Skip to main content

Potential impact of rotavirus vaccination on the mortality of children in developing countries

  • Chapter
Pediatric Infectious Diseases Revisited

Part of the book series: Birkhäuser Advances in Infectious Diseases ((BAID))

  • 806 Accesses

Abstract

The global burden of rotavirus infection and associated mortality in infants and young children has led to the international prioritization of the development of a rotavirus vaccine. In recent months, two new rotavirus vaccines have been licensed by the multinational pharmaceutical industry and are currently being introduced into routine childhood immunization schedules in the Americas and Europe. However, for the full impact of these rotavirus vaccines to be felt they need to be introduced into Africa and Asia where the bulk of rotavirus associated mortality occurs. Several questions regarding the efficacy of the vaccines in these settings remain, as well as questions of supply and pricing of the vaccines.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Black RE, Morris SS, Bryce J (2003) Where and why are 10 million children dying every year? Lancet 361: 2226–2234

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Kosek M, Bern C, Guerrant RL (2003) The global burden of diarrheal disease, as estimated from studies published between 1992 and 2000. Bull World Health Organ 81: 197–204

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. UN Millennium Development Goals. www.unmillenniumproject.org

    Google Scholar 

  4. World Health Organization (1999) Rotavirus vaccines: WHO Position Paper. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 74: 3–38

    Google Scholar 

  5. Parashar U, Gibson CJ, Bresee JS, Glass RI (2005) Rotavirus and severe childhood diarrhea. Emerg Infect Dis 12: 304–306

    Google Scholar 

  6. Glass RI, Parashar U, Bresee JS, Turcois R, Fischer TK, Widdowson MA, Jiang B, Gentsch J (2006) Rotavirus vaccines: Current prospects and future challenges. Lancet 368: 323–332

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Bresee JS, Glass RI, Ivanoff B, Gentsch J (1999) Current status and future priorities for rotavirus vaccine development, evaluation and implementation in developing countries. Vaccine 7: 2207–2222

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Parashar U, Hummelman EG, Bresee JS, Miller MA, Glass RI (2003) Global illness and deaths caused by rotavirus disease in children. Emerg Infect Dis 9: 565–572

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Cunliffe NA, Kilgore PE, Bresee JS, Steele AD, Luo N, Hart CA, Glass RI (1998) Epidemiology of rotavirus diarrhea in Africa: A review to assess the need for rotavirus immunization. Bull World Health Organ 76: 525–537

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Steele AD and Ivanoff B (2003) Rotavirus strains circulating in Africa. The emergence of G9 and P[6] strains. Vaccine 21: 361–367

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Bresee J, Fang ZY, Wang B, Nelson EA, Tam J, Soenarto Y, Wilopo SA, Kilgore P, Kim JS, Kang JO et al (2004) First report from the Asian Rotavirus Surveillance Network. Emerg Infect Dis 10: 988–995

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Kane EM, Turcios R, Arvay ML, Garcia S, Bresee JS, Glass RI (2004) The epidemiology of rotavirus diarrhea in Latin America. Anticipating rotavirus vaccines. Rev Panam Salud Publica 16: 371–377

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Soriano-Gabarro M, Mrukowicz J, Vesikari T, Verstraeten T (2006) Burden of rotavirus disease in the European Union countries. Pediatr Infect Dis J 25: S7–S11

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Ruiz-Palacios GM, Perez-Schael I, Velasquez R, Abate H, Breuer T, Clemens SC, Cheuvart B, Espinoza F, Gillard P, Innis BL et al (2006) Safety and efficacy of an attenuated vaccine against severe rotavirus gastroenteritis. N Engl J Med 354: 11–22

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Vesikari T, Matson DO, Dennehy P, Dallas MJ, DiStefano DJ, Goveia MG, Ward RL, Schodel F, Karvonen A, Drummond JE et al (2006) Safety and efficacy of a pentavalent human-bovine (WC3) reassortant rotavirus vaccine. N Engl J Med 354: 23–33

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Parashar U, Holman RC, Clarke MJ, Bresee JS, Glass RI (1997) Hospitalizations associated with rotavirus diarrhea in the United States, 1993 through 1995: Surveillance based on new ICD-9-CM rotavirus specific diagnostic code. J Infect Dis 177: 13–17

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Rheingans RD, Heylen J, Giaquinto C (2006) Economics of rotavirus gastroenteritis and vaccination in Europe. What makes sense? Pediatr Infect Dis J 25: S48–S55

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Kapikian AZ, Hoshino Y, Chanock RM (2001) Rotaviruses. In: DM Knipe, PM Howley, DE Griffin, RA Lamb, MA Martin, B Roizman, SE Strauss (eds): Fields Virology, 4th edn. Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, 1787–1833

    Google Scholar 

  19. World Health Organisation (2000) Report of the meeting on the Future Directions for Rotavirus Research in Developing Countries. World Health Organisation, Geneva. WHO/V&B/.00.23

    Google Scholar 

  20. Bresee JS, Hummelman E, Nelson EAS, Glass RI (2005) Rotavirus in Asia: The value of surveillance for informing decisions about the introduction of new vaccines. J Infect Dis 192: S1–S5

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Fang ZY, Yang H, Zhang J, Li YF, Hou AC, Ma L, Sun LW, Wang CX (2000) Child rotavirus infection in association with acute gastroenteritis in two Chinese sentinel hospitals. Pediatr Int 42: 401–405

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Fischer TH, Valentiner-Branth P, Steinsland H, Perch M, Santos G, Aaby P, Molbak K, Sommerfelt H (2002) Protective immunity after natural rotavirus infection: A community cohort study of newborn children in Guinea Bissau, West Africa. J Infect Dis 186: 593–597

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Nguyen VM, Nguyen VT, Huynh PL, Dang DT, Nguyen TH, Phan VT, Nguyen TL, Le TL, Ivanoff B, Gentsch JR et al (2001) The epidemiology and disease burden of rotavirus in Vietnam: Sentinel surveillance at 6 hospitals. J Infect Dis 183: 1707–1712

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Steele AD, Peenze I, De Beer MC, Pager CT, Yeats J, Potgieter N, Ramsaroop U, Page NA, Mitchell JO, Geyer A et al (2003) Anticipating rotavirus vaccines: epidemiology and surveillance of rotavirus in South Africa. Vaccine 21: 354–360

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Bishop RF (1996) Natural history of human rotavirus infections. In: AZ Kapikian (ed): Viral Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract, 2nd edn. Marcel Dekker, New York, 131–167

    Google Scholar 

  26. Bishop RF, Barnes GL, Cipriani E, Lund JS (1983) Clinical immunity after neonatal rotavirus infection: A prospective longitudinal study in young children. N Engl J Med 309: 72–76

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Dearlove J, Latham P, Dearlove B, Pearl K, Thomson A, Lewis IG (1983) Clinical range of neonatal rotavirus infection. Br Med J 286: 1473–1475

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Hoshino Y, Wyatt RG, Flores J, Midthun K, Kapikian AZ (1985) Serotypic characterization of rotaviruses derived from asymptomatic human neonatal infections. J Clin Microbiol 21: 425–430

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Cook SM, Glass RI, Le Baron CW, Ho MS (1990) Global seasonality of rotavirus infections, Bull World Health Organ 68: 171–177

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Bhan MK, Lew JF, Sazawal S, Das BK, Gentsch JR, Glass RI (1993) Protection conferred by neonatal rotavirus infection against subsequent diarrhea. J Infect Dis 168: 282–287

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Velazquez FR, Matson DO, Calva JJ, Guerrero ML, Morrow AL, Carter-Campbell S, Glass RI, Estes MK, Pickering LK, Ruiz-Palacois GM (1996) Rotavirus infection in infants as protection against subsequent infections. N Engl J Med 335: 1022–1028

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Estes MK (2001) Rotaviruses and their replication. In: DM Knipe, PM Howley, DE Griffin, RA Lamb, MA Martin, B Roizman, SE Strauss (eds): Fields Virology, 4th edn. Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, 1747–1785

    Google Scholar 

  33. Hoshino Y, Sereno MM, Midthun K, Flores J, Kapikian AZ, Chanock RM (1985) Independent segregation of two antigenic specificities (VP3 and VP7) involved in neutralization of the rotavirus infectivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82: 8701–8704

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Hoshino Y, Wyatt RG, Greenberg HB, Flores J, Kapikian AZ (1984) Serotypic similarity and diversity among rotaviruses of mammalian and avian origin as studied by plaque-reduction neutralization. J Infect Dis 149: 694–702

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Gentsch JR, Woods PA, Ramachandran M, Das BK, Leite JP, Alfieri A, Kumar R, Bhan MK, Glass RI (1996) Review of G and P typing results from a global collection of rotavirus strains; implications for vaccine development. J Infect Dis 174: 530–536

    Google Scholar 

  36. Desselberger U, Iturriza-Gomara M, Gray JJ (2001) Rotavirus epidemiology and surveillance. In: Gastroenteritis Viruses. Novartis Foundation Symposium 238. John Wiley and Sons, Ltd, London, 125–152

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  37. Santos N, Hoshino Y (2005) Global distribution of rotavirus serotypes/genotypes and its implication for the development and implementation of an effective rotavirus vaccine. Rev Med Virol 15: 29–56

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Gentsch JR, Laird AR, Bielfelt B, Griffin DD, Banyai K, Ramachandran M, Jain V, Cunliffe NA, Nakagomi O, Kirkwood CD et al (2005) Serotype diversity and reassortment between human and animal rotavirus strains: Implications for rotavirus vaccine programmes. J Infect Dis 192: S146–S159

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Gouvea V, de Castro L, Timenetsky MC, Greeneberg HB, Santos N (1994) Rotavirus serotype G5 associated with diarrhea in Brazilian children. J Clin Microbiol 32: 1408–1409

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Santos N, Lima RCC, Pereira CFA, Gouvea V (1998) Detection of rotavirus types G8 and G10 among Brazilian children with diarrhea. J Clin Microbiol 36: 2727–2729

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Armah GE, Pager CT, Asmah RH, Anto FR, Oduro AR, Binka FN, Steele AD (2001) Prevalence of unusual human rotavirus strains in Ghanaian children. J Med Virol 63: 67–71

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Cunliffe NA, Gondwe JS, Broadhead RL, Molyneaux ME, Woods PA, Bresee JS, Glass RI, Gentsch JE, Hart CA (1999) Rotavirus G and P types in children with acute diarrhea in Blantyre, Malawi from 1997 to 1998. Predominance of novel P[6]G8 strains. J Med Virol 57: 308–312

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Matthijnssens J, Rahman M, Yang X, Delbeke T, Arijs I, Kabue JP, Muyemba JT, van Ranst M (2006) G8 rotavirus strains isolated in the Democratic Republic of Congo belong to the DS-1 like genogroup. J Clin Microbiol 44: 1801–1809

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Das S, Gentsch JR, Cicirello HG, Woods PA, Gupta A, Ramachandran M, Kumar R, Bhan MK, Glass RI (1994) Characterization of rotavirus strains from newborns in New Delhi, India. J Clin Microbiol 32: 1820–1822

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Offit PA, Blavat G (1986) Identification of the two rotavirus genes determining neutralization specificities. J Virol 57: 376–378

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Rao CD, Gowda K, Reddy BSY (2001) Sequence analysis of theVP4 and VP7 genes of non-typeable strains identifies a new pair of outer capsid proteins representing novel P and G genotypes in bovine rotaviruses. Virology 276: 104–113

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Iturriza-Gomara M, Isherwood B, Desselberger U, Gray JJ (2001) Reassortment in vivo. A driving force for diversity of human rotavirus strains isolated in the UK between 1995 and 1999. J Virol 75: 3696–3705

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Bishop RF, Davidson GP, Holmes IH, Ruck BJ (1973) Virus particles in epithelial cells of duodenal mucosa of children with gastroenteritis. Lancet 2: 1281–1283

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Flewett TH, Davies HA, Bryden AS, Robertson MJ (1974) Diagnostic electron microscopy of faeces II. Acute gastroenteritis associated with reovirus-like particles. J Clin Pathol 27: 608–614

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Ansari SA, Springthorpe VS, Sattar SA (1991) Survival and vehicular spread of human rotaviruses. Possible relation to seasonality of outbreaks. Rev Infect Dis 13: 488–491

    Google Scholar 

  51. Santosham M, Yolken RH, Quiroz E, Dillman L, Oro G, Reeves WC, Sack RB (1983) Detection of rotavirus in respiratory secretions of children with pneumonia. J Pediatr 103: 583–585

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Zheng BJ, Chang RX, Ma GZ, Xie JM, Liu Q, Liu XR, Ng MH (1991) Rotavirus infection of the oropharynx and respiratory in young children. J Med Virol 34: 29–37

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Rodriguez W, Kim H, Arrobio J, Brandt CD, Chanock RM, Kapikian AZ, Wyatt RG, Parrott RH (1977) Clinical features of acute gastroenteritis associated with human reovirus-like agent in infants and children. J Pediatr 91: 188–193

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Staat MA, Azimi PH, Berke T, Roberts N, Bernstein DI, Ward RL, Pickering LK, Matson DO (2002) Clinical presentations of rotavirus infection among hospitalized children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 21: 221–227

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Holmes IH, Ruck BJ, Bishop RF, Davidson GP (1975) Infantile enteritis viruses: Morphogenesis and morphology. J Virol 16: 937–943

    Google Scholar 

  56. Midthun K, Kapikian AZ (1996) Rotavirus vaccines: An overview. Clin Microbiol Rev 9: 423–434

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Gorrell RJ, Bishop RF (1999) Homotypic and heterotypic serum neutralising antibody response to rotavirus proteins following natural primary infection and re-infection in children. J Med Virol 59: 204–211

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Ward RL, Bernstein DI (1994) Protection against rotavirus disease after natural infection. J Infect Dis 169: 900–904

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Clark HF, Offit PA, Ellis RW, Eiden JJ, Krah D, Shaw AR, Pichichero M, Treanor JJ, Borian FE, Bell LM, Plotkin SA (1996) The development of multivalent bovine rotavirus (strain WC3) reassortant vaccine for infants. J Infect Dis 174S: s73–80

    Google Scholar 

  60. Jiang B, Gentsch JR, Glass RI (2002) The role of serum antibodies in the protection against rotavirus disease: An overview. Clin Infect Dis 34: 1351–1361

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Hjelt K, Grauballe PC, Paerregaard A, Nielsen OH, Krasilnikoff PA (1987) Protective efficacy of pre-existing rotavirus-specific immunoglobulin A against naturally acquired rotavirus infection in children. J Med Virol 21: 39–47

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Clemens JD, Ward RL, Rao MR, Sack DA, Knowlton DR, van Loon FP, Huda S, McNeal M, Ahmed F, Schiff G (1992) Sero-epidemiologic evaluation of antibodies to rotavirus as correlates of the risk of clinically significant rotavirus diarrhea in rural Bangladesh. J Infect Dis 165: 161–165

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Bernstein DI, Smith VE, Sander DS, Pax KA, Schiff GM, Ward RL (1990) Evaluation of WC3 rotavirus vaccine and correlates of protection in healthy infants. J Infect Dis 162: 1055–1062

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Kapikian AZ, Hoshino Y, Chanock RM, Perez-Schael I (1996) Efficacy of a quadrivalent rhesus rotavirus-based vaccine aimed at preventing severe rotavirus diarrhea in infants and young children. J Infect Dis 174S: s65–s72

    Google Scholar 

  65. Offit PA, Hoffenberg EJ, Santos N, Gouvea V (1993) Rotavirus-specific humoral and cellular immune response after primary symptomatic infection. J Infect Dis 167: 1436–1440

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Jaimes MC, Rojas OL, Gonzalez AM, Cajiao I, Charpilienne A, Pothier P, Kohli E, Greenberg HB, Franco MA, Angel J (2002) Frequencies of virus-specific CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes secreting gamma interferon after acute natural rotavirus infection in children and adults. J Virol 76: 4741–4749

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Ward RL (2003) Possible mechanisms of protection elicited by candidate rotavirus vaccines as determined with the adult mouse model. Viral Immunol 2003; 6: 17–24

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Heaton PM, Gouveia MG, Miller JM, Offit P, Clark HF (2005) Development of a pentavalent rotavirus vaccine against prevalent serotypes of rotavirus gastroenteritis. J Infect Dis 192: S17–S21

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Clark HF, Offit PA, Plotkin SA, Heaton PM (2006) The new pentavalent rotavirus vaccine composed of bovine (strain WC3) human rotavirus reassortants. Pediatr Infect Dis J 25: 577–583

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Bernstein DI, Sander DS, Smith VE, Schiff GM, Ward RL (1991) Protection from rotavirus re-infection. Two year prospective study. J Infect Dis 164: 277–283

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Estes MK, Graham DY (1985) Rotavirus antigens. Adv Exp Med Biol 185: 201–214

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Woode GN, Crouch CF (1978) Naturally occurring and experimentally induced rotaviral infections of domestic and laboratory animals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 173: 522–526

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Bresee JS, Parashar U, Widdowson MA, Gentsch JR, Steele AD, Glass RI (2005) Update on rotavirus vaccines. Pediatr Infect Dis J 24: 947–952

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Christy C, Madore HP, Treanor JJ, Pray K, Kapikian AZ, Chanock RM, Dolin R (1986) Safety and reactogenicity of the live attenuated rhesus monkey rotavirus vaccine. J Infect Dis 154: 1045–1047

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Flores J, Perez-Schael I, Gonzalez M, Garcia D, Perez M, Daoud N, Cunot W, Kapikian AZ (1987) Protection against severe rotavirus diarrhea by rhesus rotavirus vaccine in Venezuelan infants. Lancet 1: 882–884

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Santosham M, Letson GW, Wolff M, Reid R, Gahagan S, Adams R, Callahan C, Sack RB, Kapikian AZ (1991) A field study of the safety and efficacy of two candidate rotavirus vaccines in a Native American population. J Infect Dis 163: 483–487

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Hanlon P, Hanlon L, Marsh V, Byass P, Shenton F, Hassan-King M, Jobe O, Sillah H, Hayes R, M’Boge BH et al (1987) Trial of an attenuated bovine rotavirus vaccine (RIT 4237) in Gambian infants. Lancet 1: 1342–1345

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Lanata C, Black RE, del Aguila R, Gil A, Verastegui H, Gerna G, Flores J, Kapikian AZ, Andre FE (1989) Protection of Peruvian children against rotavirus diarrhea of specific serotypes by one, two or three doses of the RIT4237 attenuated bovine rotavirus vaccine. J Infect Dis 159: 452–459

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Georges-Courbot MC, Monges J, Siopathis MR, Roungou JB, Gresenguet G, Bellec L, Bouquety JC, Lanckriet C, Cadoz M, Hessel L et al (1991) Evaluation of the efficacy of a low passage bovine rotavirus (strain WC3) vaccine in children in Central Africa. Res Virol 142: 405–411

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Midthun K, Greenberg HB, Hoshino Y, Kapikian AZ, Wyatt RG, Chanock RM (1985) Reassortant rotaviruses as potential live rotavirus vaccine candidates. J Virol 53: 949–954

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Vesikari T, Green KY, Flores J, Kapikian AZ (1992) Protective efficacy against serotype 1 rotavirus diarrhea by live oral rhesus reassortant rotavirus vaccines with human rotavirus VP7 serotype specificity. Pediatr Infect Dis J 11: 535–542

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Rennels MB, Glass RI, Dennehy PH, Bernstein DI, Pichichero ME, Zito ET, Mack ME, Davidson BL, Kapikian AZ (1996) Safety and efficacy of the high dose rhesus-human reassortant rotavirus vaccines: Report of the national multi-centre trial. Pediatrics 97: 7–13

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Perez-Schael I, Guntinas MJ, Perez M, Pagone V, Rojas AM, Gonzalez R, Cunto W, Kapikian AZ (1997) Efficacy of the rhesus rotavirus based quadrivalent vaccine in infants and young children in Venezuela. N Engl J Med 337: 1181–1187

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Joensuu J, Koskenniemi E, Pang XL, Vesikari T (1997) Randomised placebo controlled trial of the rhesus-human reassortant rotavirus vaccine for prevention of severe rotavirus gastroenteritis. Lancet 350: 1205–1209

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1999) Rotavirus vaccines for the prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis among children — Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. MMWR 48: 1–23

    Google Scholar 

  86. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1999) Intussusception among recipients of rotavirus vaccine — United States 1998–1999. MMWR 48: 577–581

    Google Scholar 

  87. Bresee JS, El Arifeen S, Azim T, Chakraborty J, Mounts AW, Podde G, Gentsch JR, Ward RL, Black R, Glass RI, Yunus M (2001) Safety and immunogenicity of tetravalent rhesus based rotavirus vaccine in Bangladesh. Pediatric Infect Dis J 20: 1136–1143

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Simonsen L, Morens DM, Elixhauser A, Gerber M, van Raden M, Blackwelder WC (2001) Effect of rotavirus vaccination programme on trends in admission of infants to hospital for intussusception. Lancet 358: 1224–1227

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Simonsen L, Viboud C, Elixhauser A, Taylor RJ, Kapikian AZ (2005) More on RotaShield and intussusception: The role of age at the time of vaccination. J Infect Dis 192: S36–S43

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. World Health Organization (2006) Report of the WHO Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 81: 15–17

    Google Scholar 

  91. Clark HF, White CJ, Offit PA, Ellis RW, Krah D, Shaw AR, Eiden JJ, Pichich M, Treanor JJ (1995) Preliminary evaluation of safety and efficacy of quadrivalent human-bovine reassortant rotavirus vaccine. Pediatr Res 37: 172

    Google Scholar 

  92. Clark HF, Bernstein DI, Dennehy PH, Offit P, Pichichero M, Treanor J, Ward RL, Krah DL, Shaw A, Dallas MJ et al (2004) Safety, efficacy and immunogenicity of a live quadrivalent human-bovine reassortant rotavirus vaccine in healthy infants. J Pediatr 144: 184–190

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Clark HF, Furukawa F, Bell LM, Offit PA, Perella PA, Plotkin SA (1986) Immune response of infants and children to low passage bovine rotavirus (strain WC3). Am J Dis Child 140: 350–355

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Clark HF, Borian FE, Plotkin SA (1990) Immune protection of infants against rotavirus gastroenteritis by a serotype 1 reassortant of bovine rotavirus WC3. J Infect Dis 161: 1099–1104

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Hoshino Y, Jones RW, Chanock RM, Kapikian AZ (1997) Construction of four double gene substitution human x bovine rotavirus reassortant vaccine candidates. J Med Virol 51: 319–325

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Clements-Mann ML, Makhene MK, Mrukowicz J, Wright PF, Hoshino Y, Midthun K, Sperber E, Karron R, Kapikian AZ (1999) Safety and immunogenicity of live attenuated human-bovine (UK) reassortant rotavirus vaccines with VP7-specificity for serotypes 1, 2, 3, or 4 in adults, children and infants. Vaccine 17: 2715–2725

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Clements-Mann ML, Dudas R, Hoshino Y, Nehring P, Sperber E, Wagner M, Stephens I, Karron R, Deforest A, Kapikian AZ (2001) Safety and immunogenicity of live attenuated quadrivalent human-bovine (UK) reassortant rotavirus vaccine administered with childhood vaccines to infants. Vaccine 19: 4676–4684

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Bernstein DI, Smith VE, Sherwood JR, Schiff GM, Sander DS, deFeudis D, Spriggs DR, Ward RL (1998) Safety and immunogenicity of live, attenuated human rotavirus vaccine 89-12. Vaccine 16: 381–387

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Bernstein DI, Sack DA, Rothstein E, Reisinger K, Smith VE, O’Sullivan D, Spriggs DR, Ward RL (1999) Efficacy of live, attenuated human rotavirus vaccine 89-12 in infants: A randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 354: 287–290

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Bernstein DI, Sack DA, Reisinger K, Rothstien E, Ward RL (2002) Second year follow-up evaluation of live, attenuated human rotavirus 89-12 vaccine in healthy infants. J Infect Dis 186: 1487–1489

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. De Vos B, Vesikari T, Linhares A, Salinas B, Perez-Schael I, Ruiz-Palacois G, Guerro MdL, Phua KB, Delem A, Hardt K (2004) A rotavirus vaccine for prophylaxis of infants against rotavirus gastroenteritis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 23: S179–S182

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Vesikari T, Karvonen A, Korhonen T, Espo M, LeBacq E, Forster J, Zepp F, Delem A, De Vos B (2004) Safety and immunogenicity of RIX4414 live attenuated human rotavirus vaccine in adults, toddlers and previously uninfected infants. Vaccine 22: 2836–2842

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Salinas B, Perez-Schael I, Linhares A, Ruiz-Palacios GM, Guerrero MdL, Yarzabal JP, Cervantes Y, Costa Clemens SA, Damaso S, Hardt K, DE Vos B (2005) Evaluation of the safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of an attenuated rotavirus vaccine, RIX4414. Pediatr Infect Dis J 24: 807–816

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Phua KB, Quak SH, Lee BW, Emmanual SC, Goh P, Han HH, De Vos B, Bock HL (2005) Evaluation of RIX4414, a live attenuated rotavirus vaccine in a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase II trial involving 2464 Singaporean infants. J Infect Dis 192: S6–S16

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Zaman K, Sack DA, Yunus M, Arifeen SE, Azim T, Podder G, Faruque ASG, Karim S, Luby S, Breiman RF. Rotavirus vaccine trials in Bangladesh. 8th Commonwealth Congress on Diarrhea and Malnutrition, 6–8 February 2006. Dhaka, Bangladesh

    Google Scholar 

  106. Steele AD, Tumbo JM, Armah GE, Reynders J, Scholtz F, Bos P, de Beer MC, van der Merwe CF, Delem A, De Vos B (2004) Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a new live attenuated oral rotavirus vaccine (RIX4414) when administered concurrently with poliovirus vaccines in African infants. International Congress of Paediatrics, 15–20 August, 2004. Cancun, Mexico

    Google Scholar 

  107. Steele AD, Tumbo JM, Reynders J, Scholtz F, Bos P, de Beer MC, van der Merwe CF, Delem A, De Vos B (2006) Comparison of two different regimens (two doses versus three doses) in terms of reactogenicity and immunogenicity of the live attenuated human rotavirus vaccine RIX4414 in South African infants. 11th Asian Conference on Diarrhea Disease and Nutrition. 8–10 March, 2006, Bangkok, Thailand

    Google Scholar 

  108. Barnes GL, Lund JS, Adams L, Mora A, Mitchell SV, Caples A, Bishop RF (1997) Phase I trial of a candidate rotavirus vaccine (RV3) derived from a human neonate. J Paediatr Child Health 33: 300–304

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Barnes GL, Lund JS, Mitchell SV, de Bruyn L, Piggford L, Smith AL, Furmedge J, Masendycz PJ, Bugg HC, Bogdanovic-Sakran N et al (2002) Early phase II trial of human rotavirus vaccine candidate RV3. Vaccine 20: 2950–2956

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Glass RI, Bhan MK, Ray P, Bahl R, Parashar U, Greenberg HB, Rao CD, Bhandari N, Maldonado Y, Ward RL et al (2005) Development of candidate rotavirus vaccines derived from neonatal strains in India. J Infect Dis 192: S30–S35

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Glass RI, Bresee JS, Turcois R, Fischer TK, Parashar U, Steele AD (2005) Rotavirus vaccines: Targeting the developing world. J Infect Dis 192: S160–S166

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. World Health Organization (2006) Report of the WHO Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE). Wkly Epidemiol Rec 81: 8–9

    Google Scholar 

  113. Linhares AC, Carmoi KB, Oliveira KK, Freitas RB, Bellesi N, Monteiro TAF, Gabbay YB, Mascarehas JD (2002) Nutritional status in relation to the efficacy of the rhesus human reassortant tetravalent rotavirus vaccine (RRV-TV) in infants in Belem, Para State, Brazil. Rev Inst Med trop S Paulo 44: 13–16

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Perez-Schael I, Salinas B, Tomat M, Linhares AC, Ruiz-Palacios GM, Guerrero ML, Costa-Clemens SA, Bouckenooghe A, Yarzabal JP. Human rotavirus vaccine RIX4414 is efficacious in malnourished children. 9th International Symposium on Double-stranded RNA viruses, 21–26 October, 2006. Cape Town, South Africa

    Google Scholar 

  115. Migasena S, Simasathien S, Samakoses R, Pitisuttitham, Sangaroon P, van Steenis G, Beuvery EC, Bugg H, Bishop RF, Davidson BL, Vesikari T (1995) Simultaneous administration of oral rhesus human reassortant tetravalent human rotavirus (RRV-TV) and oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) in Thai infants. Vaccine 13: 168–174

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Murphy BR, Morens DM, Simonsen L, Chanock RM, La Montagne JR, Kapikian AZ (2003) Reappraisal of the association of intussusception with the licensed live rotavirus vaccine challenges initial conclusions. J Infect Dis 187: 1301–1308

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Murphy TV, Gargiullo PM, Massoudi MS, Nelson DB, Jumaan AO, Okoro CA, Zanardi LR, Setia S, Fair E, LeBaron CW et al (2001) Intussusception among infants given an oral rotavirus vaccine. N Engl J Med 344: 564–572

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Podewils LJ, Antil L, Hummelman E, Bresee JS, Parashar U, Rheingans R (2005) Projected cost effectiveness of rotavirus vaccination in Asia. J Infect Dis 192: S133–S145

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Walker DG and Rheingans R (2005) Cost-effectiveness of rotavirus vaccines. Expert Rev Pharmaco-economics Outcomes Res 5: 593–601

    Article  Google Scholar 

  120. World Health Organization (2006) Report of a WHO Meeting on the cost estimation and cost effectiveness of rotavirus vaccines. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 81: 350–353

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2007 Birkhäuser Verlag Basel/Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Steele, D. (2007). Potential impact of rotavirus vaccination on the mortality of children in developing countries. In: Schroten, H., Wirth, S. (eds) Pediatric Infectious Diseases Revisited. Birkhäuser Advances in Infectious Diseases. Birkhäuser Basel. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-8099-1_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics