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The Role of Reservoirs: Canine Leishmaniasis

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Drug Resistance in Leishmania Parasites

Summary

Canine leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum (syn. L. chagasi in Latin America), which is transmitted by the bite of phlebotomine sand flies, is endemic and affects millions of dogs in Asia, Europe, North Africa, and South America and is an emergent disease in North America. Domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) are the major hosts for these parasites and the main reservoir hosts for human visceral infection.

Recent years have seen important advances on the epidemiology, pathology, and canine genetic factors linked with animal resistance or susceptibility to leishmaniasis. Despite the lack of pathognomonic manifestations, infection by Leishmania can be suspected if a combination of clinical signs is present, particularly lymphadenomegaly, cutaneous alterations, loss of body weight, ocular disturbs, epistaxis, onychogryposis, and lameness. However, the definitive diagnosis of canine leishmaniasis is complex since not all infected animals develop clinical manifestations. This fact cannot be ignored since asymptomatic dogs are infectious to phlebotomine vectors, although at a lower risk than symptomatic dogs. Moreover, dogs never achieve parasitological cure. This fact and the widespread use of the available anti-Leishmania drugs for both canine and human treatment certainly contribute to the spread of drug-resistant parasite and its consequences for the clinical outcome of the disease.

Early detection of infection and close surveillance or treatment of infected animals together with the development of effective molecules for therapy (ideally different from the ones used for humans) and, more importantly, for immunoprophylaxis are essential to control the spread of the disease among other dogs and is a crucial element for the control of human zoonotic leishmaniasis.

This chapter reviews the role of dogs as reservoir hosts of canine leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum and as accidental hosts of other Leishmania species, as well as the role of other mammals as potential reservoir hosts of parasites belonging to the L. donovani complex. The potential generation and spread of drug resistance by the use of the same compounds in both canine and human hosts is also discussed.

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Acknowledgments

We thank I. Mauricio for critical and English revision. C. Maia, DMV, Ph.D. (SFRH/BPD/44082/2008) holds a fellowship from Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior, Portugal.

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  1. Unidade de Leishmanioses, Instituto Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008, Lisbon, Portugal

    Lenea Campino

  2. Unidade de Leishmanioses, Instituto Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal

    Carla Maia

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  1. Lenea Campino
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Correspondence to Lenea Campino .

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  1. Fac. Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Experimental, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, 1062, Venezuela

    Alicia Ponte-Sucre

  2. Universidad Central de Venezuela, ciudad universitaria, Caracas, 1062, Venezuela

    Emilia Diaz

  3. Universidad Central de Venezuela, ciudad universitaria, Caracas, 1062, Venezuela

    Maritza Padrón-Nieves

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Campino, L., Maia, C. (2013). The Role of Reservoirs: Canine Leishmaniasis. In: Ponte-Sucre, A., Diaz, E., Padrón-Nieves, M. (eds) Drug Resistance in Leishmania Parasites. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1125-3_3

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