996) On the plausibility of “the neurodevelopmental hypothesis” of schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 14:1S–11S.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whisman MA (1993) Mediators and moderators of change in cognitive therapy of depression. Psychol Bull 114:248–265.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • White T, Nelson M, Lim KO (2008) Diffusion tensor imaging in psychiatric disorders. Top Magn Reson Imaging 19:97–109.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams M, Hirsch SR, Ansorge O, Thom M, Maier M (2008) Oligodendrocyte abnormalities in mood and affective disorders in the anterior cingulate cortex and corpus callosum in the post-mortem brain. Schizophr Res 98:1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yan XB, Hou HL, Wu LM, Liu J, Zhou JN (2007) Lithium regulates hippocampal neurogenesis by ERK pathway and facilitates recovery of spatial learning and memory in rats after transient global cerebral ischemia. Neuropharmacology 53:487–495.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yee CM, Williams TJ, White PM, Nuechterlein KH, Ames D, Subotnik KL (2010) Attentional modulation of the P50 suppression deficit in recent-onset and chronic schizophrenia. J Abnorm Psychol 119:31–39.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zaidel DW, Esiri MM, Harrison PJ (1997) Size, shape, and orientation of neurons in the left and right hippocampus: investigation of normal asymmetries and alterations in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 154:812–818.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We thank Drs. Tatsunori Seki, Takeshi Sakurai, and Takeo Yoshikawa for critical comments on the manuscript. The work on which this review article is based was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Areas, “Elucidation of Mechanisms Underlying Brain Development and Learning,” from the Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST) of the Japanese Science and Technology Corporation (to N.O.). N.G. is supported by Tohoku Neuroscience Global COE.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Developmental Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan

    Noriko Osumi & Nannan Guo

Authors
  1. Noriko Osumi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Nannan Guo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Noriko Osumi .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Histology and Neuroanatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, 160-8402, Japan

    Tatsunori Seki Ph.D. (Professor) (Professor)

  2. Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan

    Kazunobu Sawamoto Ph.D. (Professor) (Professor)

  3. Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place 5021 BSRB, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA

    Jack M. Parent M.D. (Associate Professor) (Associate Professor)

  4. Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA

    Arturo Alvarez-Buylla Ph.D. (Professor) (Professor)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Osumi, N., Guo, N. (2011). Impaired Neurogenesis as a Risk Factor for Schizophrenia and Related Mental Diseases. In: Seki, T., Sawamoto, K., Parent, J.M., Alvarez-Buylla, A. (eds) Neurogenesis in the Adult Brain II. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-53945-2_6

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation