Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Physiologische Anpassungen des Herz-Kreislauf-Systems an körperliche Belastung

  • Chapter
Sportkardiologie

Auszug

Körperliche Belastung erfordert eine Zunahme der Durchblutung, insbesondere der arbeitenden Muskulatur, da der Sauerstoffbedarf ansteigt. In Ruhe verbraucht der menschliche Organismus ca. 3,5 ml/min · kg Sauerstoff entsprechend 1 MET (metabolisches Äquivalent). Unter Belastung steigt die Sauerstoffaufnahme linear zur Intensität an. Im Bereich der maximalen Intensität flacht die Kurve der Sauerstoffaufnahme ab [33]. Dieses Phänomen des „levelling off“ gilt auch als Ausbelastungskriterium für die Ergometrie.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Literatur

  1. Astrand I, Astrand P-O, Hallback I, Kilbom A (1973) Reduction in VO2max with age. J Appl Physiol 35:649–654

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Biffi A, Pelliccia A, Verdile L, Fernando F, Spataro A, Caselli S, Santini M, Maron BJ (2002) Long-term clinical significance of frequent and complex ventricular tachyarrhythmias in trained athletes. J Am Coll Cardiol 40:446–452

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Casale PM, Devereux RB, Milner M, Zullo G, Harshfield GA, Pickering TG, Laragh JH (1986) Value of echocardiographic measurement of left ventricular mass in predicting cardiovascular morbid events in hypertensive men. Ann Intern Med 105:173–178

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Colan SD, Sanders SP, MacPherson D, Borow KM (1985) Left ventricular diastolic function in elite athletes with physiologic cardiac hypertrophy. J Am Coll Cardiol 6:545–549

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. De Piccoli B, Giada F, Benettin A, Sartori F, Piccolo E (1991) Anabolic steroid use in body builders: an echocardiographic study of left ventricular morphology and function. Int J Sports Med 12:408–412

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Dickhuth HH, Nause A, Staiger J, Bonzel T, Keul J (1983) Two-dimensional echocardiographic measurements of left ventricular volume of endurance-trained athletes and untrained subjects. Int J Sports Med 4:21–26

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Dickhuth HH, Lehmann M, Auchschwelk W, Meinertz T, Keul J (1987) Physical training, vegetative regulation and cardiac hypertrophy. J Cardiovasc Pharm 10:71–78

    Google Scholar 

  8. Dickhuth HH, Horstmann T, Staiger J, Reindell H, Keul J (1989) The long-term involution of physiological cardiomegaly and cardiac hypertrophy. Med Sci Sports Exerc 21:244–249

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Dickhuth HH, Röcker K, Hipp A, Heitkamp HC, Keul J (1994) Echocardiographic findings in endurance athletes with hypertrophic non-obstructive cardiomyopathy (HNCM) compared to non-athletes with HNCM and to physiological hypertrophy (Athlete’s heart). Int J Sports Med 15:273–277

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Ekblom B, Hermansen L (1968) Cardiac output in athletes. J Appl Physiol 25:619–625

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Esteve-Lanao J, San Juan AF, Earnest CP, Foster C, Lucia A (2005) How do endurance runners actually train? Relationship with competition performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 37:496–504

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Fagard R, van den Broeke C, Amery A (1989) Left ventricular dynamics during exercise in elite marathon runners. J Am Coll Cardiol 14:112–118

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Ferguson S, Gledhill N, Jamnik VK, Wiebe C, Payne N (2001) Cardiac performance in endurance-trained and moderately active young women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 33:1114–1119

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Finkelhor RS, Hanak LJ, Bahler RC (1986) Left ventricular filling in endurancetrained subjects. J Am Coll Cardiol 8:289–293

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Friedman DB, Peel C, Mitchell JH (1992) Cardiovascular responses to voluntary and nonvoluntary static exercise in humans. J Appl Physiol 73:1982–1985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. George KP, Wolfe LA, Burggraf GW (1991) The ‘Athletic Heart Syndrome’. Sports Med 11:300–331

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Gledhill N, Cox D, Jamnik R (1994) Endurance athletes’ stroke volume does not plateau: major advantage is diastolic function. Med Sci Sports Exerc 26:1116–1121

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Henschen S (1899) Skilanglauf und Skiwettlauf: eine medizinische Sportstudie. Fischer, Jena

    Google Scholar 

  19. Hoppeler H, Weibel ER (1998) Limits for oxygen and substrate transport in mammals. J Exp Biol 201:1051–1064

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Keul J, Dickhuth HH, Lehmann M, Staiger J (1982) The athlete’s heart — haemodynamics and structure. Int J Sports Med 3:33–43

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Kindermann W (2000) Das Sportherz. Dtsch Z Sportmed 51:307–308

    Google Scholar 

  22. Kindermann W, Keul J, Reindell H (1974) Grundlagen zur Bewertung leistungsphysiologischer Anpassungsvorgänge. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 99:1372–1379

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Krieg A, Scharhag J, Kindermann W, Urhausen A (2007) Cardiac tissue Doppler imaging in sports medicine. Sports Med 37:15–30

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Legaz Arrese A, Serrano Ostariz E, Gonzalez Carretero M, Lacambra Blasco I (2005) Echocardiography to measure fitness of elite runners. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 18:419–426

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Levy D, Savage DD, Garrison RJ, Anderson KM, Kannel WB, Castelli WP (1987) Echocardiographic criteria of left ventricular hypertrophy: the Framingham heart study. Am J Cardiol 59:956–960

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Linzbach AJ (1948) Herzhypertrophie und kritisches Herzgewicht. Klin Wochenschr 26:459

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Löllgen H, Gerke R (2001) Bradykardie im Sport. Dtsch Z Sportmed 52:180–181

    Google Scholar 

  28. Longhurst JC, Kelly AR, Gonyea WJ, Mitchell JH (1980) Echocardiographic left ventricular masses in distance runners and weight lifters. J Appl Physiol 48:154–162

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Maron BJ (1986) Structural features of the athlete heart as defined by echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 7:190–203

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Matsuda M, Sugishita Y, Koseki S, Ito I, Akatsuka T, Takamatsu K (1983) Effect of exercise on left ventricular diastolic filling in athletes and non-athletes. J Appl Physiol 55:323–328

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Messonnier L, Aranda-Berthouze SE, Bourdin M, Bredel Y, Lacour JR (2005) Rowing performance and estimated training load. Int J Sports Med 26:376–382

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Mickelson JK, Byrd BF 3rd, Bouchard A, Botvinick EH, Schiller NB (1986) Left ventricular dimensions and mechanics in distance runners. Am Heart J 112:1251–1256

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Mitchell JH (1990) Neural control of the circulation during exercise. Med Sci Sports Exer 22:141–154

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Mitchell JH, Blomqvist C (1971) Maximal oxygen uptake. N Engl J Med 284: 1018–1022

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Möckel M, Störk T (1996) Diastolic function in various forms of left ventricular hypertrophy. Int J Sports Med 17:S184–190

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Morganroth J, Maron BJ, Henry WL, Epstein SE (1975) Comparative left ventricular dimensions in trained athletes. Ann Intern Med 82:521–524

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Musshoff K, Reindell H (1956) Zur Röntgenuntersuchung des Herzens in horizontaler und vertikaler Körperstellung: I. Mitteilung: Der Einfluss der Körperposition auf das Herzvolumen. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 81:1001

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Nagashima J, Musha J, Takada H, Murayama M (2006) Left ventricular chamber size predicts the race time of Japanese participants in an 100 km ultramarathon. Br J Sports Med 40:331–333

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Pearson AC, Schiff M, Mrosek D, Labovitz AJ, Williams GA (1986) Left ventricular function in weight lifters. Am J Cardiol 58:1254–1259

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Pelliccia A, Maron BJ, Spataro A, Proschan MA, Spirito P (1991) The upper limit of physiologic cardiac hypertrophy in highly trained elite athletes. N Engl J Med 324:295–301

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Pelliccia A, Maron BJ, Culasso F, Di Paolo FM, Spataro A, Biffi A, Caselli G, Piovano P (2000) Clinical significance of abnormal electrocardiographic patterns in trained athletes. Circulation 102:278–284

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Pelliccia A, Maron BJ, De Luca, R, Di Paolo FM, Spataro A, Culasso F (2002) Remodeling of left ventricular hypertrophy in elite athletes after long-term deconditioning. Circulation 105:944–949

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Pluim BM, Zwinderman AH, van der Laarse A, van der Wall EE (1999) The athlete’s heart. A meta-analysis of cardiac structure and function. Circulation 100:336–344

    Google Scholar 

  44. Reindell H, Klepzig H, Steim H, Musshoff K, Roskamm H, Schildge E (1960) Herz-Kreislaufkrankheiten und Sport. Barth, München

    Google Scholar 

  45. Roecker K, Niess AM, Horstmann T, Striegel H, Mayer F, Dickhuth HH (2002) Heart rate prescriptions from performance and anthropometrical characteristics. Med Sci Sports Exerc 34:881–887

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Rost R, Hollmann W (1983) Athlete’s heart — a review of its historical assessment and new aspects. Int J Sports Med 4:147–165

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Rowell LB (1969) Circulation. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1:15–22

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Sachtleben TR, Berg KE, Elias BA, Cheatham JP, Felix GL, Hofschire PJ (1993) The effects of anabolic steroids on myocardial structure and cardiovascular fitness. Med Sci Sports Exerc 25:1240–1245

