Abstract
It is an important task of every discipline to pay attention to its own historiography. New developments and theories never start from scratch, but are always based on the work of previous generations, even though more often than not they are looked down upon by the present generation. Moreover, it not seldom happens that theories from the past suddenly reappear and are incorporated into current ones to set up an even more adequate theory. In short, in order to go forward, one has to know the past.
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Notes
- 1.
Chomsky (1966).
- 2.
See, e.g., Swiggers (1981).
- 3.
Robins (1978).
- 4.
There is a study on the history of Japanese--> linguistics – Doi (1976) – but this work leaves much to be desired. It is merely a collection of names and titles, almost without touching on the contents of these works.
- 5.
Alleton (1975) can be regarded as a beginning, but is rather superficial.
- 6.
Zhang Xichen (1964).
- 7.
Probably, he was aided by his elder brother, Ma Xiangbo-->; see Chap. 2.
- 8.
For the history of the Chinese language, see Forrest (1963) and Wang Li (1980).
- 9.
We will go deeper into this matter in the following chapters.
- 10.
Dobson--> (1959) and Harbsmeier (1981).
- 11.
The quotation marks are used, because China did not have an official standard language until the twentieth century.
- 12.
Wang Li (1980, vol. 1: 40–45) disagrees with this and holds that Chinese has always been a polysyllabic--> language. Also see Chmielewski (1947).
- 13.
Some traces of morphology can be found in AC, mainly alternations of the initial consonants, but these had already lost their productivity in the period we are referring to.
- 14.
Liu Yeqiu (1964): Erya --> p. 21 ff.; Fangyan--> p. 103 ff.; Guo Pu’s commentary pp. 115–116.
- 15.
In Modern Chinese, this suffix--> is written with the char. 著 (zhao), orig. meaning “to catch.” In baihua literature, other characters, all pronounced zhu, are employed. The orig. probably is zhu 住 “to hold on.”
- 16.
Hightower (1971: 102).
- 17.
- 18.
Sweet (1892: 1, 4).
- 19.
See the postface of the MSWT; Zhang Xichen (1964: 10).
- 20.
Chen Chengze (1922: 11).
- 21.
Hu Shi (1923: 580).
- 22.
Yang Shuda (1930: 13 ff.).
- 23.
Zheng and Mai (1964: 300).
- 24.
Zheng and Mai (1964: 283).
- 25.
Graham (1978: 207).
- 26.
Dobson--> (1964: 115–118).
- 27.
Zheng and Mai (1964: 1, 5). Shih (1959: 189). Apparently Shih does not recognize yuzhu --> as a grammatical term, as he on the same page does for other words.
- 28.
Zheng and Mai (1964: 65).
- 29.
Zheng and Mai (1965: 315).
- 30.
- 31.
- 32.
Zheng and Mai (1964: 106).
- 33.
“Coverb” is a term generally used among sinologists to refer to a special subcategory of the verbs, which can be compared to the prepositions of Western grammar.
- 34.
Zheng/Mai (1964: 97–99).
- 35.
Sweet (1892: 155).
- 36.
This character usually reads du; only in this meaning it is pronounced dou -->. Probably it is cognate to dou --> 逗 “to pause.” The modern Chinese word for “comma” is douhao 逗號 “pause mark.”
- 37.
Some editions of vernacular--> texts have extensive punctuation-->, but still not bound by fixed rules. Moreover, as vernacular--> lit. was not considered serious lit. by the scholar-officials, its punctuation--> has never been a part of Chinese philology.
- 38.
Chunqiu Xi, I; see Hu and Wen (1955: 160–161).
- 39.
Space does not allow to go into more details; the interested reader may consult the following literature: Thern (1966) and Liu Yeqiu (1954).
- 40.
Liu Yeqiu (1961: 16).
- 41.
- 42.
Additional literature on phonology: Wang Li (1964); Luo Changpei (1954), Martin (1965).
- 43.
- 44.
- 45.
Zürcher (1959: 31).
- 46.
For a treatment of the first dialect dictionary: Serruys (1959).
- 47.
Hu Shi (1923: 5). Rawski (1979: 1–23) devotes a lot of space to prove that literacy was quite developed in pre-Republican China. However, her evidence is very weak. Almost all literacy she mentions amounts to what she herself defines as “functional literacy,” i.e., mastering the few characters necessary for one’s own trade.
- 48.
Teng/Fairbank (1954: 51–52).
- 49.
Biggerstaff (1961: 140).
- 50.
- 51.
Twitchett and Fairbank (1978: 54 ff.). Teng and Fairbank (1954: 12–21).
- 52.
There is no direct evidence that Prémare-->’s grammar was used at Zikawei-->, but it is mentioned in textbooks used at Zikawei-->.
- 53.
We will give no page numbers, as this is merely an overview.
- 54.
There are no English equivalents for these words.
- 55.
Er in this sense links adverbial phrases to verbs.
- 56.
Lyons (1968: 4–18).
- 57.
Kratochvil (1968: 163).
- 58.
Li Jinxi (1934:50–65).
- 59.
Chow Tse-tung (1960).
- 60.
Li Jinxi (1934:75 ff.).
- 61.
Zhao Yuanren--> (1976:14); DeFrancis (1950:74–77)/(1984:221–287).
- 62.
See the preface of the Guoyu Cidian -->.
- 63.
Wenxue Siliao Xuan (1979: 362–464).
- 64.
Cen Qixiang (1958: 320 ff.).
- 65.
Cen Qixiang (1958: 328–330).
- 66.
In spite of its name, it also engaged in other aspects of language reform.
- 67.
People’s Daily (1950, July 11/31).
- 68.
Li Jinxi (1934: 6 ff.).
- 69.
Chūgokugaku Jiten (1957: 360–393).
- 70.
- 71.
- 72.
Draft copy, the actual publication was in 1942.
- 73.
In this study, we will assume that the reader is familiar with the twentieth-century linguistic theories.
- 74.
Wang Li (1948).
- 75.
Japanese--> grammar studies were also based on Western grammar; Doi (1976).
- 76.
He Rong (1937:27).
- 77.
The most comprehensive one is von der Gabelenz--> (1881).
- 78.
Shadick (1968) also gives an outline of wenyan grammar, but it is relatively short and does not conform to our views.
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Peverelli, P. (2015). Introduction. In: The History of Modern Chinese Grammar Studies. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46504-2_1
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