Abstract
Pile foundations are one of the most widely used types of foundations in civil engineering, and has often been used in liquefiable grounds. Traditionally, pile foundations have been considered as an excellent choice for ground improvement in liquefaction susceptible areas due to its advantages in stability and displacement control. However, past major earthquakes have shown piles in liquefiable grounds to be susceptible to failure.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abghari A, Chai J. Modeling of soil-pile-superstructure interaction for bridge foundations. In: Proceedings, Performance of Deep Foundations under Seismic Loading, ASCE, New York; 1995. p. 45–59.
Adachi N, Suzuki Y, Miura K. Correlation between inertial force and subgrade reaction of pile in liquefied soil. In: Proceedings of the 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Vancouver; 2004.
America Petroleum Institute (API). Recommended practice or planning, designing, and constructing fixed offshore platforms-working stress design. API Recommended Practice, 2A (WSD); 2000.
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). LRFD bridge design specifications. 3rd ed. Washington, DC; 2010.
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). Guide specifications for LRFD seismic bridge design. 2nd ed. Washington, DC; 2014 (interim).
Architectural Institute of Japan (AIJ). Recommendations for design of building foundations. Tokyo: AIJ; 2001 (in Japanese).
Arulmoli K, Muraleetharan KK, Hossain MM, Fruth LS. VELACS: Verification of Liquefaction Analysis by Centrifuge Studies, Laboratory Testing Program, Soil Data Report, The Earth Technology Corporation, Project No. 90-0562, Irvine, California; 1992.
Badelow F, Poulos HG. Geotechnical foundation design for some of the world’s tallest buildings. In: Proceedings of the Fifteenth Asian Regional Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Fukuoka; 2015.
Been K, Jefferies MG. A state parameter for sands. Geotechnique. 1985;35(2):99–112.
Bjerrum L, Johannessen IJ, Eide O. Reduction of negative skin friction on steel piles to rock. In: Proceedings 7th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering. Vol 2. Mexico City; 1969. p. 27–34.
Boulanger RW, Brandenberg SJ. Neutral plane solution for liquefaction-induced downdrag on vertical piles. In: Proceedings ASCE Geo-Trans Conference, California; 2004. p. 27–31.
Boulanger RW, Ziotopoulou K. Formulation of a sand plasticity plane-strain model for earthquake engineering applications. Soil Dyn Earthquake Eng. 2013;53:254–67.
Boulanger RW, Curras CJ, Kutter BL, Wilson DW, Abghari A. Seismic soil-pile-structure interaction experiments and analysis. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng. 1999;125(9):750–9.
Bozozuk M. Downdrag measurements on a 160-ft floating pipe test pile in marine clay. Can Geotech J. 1972;9(2):127–36.
Brandenberg SJ, Boulanger RW, Kutter BL, Chang D. Behavior of pile foundations in laterally spreading ground during centrifuge tests. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng. 2005;131(11):1378–91.
Brandenberg SJ, Boulanger RW, Kutter BL, Chang D. Static pushover analyses of pile groups in liquefied and laterally spreading ground in centrifuge tests. J Geotech Geoenviro Eng. 2007;133(9):1055–66.
Brandenberg SJ, Zhao M, Boulanger RW, Wilson DW. p-y plasticity model for nonlinear dynamic analysis of piles in liquefiable soil. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng. 2012;139(8):1262–74.
California Department of Transportation (Caltrans). Guidelines on foundation loading and deformation due to liquefaction induced lateral spreading. California; 2013.
Canadian Geotechnical Society (CGS). Canadian foundation engineering manual, CFEM. 3rd ed. Vancouver: BiTech Publishers; 1992.
Chang S, Boulanger RW, Kutter BL, Brandenberg SJ. Experimental observations of inertial and lateral spreading loads on pile groups during earthquakes. Austin: GeoFrontiers Conference, Geotechnical Special Publication 133; 2005.
Cheng Z, Jeremic B. Numerical modeling and simulation of pile in liquefiable soil. Soil Dyn Earthquake Eng. 2009;29(11):1405–16.
Cubrinovski M, Kokusho T, Ishihara K. Interpretation from large-scale shake table tests on piles undergoing lateral spreading in liquefied soils. Soil Dyn Earthquake Eng. 2006;26(2–4):275–86.
Dafalias YF, Manzari MT. Simple plasticity sand model accounting for fabric change effects. J Eng Mech. 2004;130(6):622–34.
Dobry R, Abdoun T, O’Rourke TD, Goh SH. Single piles in lateral spreads: field bending moment evaluation. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng. 2003;129(10):879–89.
Eberhard MO, Baldridge S, Marshal J, Mooney W, Rix GJ. The MW 7.0 Haiti earthquake of January 12, 2010, USGS/EERI Advance Reconnaissance Team; 2010.
Elgamal A, Yang Z, Parra E. Computational modeling of cyclic mobility and post-liquefaction site response. Soil Dyn Earthquake Eng. 2002;22(4):259–71.
Elgamal A, Yang Z, Parra E, Ragheb A. Modeling of cyclic mobility in saturated cohesionless soils. Int J Plast. 2003;19(6):883–905.
Endo M, Minou A, Kawasaki T, Shibata T. Negative skin friction acting on steel piles in clay. In: Proceedings 8th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering. Vol 2. Mexico City; 1969. p. 85–92.
Esmail H. Neutral plane of single piles in clay subjected to surcharge loading. M.S. Thesis. Quebec, Canada: Concordia University; 1996.
Fellenius BH. Downdrag on long piles in clay due to negative skin friction. Can Geotech J. 1972;9(4):323–37.
Fellenius BH, Negative skin friction and settlement of piles. In: Proceedings of the Second International Seminar, Pile Foundations, Nanyang Technological Institute, Singapore; 1984. p. 1–12.
Fellenius BH, Siegel TC. Pile drag load and downdrag in a liquefaction event. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng. 2008;134(9):1412–6.
Finn WDL. An Overview of the behaviour of pile foundations in liquefiable and non-liquefiable soils during earthquake excitation. In: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Soil Dynamics & Earthquake Engineering, Berkeley; 2004.
Finn WDL, Fujita N. Piles in liquefiable soils: seismic analysis and design issues. Soil Dyn Earthquake Eng. 2002;22(9–12):731–42.
Fukuoka M. Damage to civil engineering structures. Soils Found. 1966;6(2):45–52.
Gazetas G, Dobry R. Horizontal response of piles in layered soils. J Geotech Eng. 1984;110(1):20-40.
Gazetas G, Mylonakis G. Seismic soil-structure interaction: new evidence and emerging issues. In: Proceedings of a Speciality Conference, Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics III. Vol 75. ASCE Geotechnical Special Publication; 1998. p. 1119–74.
Goh S, O’Rourke TD. Limit state model for soil-pile interaction during lateral spread. In: Proceedings of the seventh US-Japan workshop on earthquake resistant design of lifeline facilities and countermeasures against soil liquefaction, Seattle; 1999. p. 237–60.
Hamada M. Large ground deformations and their effects on lifelines: 1964 Niigata earthquake. Case Studies of Liquefaction and Lifelines Performance during Past Earthquake. Technical Report NCEER-92-0001, National Centre for Earthquake Engineering Research, Buffalo; 1992.
Hanna AM, Sharif A. Drag force on single piles in clay subjected to surcharge loading. Int J Geomech. 2006;6(2):89–96.
Hannigan PJ, Goble G, Likins GE, Rausche F. Design and construction of driven pile foundations, FHWA-HI-97-013. Washington, DC: National Highway Institute Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation; 2006.
Ishihara K. Liquefaction and flow failure during earthquakes. Geotechnique. 1993;43(3):351–415.
Ishihara K. Terzaghi oration: geotechnical aspects of the 1995 Kobe earthquake. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Hamburg; 1997. p. 2047–73.
Iwasaki T. Soil liquefaction studies in Japan: state-of-the-art. Soil Dyn Earthquake Eng. 1986;23(4):49–58.
Japan Road Association (JRA). Specifications for highway bridges. Tokyo: Public Works Research Institute and Civil Engineering Research Laboratory; 2002.
Jeong S, Lee J, Lee CJ. Slip effect at the pile-soil interface on dragload. Comput Geotech. 2004;31:115–26.
Jeremić B, Kunnath S, Xiong F. Influence of soil-foundation-structure interaction on seismic response of the I-880 viaduct. Eng Struct. 2004;26(3):391–402.
Jie YX, Yuan HN, Zhou HD, Yu YZ. Bending moment calculations for piles based on the finite element method. J Appl Math. 2013.
Khosravifar A, Ugalde J, Travasarou T. Design of piles in liquefied soils for combined inertial and kinematic demands. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering (6ICEGE), Christchurch; 2015.
Kim H, Mission JLC. Development of negative skin friction on single piles: uncoupled analysis based on nonlinear consolidation theory with finite strain and the load-transfer method. Can Geotech J. 2011;48(6):905–14.
Kutter BL, Chen Y, Shen CK. Triaxial and torsional shear test results for sand. Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center, Contact Report CR 94.003-SHR, Port Hueneme, California; 1994.
Lee CJ, Ng CWW. Development of down-drag on piles and pile groups in consolidating soil. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng. 2004;130(9):905–14.
Li XS, Dafalias YF. Dilatancy for cohesionless soils. Geotechnique. 2000;50(4):449–60.
Liu HS. A case analysis of earthquake damage of pile foundations. Earthquake Resistant Eng. 1999;01:37–43 (in Chinese).
Liu L, Dobry R. Effect of liquefaction on lateral response of piles by centrifuge model tests. National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research (NCEER) Bulletin, 1995;9(1):7-11.
Liu JL, Gao WS, Qiu MB. Application handbook for the technical code for building pile foundations. Beijing: China Architecture and Building Press; 2010 (in Chinese).
Liyanapathirana DS, Poulos HG. Pseudostatic approach for seismic analysis of piles in liquefying soil. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng. 2005;131(12):1480–7.
Lu J, Elgamal A, Yan L, Law KH, Conte JP. Large-scale numerical modeling in geotechnical earthquake engineering. Int J Geomech. 2011;11(6):490–503.
Madabhushi SPG, Patel D, Haigh SK. Geotechnical aspects of the Bhuj earthquake, EEFIT Report on the Bhuj Earthquake. London: Institution of Structural Engineers; 2005.
Matlock H. Correlations for design of laterally loaded piles in soft clay. In: Proceedings of the II Annual Offshore Technology Conference, Houston; 1970. p. 577–94.
McClelland B, Focht JA Jr. Soil modulus for laterally loaded piles. Trans ASCE. 1958;123:1049–86.
Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of China. JGJ94-2008 Technical code for building pile foundations. Beijing; 2008 (in Chinese).
Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of China. GB50011-2010 code for seismic design of buildings. Beijing; 2010 (in Chinese).
Ministry of Transport of China. JTS167-4-2012 Code for harbour pile engineering. Beijing; 2012 (in Chinese).
Mroz Z, Norris VA, Zienkiewicz OC. An anisotropic hardening model for soils and its application to cyclic loading. Int J Numer Anal Meth Geomech. 1978;3(2):203–21.
Mylonakis G, Gazetas G. Seismic soil-structure interaction: beneficial or detrimental? J Earthquake Eng. 2000;4(3):277–301.
Novak M. Dynamic stiffness and damping of piles. Can Geotech J. 1974;11(4):574–98.
Papadimitriou AG, Bouckovalas GD, Dafalias YF. Plasticity model for sand under small and large cyclic strains. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng. 2001;127(11):973–83.
