Abstract
The wind energy market is one of the most promising markets of renewable energies. Besides biomass, photovoltaic, geothermal, and ocean energy especially the offshore wind energy will deliver the biggest part in renewable electricity. Regarding National and European demands for 2030, 25% of the required electricity will result from renewables. The biggest player will be the wind energy. To reach this aim a significant installation of offshore and onshore wind energy turbines is necessary. Figure 1 shows the estimated annual installation and cumulated capacity of onshore and offshore wind energy in Europe.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Almar-Naes (1985): Fatigue Handbook — offshore steel structures. Norges tekniske högskole published by the Tapir Publishers. Trondheim, Norway. 1985.
API-RP-2A-WSD (2000): Recommended Practice for the Planning, Designing and Constructing — Fixed Offshore Platforms — Working Stress Design. American Petroleum Institute, Recommended Practice, 21st Edition. Washington, USA. 12/2000.
Bignonnet, A (1987): Corrosion Fatigue of Steel in Marine Structures — A Decade of Progress. In: Steel in Marine Structures edited by C Nordhoek and J de Back, Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1987.
Böker (2009): Load simulation and local dynamics of support structures for offshore eind turbines. Dissertation Thesis. Institute for Steel Construction, Leibniz Universität Hannover. Aachen: Shaker, 2009.
BSH (2007): Standard — Design of Offshore Wind Turbines. Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH). Hamburg, Germany. December 2007.
Ciamberlano F (2006): Engineering Insurance of Offshore Wind Turbines. Proceedings of the 39th IMIA Annual Conference. 12. September, Bosten, USA, 2006.
DIBt (2004): Richtlinie für Windenergieanlagen — Einwirkungen und Standsicherheitsnachweise für Turm und Gründung. Deutsches Institut für Bautechnik (DIBt). Berlin, Germany. March 2004 (in german)
DIN 18800-1 (2008): Steel Structures — Part1: Design and Construction. Normenausschuss Bauwesen (NABau) im DIN. Beuth Verlag Berlin, Germany. 11/2008
DIN 18800-2 (2008): Steel Structures — Part2: Stability — Buckling of bars and skeletal structures. Normenausschuss Bauwesen (NABau) im DIN. Beuth Verlag Berlin, Germany. 11/2008
DIN 18800-7 (2008): Steel Structures-Part 7: Execution and constructor’s qualification. Normenausschuss Bauwesen (NABau) im DIN. Normenausschuss Schweißtechnik (NAS) im DIN. Beuth Verlag Berlin, Germany. 11/2008
DNV-RP-C205 (2007): Environmental conditions and environmental loads. Høvik, Norway. Det Norske Veritas, April 2007.
DNV-OS-J101 (2007): Design of Offshore Wind Turbine Structures. Høvik, Norway. Det Norske Veritas, October 2007.
EN 1993-1-1 (2005): Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures — Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings. CEN. Brussels, Belgium. 2005.
EN 1993-1-8 (2005): Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures — Part 1-8: Design of joints. CEN European Committee for Standardization. Brussels, Belgium. 2005.
EN 1993-1-9 (2005): Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures — Part 1-9: Fatigue. CEN European Committee for Standardization. Brussels, Belgium. 2005.
EN 10056-1 (1998): Structural Steel equal or unequal leg angles — Part 1: Dimensions. NA Eisen und Stahl (FES) im DIN, Beuth Verlag. Berlin, Germany. 10.1998.
ENV 1993-3-2 (1997): Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures — Part 3-2: Towers, masts and chimneys, CEN European Committee for Standardization. Brussels, Belgium. 1997.
Greenpeace (2000): North Sea Offshore Wind — A powerhouse for Europe. Technical Possibilities and Ecological Considerations — Study. Deutsches Windenergie Institut DEWI. Wilhelmshaven, Germany. 2000.
GL-Onshore Guideline (2003): Guideline for the certification of Wind Turbines. Germanischer Lloyd Industrial Services. Hamburg, Germany. Edition 2003 with Supplement 2004, November 2003.
GL-Offshore Guideline (2005): Guideline for the certification of Offshore Wind Turbines, Germanischer Lloyd Industrial Services. Hamburg, Germany. June 2005.
Hapel K-H (1990): Festigkeitsanalyse dynamisch beanspruchter Offshore-Konstruktionen. Vieweg-Verlag Braunschweig, Germany.
Kleineidam P (2005): Zur Bemessung der Tragstrukturen von Offshore-Windenergieanlagen gegen Ermüdung. Dissertation Thesis. Institute for Steel Construction, Leibniz Universität Hannover. Aachen: Shaker, 2005.
IIW (2007): XIII-2151-07/XV-1254-07 — Recommendations for Fatigue Design of Welded Joints and Components. International Institute of Welding IIW, edited by A. Hobbacher. Paris, France. May 2007.
IEC 61400-3 (2005) Ed. 3, Wind Turbines — Part 1: Design Requirements, International IEC 61400-1 Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). Genève, Switzerland. 2005.
IEC 61400-3 (2009) Ed. 1, Wind Turbines — Part 3: Design Requirements for Offshore Wind Turbines, International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). Genèeve, Switzerland. 2009.
Mittendorf K (2006): Hydromechanical Design Parameters and Design Loads for Offshore Wind Energy Converters. Dissertation Thesis, Leibniz Universität Hannover. Hannover: Institute of Fluid Mechanics, 2006.
Petersen (2001): Stahlbau — Grundlagen der Berechnung und baulichen Ausbildung von Stahlbauten. Vieweg Verlag. Wiesbaden, Germany. 2001
Pierson W J and Moskowitz L (1964): A proposed spectral form for fully developed wind seas based on the similarity theory of S.A. Kitaigordskii, Journal of Geophysical Research 69: 5181–5190.
Radaj and Sonsino (2006): Fatigue assessment of welded joints by local approaches. 2nd edition. Woodhead Publishing Ltd. & Maney Publishing Ltd., Cambridge, UK. 2006.
Schaumann et al. (2007–01): Tragstrukturen für Windenergieanlagen. in: Stahlbaukalender 2007. Edited by U Kuhlmann. Verlag Ernst & Sohn. Berlin, Germany. 2007.
Schaumann et al. (2007–02): Numerical Analysis of the Load Bearing Behavior of Slip Resistant Prestressed Bolt Connections with Consideration of Adhesion. Bauingenieur. Heft 2, p. 77–84. Springer Verlag. Düsseldorf, Germany. 2007. (in german).
Schaumann et al. (2010): Fatigue design for axially loaded grouted connections of offshore wind turbine support structures in deeper waters. Proceedings of the 12th Biennial ASCE Aerospace Division International Conference. 14th–17th March, Honolulu, Hawaii. 2010.
Seidel (2001): Zur Bemessung geschraubter Ringflanschverbindungen von Windenergieanlagen. Dissertation Thesis. Institute for Steel Construction, Leibniz Universität Hannover. Aachen: Shaker, 2001.
Schmidt/ Neuper (1997): Zum elastostatischen Tragverhalten exzentrisch gezogener L-Stöße mit vorgespannten Schrauben. Stahlbau 66, Heft 3. Ernst&Sohn. Berlin, Germany 1997.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 CISM, Udine
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Schaumann, P., Böker, C., Bechtel, A., Lochte-Holtgreven, S. (2011). Support Structures of Wind Energy Converters. In: Baniotopoulos, C.C., Borri, C., Stathopoulos, T. (eds) Environmental Wind Engineering and Design of Wind Energy Structures. CISM Courses and Lectures, vol 531. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-0953-3_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-0953-3_5
Publisher Name: Springer, Vienna
Print ISBN: 978-3-7091-0952-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-7091-0953-3
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)