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Saito K, Matushita M (2004) The contribution of left ventricular mass to maximal oxygen uptake in female college rowers. Int J Sports Med 25:27–31

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Saltin B, Astrand PO (1967) Maximal oxygen uptake in athletes. J Appl Physiol 23:353–358

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Sarna S, Sahi T, Koskenvuo M, Kaprio J (1993) Increased life expectancy of world class male athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 25:237–244

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Scharhag J, Schneider G, Urhausen A, Rochette V, Kramann B, Kindermann W (2002) Right and left ventricular mass and function in male endurance athletes and untrained individuals determined by magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 40:1856–1863

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Sharma S, Maron BJ, Whyte G, Firoozi S, Elliott PM, McKenna WJ (2002) Physiologic limits of left ventricular hypertrophy in elite junior athletes: relevance of differential diagnosis of athlete’s heart and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 40:1431–1436

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Snell PG, Mitchell JH (1984) The role of maximal oxygen uptake in exercise performance. Clin Chest Med 5:51–62

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Sundstedt M, Hedberg P, Jonason T, Ringqvist I, Brodin LA, Henriksen E (2004) Left ventricular volumes during exercise in endurance athletes assessed by contrast echocardiography. Acta Physiol Scand 182:45–51

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Urhausen A, Kindermann W (1987) Ein-und zweidimensionale echokardiographische Herzvolumenbestimmung bei Herzgesunden im Vergleich zur röntgenologischen Methode und zu spiroergometrischen Parametern. Herz/Kreisl 119:525–528

    Google Scholar 

  57. Urhausen A, Kindermann W (1992) Echocardiographic findings in strength-and endurance-trained athletes. Sports Med 13:270–284

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Urhausen A, Kindermann W (1999) Sports-specific adaptations and differentiation of the athlete’s heart. Sports Med 28:237–244

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Urhausen A, Kindermann W (1999) Akutes Entlastungssyndrom und Abtraining. Dtsch Z Sportmed 50:243–244

    Google Scholar 

  60. Urhausen A, Hölpes R, Kindermann W (1989) One-and two-dimensional echocardiography in bodybuilders using anabolic steroids. Eur J Appl Physiol 58: 633–640

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Urhausen A, Monz T, Kindermann W (1997) Echocardiographic criteria of physiological left ventricular hypertrophy in combined strength-and endurancetrained athletes. Int J Card Imaging 13:43–52

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Viitasalo MT, Kala R, Eissalo A (1982) Ambulatory electrocardiographic recordings in endurance athletes. Br Heart J 47:213–220

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Walter R, Schmitt W, Kindermann W (1985) Differentialdiagnose der Herzvergrößerung — Bedeutung der Sportanamnese zur Abgrenzung der physiologischen und der pathologischen Herzvergrößerung. In: Franz IW, Mellerowicz H, Noack W (Hrsg) Training und Sport zur Prävention und Rehabilitation in der technisierten Umwelt. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 716–721

    Google Scholar 

  64. Warburton DE, Haykowsky MJ, Quinney HA, Blackmore D, Teo KK, Humen DP (2002) Myocardial response to incremental exercise in endurance-trained athletes: influence of heart rate, contractility and the Frank-Starling effect. Exp Physiol 87:613–622

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Whyte G, Lumley S, George K, Gates P, Sharma S, Prasad K, McKenna WJ (2000) Physiological profile and predictors of cycling performance in ultra-endurance triathletes. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 40:103–109

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Young LE, Rogers K, Wood JL (2005) Left ventricular size and systolic function in Thoroughbred racehorses and their relationships to race performance. J Appl Physiol 99:1278–1285

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Zehender M, Meinertz T, Keul J, Just H (1990) ECG variants and cardiac arrhythmias in athletes: clinical relevance and prognostic importance. Am Heart J 119:1378–1391

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Zeppilli P, Fenici R, Sassara M, Pirrami MM, Caselli G (1980) Wenckebach second degree AV-block in top-ranking athletes: an old problem revisited. Am Heart J 100:281–294

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Zhou B, Conlee RK, Jensen R, Fellingham GW, George JD, Fisher AG (2001) Stroke volume does not plateau during graded exercise in elite male distance runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc 33:1849–1854

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institut für Sport- und Präventivmedizin, Universität des Saarlandes, Campus Gebäude B 8.2, 66123, Saarbrücken

    Univ.-Prof. Dr. med. Wilfried Kindermann

Authors
  1. Univ.-Prof. Dr. med. Wilfried Kindermann
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2007 Steinkopff Verlag Darmstadt

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kindermann, W. (2007). Physiologische Anpassungen des Herz-Kreislauf-Systems an körperliche Belastung. In: Sportkardiologie. Steinkopff. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7985-1707-3_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7985-1707-3_1

  • Publisher Name: Steinkopff

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-7985-1706-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-7985-1707-3

  • eBook Packages: Medicine (German Language)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation