Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Biological markers for the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease

  • Conference paper
Ageing and Dementia

Part of the book series: Journal of Neural Transmission. Supplementa ((NEURAL SUPPL,volume 53))

Summary

A diagnostic test for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) based on biochemical markers in the cerebrospinal fluid can help improve diagnostic accuracy, which currently is approximately 90%, leaving every tenth AD patient undiagnosed or falsely diagnosed as having the disease. From all biochemical abnormalities described in AD patients, those related to the hallmark neuropathologic lesions, deposition of amyloid and formation of paired helical filaments mainly consisting of abnormally phosphorylated tau protein, are the most promising and the best documented, eventhough other markers bear some potential and remain to be further studied. Determining an increase of tau and a reduction of Aβ42 bears satisfactory, eventhough not absolute specificity for AD and represents a true aid for clinicians in diagnosing AD during the patients lifetime. It remains open if these markers will be helpful for the most challenging goal, diagnosing AD in the preclinical phase, when, according to morphological data, high amounts of these pathological proteins are already deposited in the brain tissue.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Arai H, Terajima M, Miura M, Higuchi S, Muramatsu T, Machida N, Seiki H, Takase S, Clark CM, Lee VM-Y, Trojanowski JQ, Sasaki A (1995) Tau in cerebrospinal fluid: a potential diagnostic marker in Alzheimer’s disease. Ann Neurol 38: 649–652

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arai H, Higuchi S, Sasaki H (1997) Apolipoprotein E genotyping and cerebrospinal fluid tau protein — implications for the clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. Gerontology 43 [Suppl 1]: 2–11

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bancher C, Brunner C, Lassmann H, Budka H, Jellinger K, Wiche G, Seitelberger F, Grundke-Iqbal I, Iqbal K, Wisniewski HM (1989) Accumulation of abnormally phosphorylated tau precedes the formation of neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer’s disease. Brain Res 477: 90–99

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bancher C, Wisniewski HM, Mehta PD, Kim KS, Grundke-Iqbal I, Iqbal K (1991) Biochemical markers for Alzheimer’s disease as reflection of the neuropathology in cerebrospinal fluid. In: Becker RE, Giacobini E (eds) Current research in Alzheimer therapy II. Early diagnosis. Taylor and Francis, New York, pp 195–216

    Google Scholar 

  • Blennow K, Hesse C, Fredman P (1994a) Cerebrospinal fluid apolipoprotein E is reduced in Alzheimer’s disease. Neuro Report 5: 2534–2536

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blennow K, Davidsson P, Wallin A, Gottfries CG, Svennerholm L (1994b) First place. 1993 IPA research awards in psychogeriatrics: ubiquitin in cerebrospinal fluid in Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia. Int Psychogeriatr 6: 13–22

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blennow K, Wallin A, Ekman R (1994c) Neuron specific enolase in cerebrospinal fluid: a biochemical marker for neurronal degeneration in dementia disorders? J Neural Transm [P-D Sect] 8: 183–191

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blennow K, Wallin A, Agren H, Spenger C, Siegfried J, Vanmechelen E (1995a) Tau protein in cerebrospinal fluid. A biochemical marker for axonal degeneration in Alzheimer disease? Mol Chem Neuropathol 26: 231–245

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blennow K, Davidsson P, Wallin A, Ekman R (1995b) Chromogranin A in cerebrospinal fluid: a biochemical marker for synaptic degeneration in Alzheimer’s disease. Dementia 6: 306–311

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blennow K, Wallin A, Chong JK (1995c) Cerebrospinal fluid “neuronal thread protein” comes from serum by passage over the blood-brain barrier. Neurodegeneration 4: 187–193

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blomberg M, Jensen M, Basun H, Lannfelt L, Wahlund LO (1996) Increasing cerebrospinal fluid tau levels in a subgroup of Alzheimer patients with apolipoprotein E allele epsilon 4 during 14 months follow-up. Neurosci Lett 214: 163–166

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blum-Degen D, Muller T, Kuhn W, Gerlach M, Przuntek H, Riederer P (1995) Interleukin-lbeta and interleukin 6 are elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid of Alzheimer’s and de novo Parkinson’s disease patients. Neurosci Lett 202: 17–20