Parra-Colmenares EJ. Numerical modeling of liquefaction and lateral ground deformation including cyclic mobility and dilation response in soil systems. Ph.D. Thesis. Troy, New York: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; 1996.
Pastor M, Zienkiewicz OC, Chan A. Generalized plasticity and the modelling of soil behaviour. Int J Numer Anal Meth Geomech. 1990;14(3):151–90.
Poulos HG, Davis EH. Pile foundation analysis and design. New York: Wiley; 1980.
Prevost JH. A simple plasticity theory for frictional cohesionless soils. Int J Soil Dyn Earthquake Eng. 1985;4(1):9–17.
Reese LC, Matlock H. Nondimensional solutions for laterally loaded piles with soil modulus assumed proportional to depth. In: Proceedings of the VIII Texas Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Austin; 1956.
Reese LC, O’Neill MW. Drilled shafts: construction procedures and design methods. Report No. FHWA-HI-88-042. Virginia: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Office of Implementation; 1988.
Rollins KM, Gerber TM, Lane JD, Ashford SA. Lateral resistance of a full-scale pile group in liquefied sand. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng. 2005;131(1):115–25.
Roscoe KH, Schofield AN, Wroth CP. On the yielding of soils. Geotechnique. 1958;8(1):22–53.
Ross G, Seed H, Migliacio R. Performance of highway bridge foundations in the great Alaska earthquake of 1964. // Committee on the Alaskan Earthquake of the Division of Earth Sciences National Research Council. The Great Alaska Earthquake of 1964. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences; 1973.
Sanchez M, Roesset JM. Evaluation of models for laterally loaded piles. Comput Geotech. 2013;48:316–20.
Schofield AN, Wroth CP. Critical state soil mechanics. London: McGraw-Hill; 1968.
Seed HB. Soil liquefaction and cyclic mobility evaluation for level ground during earthquakes. J Geotech Eng Div. 1979;105(2):201–55.
Seed HB, Lee KL. Liquefaction of saturated sands during cyclic loading. J Soil Mech Found Eng Div ASCE. 1966;92(SM6):105–34.
Shamoto Y, Zhang JM. Mechanism of large post-liquefaction deformation in saturated sands. Soils Found. 1997;2(37):71–80.
Soga K. Geotechnical aspects of Kobe earthquake. EEFIT Report on the Kobe Earthquake. London: Institution of Structural Engineers; 1997.
Stewart JP, Brandenberg SJ. Preliminary report on seismological and geotechnical engineering aspects of the April 4 2010 mw 7.2 El Mayor-Cucapah (Mexico) earthquake. Report of the National Science Foundation-Sponsored Geoengineering Extreme Events Reconnaissance (GEER) Team; 2010.
Strand SR. Liquefaction mitigation using vertical composite drains and liquefaction-induced downdrag on piles: implications for deep foundation design. Ph.D Thesis. Utah: Brigham Young University; 2008.
Stringer ME, Madabhushi S. Re-mobilization of pile shaft friction after an earthquake. Can Geotech J. 2013;50(9):979–88.
Sun TK, Yan WM. Development of neutral plane on a pile in a consolidating ground. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Computational Mechanics. Vol 1233; 2010. p. 1594–99.
Tabesh A, Poulos HG. Pseudostatic approach for seismic analysis of single piles. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng. 2001;127(9):757–65.
Tokimatsu K. Behaviour and design of pile foundations subjected to earthquakes. In: Proceedings of the Twelfth Asian Regional Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Singapore; 2003. p. 1065–96.
Tokimatsu K, Hiroshi O, Satake K, Shamoto Y, Asaka Y. Effects of lateral ground movements on failure patterns of piles in the 1995 Hyogoken-Nambu earthquake. In: Proceedings of a Speciality Conference, Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics III. Vol 75. ASCE Geotechnical Special Publication; 1998. p. 1175–86.
Tokimatsu K, Suzuki H, Sato M. Effects of inertial and kinematic interaction on seismic behaviour of pile with embedded foundation. Soil Dyn Earthquake Eng. 2005;25:753–62.
Tokimatsu K, Tamura S, Suzuki H, Katsumata K. Building damage associated with geotechnical problems in the 2011 Tohoku Pacific Earthquake. Soils Found. 2012;52(5):956–74.
Varun. A non-linear dynamic macroelement for soil structure interaction analyses of piles in liquefiable sites. Ph.D Thesis. Atlanta: Georgia Institute of Technology; 2010.
Wang ZL, Dafalias YF. Simulation of post-liquefaction deformation of sand. Const Model Geomater. 2003; 100–7.
Wang ZL, Dafalias YF, Shen CK. Bounding surface hypoplasticity model for sand. J Eng Mech. 1990;116(5):983–1001.
Wang R, Zhang JM, Wang G. A unified plasticity model for large post-liquefaction shear deformation of sand. Comput Geotech. 2014;59:54–66.
Wong KS, Teh CI. Negative skin friction on piles in layered soil deposits. J Geotech Eng. 1995;121(6):457–65.
Wood MD, Belkheir K, Liu DF. Strain softening and state parameter for sand modelling. Geotechnique. 1994;50(4):449–60.
Wotherspoon LM. Three dimensional pile finite element modelling using OpenSees. In: 2006 NZSEE Conference Proceedings, Napier; 2006.
Wu W, Bauer E. A simple hypoplastic constitutive model for sand. Int J Numer Anal Meth Geomech. 1994;18(12):833–62.
Wu W, Bauer E, Kolymbas D. Hypoplastic constitutive model with critical state for granular materials. Mech Mater. 1996;23(1):45–69.
Yang Z, Elgamal A, Parra E. Computational model for cyclic mobility and associated shear deformation. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng. 2003;129(12):1119–27.
Yen WP, Chen G, Buckle I, Allen T, Alzamora D, Ger J, Arias JG. Post-earthquake reconnaissance report on transportation infrastructure: impact of the February 27, 2010, Offshore Maule Earthquake in Chile. FHWA-HRT-11-030, Federal Highway Administration, Virginia; 2011.
Yoshida N, Watanabe H, Yasuda S. Liquefaction-induced ground failure and related damage to structures during 1991 Telire-Limon, Costa Rica, earthquake. In: Proceedings from the 4th Japan-U.S. Workshop on Earthquake Resistant Design of Lifeline Facilities and Countermeasures for Soil Liquefaction, Hawaii; 1992. p. 37–52.
Yoshida N, Tazoh T, Wakamatsu K, Yasuda S, Towhata I, Nakazawa H, Kiku H. Causes of Showa bridge collapse in the 1964 Niigata earthquake based on eyewitness testimony. Soils Found. 2007;47(6):1075–87.
Zhang JM. Cyclic critical stress state theory of sand with its application to geotechnical problems. Ph.D Thesis. Tokyo: Tokyo Institute of Technology; 1997.
Zhang JM, Wang G. Mechanism of large post-liquefaction deformation of saturated sand. Chin J Geotech Eng. 2006;28(7):835–40 (in Chinese).
Zhang JM, Wang G. Large post-liquefaction deformation of sand, part I: physical mechanism, constitutive description and numerical algorithm. Acta Geotech. 2012;7(2):69–113.
Zhang JM, Shamoto Y, Tokimatsu K. Moving critical and phase-transformation stress state lines of saturated sand during undrained cyclic shear. Soils Found. 1997;2(37):51–9.
Zienkiewicz OC, Mroz Z. Generalized plasticity formulation and application to geomechanics. Mech Eng Mater. 1984; 44:655–79 (Desai CS, Gallagher RH, editors. Wiley).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Wang, R. (2016). Introduction. In: Single Piles in Liquefiable Ground. Springer Theses. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49663-3_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49663-3_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-662-49661-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-662-49663-3
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)