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Influenza Virology

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Influenza Virus Sialidase - A Drug Discovery Target

Part of the book series: Milestones in Drug Therapy ((MDT))

Abstract

Influenza virus, comprising types A, B, and C, belong to the Orthomyxoviridae family. Influenza A viruses are important human and animal pathogens. Their natural hosts are aquatic birds from which they are occasionally transmitted to other species. In man, they cause outbreaks of respiratory disease that occur as annual epidemics and less frequent pandemics. Virus particles are composed of a lipid envelope with glycoprotein spikes and a nucleoprotein core containing the negative-stranded RNA genome and the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Reassortment of the segmented genome and a high mutation rate account for the unusual variability of influenza A viruses. The 8 RNA segments encode 11 proteins. The haemagglutinin (HA) is responsible for virus entry into the host cell by binding to sialic acid-containing receptors and by inducing membrane fusion, the viral polymerase mediates RNA replication and transcription in the nucleus, and the neuraminidase promotes release of progeny virions that are formed by budding from the cell surface. The non-structural NS1 protein has several functions, including that of an interferon antagonist. Host specificity and pathogenicity result from the interaction of numerous host factors with all viral proteins among which, however, the polymerase, the HA, and NS1 play particularly prominent roles.

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Acknowledgements

I gratefully acknowledge the editorial help of Sabine Fischbach.

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    Hans Dieter Klenk

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    Mark von Itzstein

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Klenk, H.D. (2012). Influenza Virology. In: von Itzstein, M. (eds) Influenza Virus Sialidase - A Drug Discovery Target. Milestones in Drug Therapy. Springer, Basel. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-8927-7_1

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