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Csernansky JG, Bardgett ME, Sheline YI, Morris JC, Olney JW (1996) CSF excitatory amino acids and severity of illness in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology 46: 1715–1720

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davidsson P, Jahn R, Bergquist J, Ekman R, Blennow K (1996) Synaptotagmin, a synaptiv vesicle protein, is present in human ceerebrospinal fluid: a new biochemichal marker for synaptic pathology in Alzheimer disease? Mol Chem Neuropathol 27: 195–210

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De la Monte SM, Volicer L, Hauser SR, Wands JR (1992) Incresed levels of neuronal thread protein in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Ann Neurol 32: 733–742

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elble R, Giacobini E, Scarsella GF (1987) Cholinesterases in cerebrospinal fluid. A longitudinal study in Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 44: 403–407

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galasko D, Clark C, Chang L, Miller B, Green RC, Motter R, Seubert P (1997) Assessmant of cerebrospinal fluid levels of tau in mildly demented patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology 48: 632–635

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grundke-Iqbal I, Iqbal K, Tung YC, Quinlan M, Wisniewski HM, Binder LI (1986) Abnormal phosphorylation of microtubule-associated protein tau in Alzheimer cytoskeletal pathology. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83: 4913–4917

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gunnersen D, Haley B (1992) Detection of glutamine synthetase in the cerebrospinal fluid of Alzheimer diseased patients: a potential diagnostic biochemical marker. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 11949–11953

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hahne S, Nordsted C, Ahlin A, Nyback H (1997) Levels of cerebrospinal fluid apolipoprotein E in patients with Alzheimer’s disease and healthy controls. Neurosci Lett 224: 99–102

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hampel H, Schoen D, Schwarz MJ, Kotter HU, Schneider C, Sunderland T, Dukoff R, Levy J, Padberg F, Stubner S, Buch K, Muller N, Moller HJ (1997) Interleukin-6 is not altered in cerebrospinal fluid of first-degree relatives and patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Neurosci Lett 228: 143–146

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hawkins PN, Rossor MN, Gallimore JR, Miller B, Moore EG, Pepys MB (1994) Concentration of serum amyloid P component in the CSF as a possible marker of cerebral amyloid deposits in Alzheimer’s disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 201: 722–726

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Isoe K, Urakami K, Shimomura T, Wakutani Y, Ji Y, Adachi Y, Takahashi K (1996) Tau proteins in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with Alzheimer’s disease: a longitudinal study. Dementia 7: 175–176

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen M, Basun H, Lannfelt L (1995) Increased cerebrospinal fluid tau in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurol Sci 95: 239–258

    Google Scholar 

  • Jimenez-Jimenez FJ, Debustos F, Molina JA, Benitoleon J, Tallonbaranco A, Gasalla T, Ortipareja M, Guillamon F, Rubio JC, Arenas J, Enriquezdesalamanca R (1997) Cerebrospinal fluid levels of alpha-tocopherol (Vitamin E) in Alzheimer’s disease. J Neural Transm 104: 703–710

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kudo T, Iqbal K, Ravid R, Swaab DF, Grundke-Iqbal I (1994) Alzheimer disease: Correlation of cerebro-spinal fluid and brain ubiquitin levels. Brain Res 639: 1–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuiper MA, Mulder C, Van Kamp GJ, Scheltens P, Wolters EC (1994) Cerebrospinal fluid ferritin levels of patients with Parkinsons’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and multiple system atrophy. J Neural Transm [P-D Sect] 7: 109–114

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Landen M, Hesse C, Fredman P, Regland B, Wallin A, Blennow K (1996) Apolipoprotein E in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia is reduced but without any correlation to the apoE4 isoform. Dementia 7: 273–278

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lannfelt L, Basun H, Vigo-Pelfrey C, Wahlund LO, Winblad B, Lieberburg I, Schenk D (1995) Amyloid beta-peptide in cerebrospinal fluid in individuals with the Swedish Alzheimer amyloid precursor protein mutation. Neurosci Lett 199: 203–206

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lefranc D, Vermersch P, Dallongeville J, Daems-Montpeurt C, Petit H, Delacourte A (1996) Relevance of the quantitation of apolipoprotein E in the cerebrospinal fluid in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurosci Lett 212: 91–94

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Licastro F, Parnetti L, Morini MC, Davis LJ, Cucinotta D, Gaiti A, Senin U (1995) Acute phase reactant alpha-1-antichymotrypsin is increased in cerebrospinal fluid and serum of patients with probable Alzheimer disease. Alz Dis Assoc Disord 9: 112–118

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindh M, Blomberg M, Jensen M, Basun H, Lannfelt L, Engvall B, Scharnagel H, Marz W, Wahlund LO, Cowburn RF (1997) Cerebrospinal fluid apolipoprotein E (ApoE) levels in Alzheimer’s disease patients are increased at follow-up and show a correlation with levels of tau protein. Neurosci Lett 229: 85–88

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Loeffler DA, DeMaggio AJ, Juneau PL, Brickman CM, Mashour GA, Finkelman JH, Pomara N, LeWitt PA (1994) Ceruloplasmin is increased in cerebrospinal fluid in Alzheimer’s disease but not Parkinson’s disease. Alz Dis Assoc Disord 8: 190–197

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Loeffler DA, Juneau PL, Nguyen HU, Najman D, Pomara N, LeWitt PA (1997) Immunocytochemical detection of anti-hippocampal antibodies in Alzheimer’s disease and normal cerebrospinal fluid. Neurochem Res 22: 209–214

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lopez OL, Kaufer D, Reiter CT, Carra J, DeKosky ST, Palmer AM (1996) Relationship between CSF neurotransmitter metabolites and aggressive behavior in Alzheimer’s disease. Eur J Neurol 3: 153–155

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McRae A, Eng-Ang-Ling, Wigander A, Dahlstrom A (1993) Microglial cerebrospinal antibodies: significance for Alzheimer disease. Mol Chem Neuropathol 28: 98–95

    Google Scholar 

  • Mehta PD, Thal L, Wisniewski HM, Grundke-Iqbal I, Iqbal K (1985) Paired helical filament antigen in CSF. Lancet ii: 35

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Merched A, Blain H, Visvikis S, Herbeth B, Jeandel C, Siest G (1997) Cerebrospinal fluid apolipoprotein E level is increased in late-onset Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurol Sci 145: 33–39

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mirra SS, Hart MN, Terry RD (1993) Making the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: a primer for practicing pathologists. Arch Pathol Lab Med 117: 132–144

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mochizuki Y, Oishi M, Hara M, Takasu T (1996) Amino acid concentration in dementia of the Alzheimer type and multi-infarct dementia. Ann Clin Lab Sci 26: 275–278

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Molchan SE, Hill LJ, Martinez RA, Lawlor BA, Mellow AM, Rubinow DR, Bissette G, Nemeroff CB, Sunderland T (1993) CSF somatoatatin in Alzheimer’s disease and major depression: relationship to hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and clinical measures. Psychoneuroendocrinology 18: 509–519

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mori H, Hosada K, Matsubara E, Nakamoto T, Furiya Y, Endih R, Usami M, Shoji M, Maruyama S, Hirai S (1995) Tau in cerebrospinal fluids: establishment of the sandwich ELISA with antibody to the repeat sequence in tau. Neurosci Lett 186: 181–183

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Motter R, Vigo-Pelfrey C, Kholodenko D, Barbour R, Johnson-Wood K, Galasko D, Chang L, Miller B, Clark C, Green R, Olson D, Southwick P, Wolfert R, Munroe B, Lieberburg I, Seubert P, Schenk D (1995) Reduction of beta-amyloid peptide 42 in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Ann Neurol 38: 643–648

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Munroe WA, Southwick PC, Chang L, Scharre DW, Echols CL, Jr, Fu PC, Whaley JM, Wolfert RL (1995) Tau protein in cerebrospinal fluid as an aid in the diagnosis of Alzheimer disease. Ann Clin Lab Sci 25: 207–217

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • National Institute on Aging and Reagan Institute Working Group on diagnostic criteria for the neuropathological assessment of Alzheimer’s disease (1997) Consensus recommendations for the post mortem diagosis of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol Aging 18: S1–S3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oishi M, Mochizuki Y, Yoshihashi H, Takasu T, Nakano E (1996) Laboratory examinations correlated with severity of dementia. Ann Clin Lab Sci 26: 340–345

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Otto M, Wiltfang J, Tumani H, Zerr I, Lautsch M, Kornhuber J, Weber T, Kretschmer HA, Poser S (1997) Elevated levels of tau-protein in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Neurosci Lett 225: 210–212

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parnetti L, Gaiti A, Polidori MC, Brunetti M, Palumbo B, Chionne F, Cadini D, Cecchetti R, Senin U (1995a) Increased cerebrospinal fluid pyruvate levels in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurosci Lett 199: 231–233

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parnetti L, Palumbo B, Cardinali L, Foreti F, Chionne F, Cechetti R, Senin U (1995b) Cerebrospinal fluid neuron-specific enolase in Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia. Neurosci Lett 183: 43–45

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riemenschneider NM, Buch K, Schmolke M, Kurz A, Guder WG (1996) Cerebrospinal fluid tau is elevated in early Alzheimer’s disease. Neurosci Lett 212: 209–211

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosengren LE, Karlsson JE. Karlsson JO, Persson LI, Wikkels C (1996) Patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and other neurodegenerative diseases have increased levels of neurofilament protein in CSF. J Neurochem 67: 2013–2018

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rösier N, Wichart I, Jellinger K (1996a) Total tau protein immunoreactivity in lumbar cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 60: 237–238

    Google Scholar 

  • Rösier N, Wichart I, Jellinger K (1996b) Intra vitam lumbar cerebrospinal fluid and serum and post mortem ventricular immunoreactive apolipoprotein E in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 60: 452–454

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sahu RN, Pandey RS, Subhash MN, Arya BYT, Padmashree TS, Srinivas KN (1988) CSF zinc in Alzheimer’s type dementia. Biol Psychiatry 24: 480–482

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schröder J, Pantel J, Ida N, Essig M, Hartmann T, Knopp MV, Schad LR, Sandbrink R, Sauer H, Masters CL, Beyreuther K (1997) Cerebral changes and cerebrospinal fluid beta-amyloid in Alzheimer’s disease: a study with quantitative magnetic resonance imaging. Mol Psychiat 2: 505–507

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shen ZX (1996) The significance of the activity of CSF cholinesterases in dementias. Med Hypotheses 47: 363–376

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shen ZX, Ding Q, Wei CZ, Ding MC, Meng JM (1993) CSF cholinesterase in early-onset and late-onset Alzheimer’s disease and multi-infarct dementia of Chinese patients. Acta Neurol Scand 87: 19–24

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shetti HU, Holloway HW, Schapiro MB (1996) Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma distribution of myo-inositol and other polyols in Alzheimer disease. Clin Chem 42: 298–302

    Google Scholar 

  • Skoog I, Hesser C, Fredman P, Andreasson LA, Palmertz B, Blennow K (1997) Apolipoprotein E in cerebrospinal fluid in 85-year-old subjects — relation to dementia, apolipoprotein E polymorphism, cerebral atrophy, and white matter lesions. Arch Neurol 54: 267–272

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smyth MD, Cribbs DH, Tenner AJ, Rodman-Shankle W, Dick M, Kesslak JP, Cotman CW (1994) Decreased levels of C1q in cerebrospinal fluid of living Alzheimer patients correlate with disease state. Neurobiol Aging 15: 609–614

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soininen H, Lehtovirta M, Helisalmi S, Linnaranta K, Heinonen O, Riekinnen Sr P (1995) Increased acetylcholinesterase activity in the CSF of Alzheimer patients carrying apolipoprotein epsilon 4 allele. NeuroReport 6: 2518–2520

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Song H, Saito K, Seishima M, Noma A, Urakami K, Nakashima K (1997) Cerebrospinal fluid Apo E and Apo A1 concentrations in early and late-onset Alzheimer’s disease. Neurosci Lett 231: 175–178

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Southwick PC, Yamagata SK, Echols Jr CL, Higson GJ, Neynaber SA, Parson RE, Munroe WA (1996) Assessment of amyloid beta protein in cerebrospinal fluid as an aid in the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurochem 66: 259–265

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strittmatter M, Hamann GF, Grauer MT, Cramer H, Schimrigk K (1997a) Neurochemical differences in the CSF between Binswanger’s and Alzheimer’s disease. Dementia Geriatr Cogn Disord 8: 34–42

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strittmatter M, Cramer H, Reuner C, Strubel D, Hamann G, Schimrigk K (1997b) Molecular forms of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. Biol Psychiatry 41: 1124–1130

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tamaoka A, Sawamura N, Fukushima T, Shoji S, Matsubara E, Shoji M, Hirai S, Furiya Y, Endoh H, Mori H (1997) Amyloid beta protein 42(43) in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurol Sci 148: 4–45

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tapiola T, Lehtovirta M, Ramberg J, et al. (1998) CSF tau is related to apolipoprotein E genotype in early Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology 50: 169–174

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tato RE, Frank A, Hernanz A (1995) Tau protein concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 59: 280–283

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Toghi H, Abe T, Hashiguchi K, Saheki M, Takahashi S (1994) Remarkable reduction in acetylcholine concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid from patients with Alzheimer type dementia. Neurosci Lett 177: 1-2: 139–142

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Toghi H, Abe T, Kimura M, Saheki M, Takahashi S (1996) Cerebrospinal fluid acetylcholine and choline in vascular dementia of Binswanger and multiple small infarct types as compared with Alzheimer-type dementia. J Neural Transm 103: 1211–1220

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vandermeeren M, Mercken M, Vanmechelen E, Six J, Van-de-Voorde A, Martin JJ, Cras P (1993) Detection of tau proteins in normal and Alzheimer’s disease cerebrospinal fluid with a sensitive sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Neurochem 61: 1828–1834

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wisniewski HM, Mehta PD, Kim KS, Merz GS (1989) Cerebrospinal fluid based laboratory test for Alzheimer disease. In: Christen Y (ed) Research and perspectives in Alzheimer disease. Biological markers of Alzheimer disease. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, pp 23–29

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Yamada K, Kono K, Umegaki H, Yamada K, Iguchi A, Fukatsu T, Nakashima N, Nishiwaki H, Shimada Y, Sugita Y, Yamamoto T, Hasegawa T, Nabeshima T (1995) Decreased interleukin-6 level in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer-type dementia. Neurosci Lett 186: 219–221

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yasuda M, Maeda K, Kakigi T, Minamitani N, Kawaguchi T, Tanaka C (1995) Low cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of peptide histidine valine and somatostatin-28 in Alzheimer’s disease: Altered processing of prepro-vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and prepro-somatostatin. Neuropeptides 29: 325–330

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Clinical Neurobiology and Department of Neurology, Lainz Hospital, Wien, Austria

    Doz. Dr. C. Bancher, K. Jellinger & I. Wichart

  2. Department of Neurology, Lainz Hospital, Wolkersgenstrasse 1, A-1130, Wien, Austria

    Doz. Dr. C. Bancher

Authors
  1. Doz. Dr. C. Bancher
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. K. Jellinger
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. I. Wichart
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Ludwig-Boltzmann-Institut für Klinische Neurobiologie, Wien, Österreich, Austria

    K. Jellinger (Prof. Dr.) (Prof. Dr.)

  2. Universitätsklinik für Neurologie, Graz, Österreich, Austria

    F. Fazekas (Prof. Dr.) (Prof. Dr.)

  3. Institut für Experimentelle Pharmakologie, Forschungsinitiative EBEWE, Graz, Österreich, Austria

    M. Windisch (Dr.) (Dr.)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1998 Springer-Verlag Wien

About this paper

Cite this paper

Bancher, C., Jellinger, K., Wichart, I. (1998). Biological markers for the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. In: Jellinger, K., Fazekas, F., Windisch, M. (eds) Ageing and Dementia. Journal of Neural Transmission. Supplementa, vol 53. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6467-9_17

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6467-9_17

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Vienna

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-211-83114-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-7091-6467-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation